Term
| 3 Main Criteria for Abnormality |
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Definition
1. Impaired Functioning
2. Distress
3. Is it a typical? |
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Term
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Definition
When someone is unable to carry out life's "responsibilities"
EX: student, parents, health/hygiene, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the main criteria for abnormality. Most people with mental illness are abnormally stressed, but not always |
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Term
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Definition
One of the three criteria for abnormality. Usually those with mental illness deviate from average or culturally defined criteria.
EX: the "hallejulah man" |
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Term
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Definition
-Someone with their Ph.D in Clin Psychology
-They are trained for research and practice |
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Term
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Definition
-This person has their Psy.D in Clinical Psychology
-They are more focuses on therapy based adjustment, milder problems |
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Term
| Historical Roots of Psychopathology through Supernatural |
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Definition
-Belief that mental illness was caused by devil possession, witchcraft, or planetary movements.
-Psychic Epidemics were common |
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Term
|
Definition
Back in the day, Historical roots of psychology through supernatural noticed abnormal psychological behavior came in "packs"
-EX: the Mass dancing mania of the middle ages |
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Term
| Historical Roots of Psychopathology through Biological perspective |
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Definition
-Hippocrates believed in a "balance of humors"
-Chinese believe in "balance of winds"
-heredity (we were like our families)
-syndromes were discovered
-antipsychotic drugs were discovered in the 1950s |
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Term
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Definition
| An idea proposed by Hippocrates that said that mental illness was caused by an imbalance of liquids called humors in our body. EX: too much bile lead to a mental illness |
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Term
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Definition
| In ancient china, mental illness was thought to be caused by people not maintain a "balance of winds" or the airflow that goes through ones body |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of symptoms that co-occur with one another |
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Term
| Anti-Psychotic drugs were discovered in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Thought of by (Gall), was the proposal that our "head bumps" across our skull lead to different psychological behaviors, based on the location and size of the bump. |
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Term
| Know the Brain Lobes and what they do |
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Definition
-frontal (executive motor)
-parietal (body senses)
-occipital (vision)
-temporal (hearing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Studying someones body, specifically their brain, after they are dead. |
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Term
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Definition
Studying someone's brain while they are alive by cutting the skull open.
-no pain receptors on brain so painless to touch it, but painful to open skull |
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Term
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Definition
Using a CT Scan or a PET scan to take a picture of someone's brain
-Must add the radioactive traced into the blood in order to see the brain through the skull, we do not know the long term side effects |
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Term
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Definition
Using a MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging system to take pictures of someone's brain and study it.
fMRI is a more specific form of an MRU |
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Term
| Four major parts of a neuron |
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Definition
-cell body
-dendrites
-axons
-terminal buttons (axon terminals) |
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Term
| Path of Nerve impulse along neuron |
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Definition
| Moves done the axon, neurotransmitter is released into the synapse, next neuron collects it |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals relayed through the body by neurons. They are released from the pre synaptic neuron into the synapse and caught by the post synaptic one. They can be excitatory (make us do things) or inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of the pre synaptic neuron sucking up all the excess neurotransmitters the post synaptic neuron didn't take |
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Term
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Definition
Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory
-Undersupply of ACh marks Alzheimers disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
-Excess dopamine is linked to schizophrenia
-little dopamine is linked to brain tremors/ parkinsons disease |
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Term
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Definition
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
-undersupply of serotonin linked to depression
-prozac and other antidepressants raise serotonin levels |
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Term
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Definition
Helps control alertness
-undersupply leads to depressed mood |
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Term
|
Definition
AKA Gamma-aminobutyric acid
It is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
-undersupply linked with seizures, tremors, and insomnia |
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Term
|
Definition
Oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures
-which is why people avoud MSG in food, MSG stands for monosodium glutamate! |
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Term
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Definition
| They are made up of and are the end product of genes! |
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Term
| The somatic cells in your body... |
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Definition
| all have 23 chromosome pairs |
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Term
|
Definition
| A specific sequence of nucleotide units which build protiens (made of amino acids) |
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Term
| An average gene uses ____ amino acids to code 1 protein |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-Genes combine/ mutate at different rates depending on our environment
EX: the temperature in the room
Genes also vary in "what they do" as some genes just have the job of turning other genes off |
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Term
| Is a Genotype a blueprint? |
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Definition
NO
-blueprints, if followed, give you the same thing everytime. Humans aren't like that! |
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Term
| Are Genotypes like conversations? |
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Definition
YES!
-EX: a bagger will ask you at the store paper or plastic. Either way you get your groceries, but the path is different. Genotypes act like that because the all end up creating humans, but the blocks and paths that make them up all differ |
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Term
|
Definition
Genes and the Enviroment interact with one another
-genes influnce environment (smarter people pick smarter things to do/ like)
-environment influences genes (stress in early development speeds up puberty process) |
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Term
|
Definition
The study of the effects of genetic inheritance of behavior
EX -family/ pedigree studies
-twin studies
adoption studies |
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Term
| Plato's "rational discussion theory" |
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Definition
| Plato argued that when people talked about their problems, it actually helps them with their problems! |
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Term
| Moral Treatment Movement of the 1700s |
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Definition
| Phillipe Pinel (in France) and Benjamin Rush (in USA) changed insane asylums to gear more towards treatment of patients in them, not just warehouses for them |
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Term
|
Definition
Known as the "founder of social work"
-stated that everyone deserves treatment for mental illnesses |
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Term
| Current Patient Psychology rights |
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Definition
| Mental patients are now allowed to recover and have more satisfying lives by being integrated into society with treatment for their mental illness. (How treatment is viewed today) |
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Term
| The Cognitive Revolution (for diagnosing illness) |
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Definition
| When people realized that mental events do exist (inner thoughts and beings) and are relevant to our behavior |
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Term
| Behaviorism and diagnosing mental illness |
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Definition
Studying Psychology based on behavior alone, and people ignore mental states/ the cognitive perspective of it.
-Measuring for psychological illness SOLELY based on what people do not what they think |
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Term
| Psychodyamic Model and diagnosing mental illness |
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Definition
Freudian beliefs that our unconscious inner self dictates our mental illnesses
-not really used today in US for diagnosing for mental illness |
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Term
| Using Classification Systems |
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Definition
Used to turn groups of symptoms into a diagnosed disorder
(used to diagnosing mental illness) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Plan Treatment
2. Communication Among staff
3. Understand Disorder's course, plan ahead
4. Research |
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Term
| Diagnosing based off criteria |
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Definition
| When someone has met diagnostic criteria, then someone fits that diagnostic category |
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Term
| Primary System for diagnosing in the US |
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Definition
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
-The DSM!! |
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Term
| Categorical Model for Diagnosing |
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Definition
Literally having a "yes" or a "no" section for each symptom of a disorder in order to diagnose whether they have it or not
EX: does Helga have an anxiety disorder "yes" or "no"
-usually used for research, insurance, etc. |
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Term
| Dimensional Model for Diagnosing |
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Definition
A scale from 1-100 of each symptom someone has to determine their disorder
-Usually more accurate than the categorical system
EX: How anxious is Helga on a scale of 1 to 100? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Agreement between clinicians that a patient has a certain disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
Agreement between testing someone for the same disorder multiple times
-reflects accuracy of doctor as well
-reflects severity of mental illness as well |
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Term
| Positive Effects of Disorder Classification |
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Definition
-Homogenous groups for research
-facilitate communication about the disorder
-treatment planning |
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Term
| Negative Effects of Disorder Classification |
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Definition
-Misdiagnosing someone
-Self-fufilling prophecy
-social stigma
-health insurance
-Disorders don't explain, only label |
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Term
|
Definition
| Giving yourself permission to do/ not do something because you suffer from a disorder |
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Term
| "On Being Sane in Insane Places" |
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Definition
-This was the experiment by David L. Rosenhan
-He had his friends all make appointments with psychiatric wards
-Everyone was completely normal, except they all said 1 thing about "hearing voices" at somepoint during appointment
-88% of them were diagnosed with schizophrenia! and everyone was admitted to a mental institution!
-People sayed there on average 19 days! (7-52!)
-When patients seemed fine, doctors claimed they "cured" it
-Once labeled, the label sticks! |
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Term
|
Definition
Focusing on a person, not their illness or disability.
-Describe what a person HAS not IS
EX: NOT the Schizophrenic but the Man with schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
Axis 1: Basic Clinical Syndromes (Except Axis 2)
Axis 2: Personality disorders or traits, mental retardation
Axis 3: General medical conditions
Axis 4: Psychosocial and Environmental Stressors
Axis 5: Global assessment of Functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
Basic Clinical Syndromes (Except personality disorders or mental retardation
EX: Schizophrenia, dementia |
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Term
|
Definition
Personality disorders or traits, mental retardation
EX: Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
General Medical Conditions
EX: Recent onset of cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
Psychological and Environmental Stresors
EX: Not being able to work due to an impairment |
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Term
|
Definition
The Global Assessment of Functioing
EX: 40 out of 100, the 1-100 scale of how much function a person has in daily life |
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Term
| Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) |
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Definition
| The scale from 1-100 that determines a persons level of functioning. It is the AXIS 5 on the DSM |
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Term
|
Definition
People who minister those with mental illness
-they implicitly identify which symptoms are meaningful, important, or real |
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Term
| United States Influence of Disorders |
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Definition
The US:
-publishes the DSM and most top scholarly journals
-funds most research
-market most drugs
Therefore, the US has strong influences on notions of what is a disorder |
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Term
| "Illness as a Brain Disease" |
|
Definition
An experiment done by Metha in 1997
-One person tells a subject they have a mental illness because they either
-things happened when they were a kid
OR
-I have a disease just like any other, which effects my body
-Then they would take a button pressing test when the subject would have to shock the "mental ill" person if they got it wrong, with either a painful or non painful shock
-It turned out the people who said "i had a disease" were shocked more!
-viewing mental illness as a disease makes it seem more normal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to determine cognitive, emotional, personality, and behavioral factors in psychopathology |
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Term
| Techniques for Psychological Assessment |
|
Definition
-clinical interview
-psychlogical tests
-behavioral observation
-cognitive (intelligence) assessment
-Neuropsychological tests |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Appearance, behavior
-thought processes
-mood and affect
-intellectual functioning
-insight, judgement, safety
-Orientation: knowing who you are, where you are, and when it is |
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Term
| First Question of Clinical Interveiw |
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Definition
| "what brings you here today?" have them identify anything they can |
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Term
|
Definition
Ways of quickly testing someone from something without requiring in depth evaluation.
EX: the DMV uses the "eye chart" with all the letters to test your vision, and has you read off the letters. However, the people testing you aren't "vision experts," they are just determining if your eyes are good enough to drive with the eye chart screener |
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Term
|
Definition
Tests that identify your cognitive strengths and weaknesses
-they help with treatment planning and school placement
-identifying loss of functioning
However, IQ test does NOT equal intelligence! |
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Term
| Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligences Theory |
|
Definition
Believed that we had intelligences in:
-linguistic
-logical/mathematical
-spatial
-musical
-bodily/ kinesthetic
-interpersonal
-naturalist
overall we can be smart in many different ways! |
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Term
| Robert Sternberg Multiple Intelligences Theory |
|
Definition
He believed we have intelligences in
-Analytic
-Problem Solving
-creativity |
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Term
| Cultural Bias in Assessment |
|
Definition
-Some measures can be more susceptible than others
-Sensitivity of clinician is important
ensure to watch your language, rapport, understand patients goals, and know the culture they come from as that could influence behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Assessing Excecutive functions by having people first read the color a word is saying. Then by saying the color of a block. Then having them say the color of written words, when the words say other colors. This tests how quick your executive processing is |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is an assessment of Executive Functioning where someone has to move the blocks from the leftmost pole to the right most pole. (remember freshman year psych lab) |
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Term
|
Definition
Usually standardized tests to test someone's personality.
-Susceptible to client biased, as anyone can write what they want to write about themselves, how they want others to view themselves |
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Term
|
Definition
When ambiguous stimuli are interpreted by the subject and we asses them for psychological states.
-Testing using random stimuli and seeing what people do
-They are unstructured and how low reliability |
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Term
|
Definition
| The projective test when someone is shown an inkblot and they must say what they see. |
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Term
| Projective Sentence Completion |
|
Definition
EX: My best friend is _____
And people study the different responses |
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Term
| Psychophysiological Assessment |
|
Definition
Testing someone and recording biological differences about them based off different stimuli
EX:
-heart rate (EKG)
-skin conductance (GSR)
-Brain electrical Activity (EEG)
-fMRI |
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Term
|
Definition
Consists of
-Major Depressive Disorder
-Dysthymic Disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
Consists of:
Bipolar 1 and 2 (Manic-depression)
Cyclothymic disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Rates of depression have increased over the last 5 decades (from 5.2% to 17.1%) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Women and twice as likely to develop depression as men |
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Term
| Emotional Symptoms of Depression |
|
Definition
-Low Mood
-Crying/ Tearfulness
-Irritability |
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Term
| Depression and Positivity |
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Definition
-People with depression display fewer positive expresions
-Report experiences less pleasant emotion
-Physiologically less responsive to positive stimuli, but NOT NEGATIVE stimuli |
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Term
| Motivational/ Behavior Symptoms of Depression |
|
Definition
-Loss of Pleasure in life (anhedonia)
-social withdrawal
-hard to motivate
-hard to "get going" |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Symptoms of Depression |
|
Definition
-Low self esteem
-self blame/ guilt
hopelessness
-ineffectual/indecisive
-poor concentration
-suicidal thoughts |
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Term
| Bodily (vegetative) symptoms of depression |
|
Definition
-feels like walking through jello
-low energy/ fatigue
-sleep changes (increase or decrease)
-appetite changes (increase of decrease) |
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Term
| Diagnosing a Major Depressive Episode |
|
Definition
Having 5+ symptoms over 2 week period, symptoms occur nearly every day
-Symptoms much include depressed mood or Anhedonia, and then 4 more depression symptoms |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
|
Definition
-When someone has 2 or more Major Depressive Episodes (2 seperate 2 week or more long periods of major depression) AND
-They have no history of Manic Episodes |
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Term
| Risk Factors for depresion |
|
Definition
-Gender (role stress)
-Age stress
-Sociocultural factors
-major life events
-social support (or lack there of)
-seasonal factors |
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Term
| Suicide and Major Depressive Disorder |
|
Definition
People with mood disoders are 20X more likely than general population to commit suicide
-Bipolar = 15X |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having a depressed mood, most days, for 2 years. While depressed, you experience the presence of 2 or more depression symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| When you experience chronic Dysthmia (constantly under the happy line) with a Major depressive disorder episode |
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Term
| Major Depression Vs Dysthymic Disorder |
|
Definition
Major Depression: -5 or more symptoms including sadness or loss of interest or pleasure
-At least 2 weeks duration
Dysthymic Disorder
-3 or more symptoms including depressed mood
-at least 2 years duration |
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Term
| Biological Causes for Depression |
|
Definition
-Abnormality in neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)
-Endocrine dysfunction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week |
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Term
| Symptoms of a Manic Episode |
|
Definition
During a Manic episode, at least 3 of:
-Inflated self esteem (grandiosity)
-Decreased need for sleep
-More talkative
-flight of ideas (racing thoughts)
-distractability
-Increased goal-directed activity
-High-risk activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| Less severe version of Manic Episode (lasting 4+ days, does not impair function) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having both Manic and Major Depressive Episodes |
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Term
|
Definition
| One-year prevalence: 0.7% |
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Term
|
Definition
| Equal gender ratio of men to women for Bipolar I |
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Term
| Typical Onset for Bipolar I |
|
Definition
| Late adolescence, early adult |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having atleast one Major Depressive and one Hypomanic Episode, but not Manic Episode |
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Term
|
Definition
| One year prevalence: 0.5% |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Equal male and femal ratio |
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Term
|
Definition
Chronic pattern of mood disorders for at least 2 years, involving Hypomanic and milder depressive episodes.
*Constantly having a mood disorder for 2 years |
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Term
| Prevalence of Cyclothymia |
|
Definition
| One-year Prevalence: 0.4% |
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Term
| Bipolar Disorders and Genetics |
|
Definition
STONG genetic component
-known from adoption, family, and twin studies |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genetic Influence is weak with unipolar mood disorders, very high in bipolar |
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Term
|
Definition
Beck proposed that the way depressed people think has a negative bias towards:
1. Themselves
2. The Environment
3. The future
Distorted (irrational) thoughts are esp. triggered by upsetting situations |
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Term
| Cognitive Schemas of Depression |
|
Definition
-hopelessness: desired outcomes will not occur no matter what action is taken
-These are global, stable, |
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Term
| Importance of interpersonal relationships |
|
Definition
Help Prevent Depression!
-Elicit
-people without it are low in social skills, and seek reassurance from others
-they typically have limited social support networks |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
|
Definition
Monitoring, identifying, challenging, and replacing irrational thoughts
-Usually fast and cheap (fewer than 20 sessions cuz thats what insurance covers) |
|
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Term
| Phases of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
|
Definition
1. Increase activites and elevate mood
2. Challenge automatic
3. Identify negative thinking and biases
4. Change primary attitudes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine depletion association with stress or mania/depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you become depressed, your body increases the level norepinephrine and serotonin by blocking reuptake |
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Term
|
Definition
| They change neurotransmitter levels at synaptic cleft |
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Term
|
Definition
Type of depression medication
-6-8 weeks before effects are seen
-must continue to take medication |
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Term
|
Definition
Older type of antidepression
-It slows down the production of MAO, which breaks down norepinephrine keeping more of it in the system, and this keeping you happier |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
|
Definition
Anti Depressant medication that focuses specifically on your bodies serotonin levels.
-EX: prozac, zoloft
-Effects are similar to tricyclics but they are much more popular |
|
|
Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
|
Definition
First major form of treatment of depression, and still used today in extreme cases!
-Targetted stimulation of different parts of the brain to cause brain seizures that apparently fix the depression symptoms |
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|
Term
| Treating Bipolar Disorder |
|
Definition
| Requires both psychological work (fmaily intervention, social skills) and mood stabilizing medication (lithium, depakote, etc). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A treatment for Manic Episodes
-the correct dosage is VERY important (0.5-0.7 mEq/L)
-most people experience fewer manic episodes
-not too sure why it works |
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Term
|
Definition
| The intentional ending of one's own life |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Highest rate is males 74+ years
-Hihgest increase in teens/young adults (3rd leading cause of death) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
4:1 male to female completed suicide
3:1 Female to male attempted suicide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2:1 White to African American |
|
|
Term
| Marital Status and Suicide |
|
Definition
| Being married decreases your rate of suicide, while being single increases it, then widowed, then divorced! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-loss of appetite
-social withdrawal
-giving away possessions
-decline in school performance
-writing goodbye letters to friends
-sleep loss, changes in sleep patterns
-fatigue |
|
|
Term
| Psychological Risk Factors of Suicide |
|
Definition
-Anhedonia
-hopelessness
-feelings of shame/anger
-worthlessness
-fantasies of death
-lack of self soothing skills
-lack of future orientation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Previous attempt makes you 39X more likely to try again
-lack of social supports
-recent loss of relationships
-acute stressors (loss of job, natural disaster)
-long term stressors (economic hardship) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-history of suicide in biological relatives (6x)
-fanily history of mood disorders
-history of psych illness (mood disorder, schizophrenia, etc)
-vegatitive signs of mood disorders
-predictors such as impulsivity and aggression
-alcohol abuse |
|
|
Term
| Protective factors against suicide |
|
Definition
-social support
-positive life events
-feelings of self efficacy
-cognitive flexibility and problem solving skills
-hope
strong religious beliefs
-TREATMENT |
|
|
Term
| Does vaccination cause Autism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When someone doesn't get vaccinated but everyone else around them does, so they don't get exposed to the disease in the first place |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Studying one single patient
-usually with rare or new disorders
-low validity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -Studying 2 variables and seeing if the variables are related to one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Testing two variables for a causal relations
-measures using a independent and dependent variable |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| How many NEW cases in the population this year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many CURRENT cases are there in a population |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Testing something across time, or multiple times, to see the simiarity of results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Testing using multiple "testers" and seeing how similar the results are depending on the tester.
-EX: seeing if 2 doctors prescribe the same medicine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| How well you measure what you're trying to measure, and not including confounding variables |
|
|
Term
| Controlling the confounding variables in an experiment |
|
Definition
1. Use a control group
2. Keep variables constant
3. Balance variables (EX use random assignment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assigning people to groups randomly to prevent bias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EX giving half your participants a real pill and half sugar. See how both groups behavior changes after pill
-not actually giving everyone the experimental condition in order to see how accurate it is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a subject acts a certain way based off of who is conducting the experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How well the results of the study will generalize to other people, settings measures
How well you can apply it to real world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Collecting an unbias group of people, or people not all from the same group.
EX: not all white female college students |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some Impairment in Reality testing, but you have major impairments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe risk of suicide, low hygiene, etc. |
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|
