1st cluster of personality disorders 

or "Odd" disorders

Paranoid

Schizold

Schizotypal

2nd cluster of personality disorders

or "Dramatic" Personality Disorders

Antisocial

Borderline

Histrionic

Narcissistic

3rd cluster of personality disorders 

or "Anxious" Personality Disorders

Avoidant

Dependent

Obsessive-Complusive

1. An endurring pattern of nner experince and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, with at least two of the following areas  affected:  cognition-affectivity-interpersonal functioning-

impluse control.

2. Patternis inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.

3. Pattern is stable and long-lasting, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood.

4. Signicant distress or impairment. 

Central Features of

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Suspicious/distrustful

Central Features of

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Relationship Problems

Aloof/Isolated

Central Features of

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Relationship Problems

Cognitive/perceptual exxentricities

Central Features of

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Decietful

Controlling/manipulative

Central Features of 

Borderline Personality Disorder

Relationship problems

Emotionally unstable

Central Features of

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Self-absorbed

Grandiose/egocentric

Central Features of

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Relationship problems

Sensitive

Central Features of

Dependent Personality Disorder

Relationship problems

Self-critical

Anixious/tense

Central Features of

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

Controlling/manipulative

(defintion)  

paranoid personality disorder

a personality disorder makred by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others

(deeply distrust other people and are suspicious of their motives. Because they believe that everyone intends them harm, they shun close relationships)

(defintion)

schizoid personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized  by persistent avoidance of socila relationships and little wxpression of emotion.

(persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships nd demonstrate little in the way of emotion)

(defintion)

schizotypal personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd forms of thinking and perceiving, and behvioral eccentricities.

(display a rnge of interpersonal pfroblems makred by extreme discomfort in close relatonships. Anxious around others, they seek isolaton and have few close friends)

(defintion)

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disordr marked by a genral pattern of disregard for and violaton of other people's rights.

(Sometimes described as "psychopaths" or "sociaopaths", they persistently disregard and violate others' rights. Aside from substance related disorders, this is the disorder most closely linked to adult criminal behavior. Person must be 18 to receive this diagnosis; however, most people with antisocial personality disorder displayed some patterns of misbehavior before they were 15.)

(defintion)

borderline personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized b y repeated instability in interpersonal relatonships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior.

(display great instability, including major shifts in mood, and unstable self-image, and impulsivity)

(defintion)

histrionic personality disorder

(once called hysterical personality disorder)

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

(are extremely emotional--they are typically described as "emotionally charged"--continually seek t be the center of attention)

(defintion)

narcissistic personality disorder

A personality disorder a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

(Convinced of their own great sucess, power, or beauty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those around them.)

(defintion)

avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized b y consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

(They are so fearful of being rejected that they give no one an opportunity to reject them--or to accept them either)

(defintion)

dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

(fearing separation from their parent, spouse, or other person with whom they are in close relatonship. They rely on others os much that they cannot make the smalles decision for themselves.)

(defintion)

obsessive-complusive personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the individual loses flexibility, openness, adn efficiency.

(are so peroccupied with other, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency. Their concern for doing everything "right" impairs their productivity)

a childhood disordr in which children argue repeatedly with adults, lose their temper and swear, feeling intense anger and resentment.

(as many as 10% of children qualify for this diagnosis and it more common in boys than in girls before puberty but equal in both sexes after puberty)

A childhood disorder in which the child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others, displaying aggression and sometimes destroying others' property, stealing, or running away from home.

(as they get older their acts of physical violence may indlude rape, or in rare cases, homicide. begins between the ages of 7 to 15. As many as 10% of children qualify 3/4 boys)

DSM-IV-TR Checklist

Conduct Disorder

1. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated.
2. At least three of the following are present in the past twelve months (and at least one in the past six months): 

• Frequent bullying or threatening of others
• Frequent provoking of physical fights
• Using dangerous weapons.
• Physical cruelty to people
• Physical cruelty to animals
• stealing while confronting a victim
• Forcing someone into sexual activity
• Fire-setting
• Deliberatleydestroying others' property
• Breaking into a house, building, or car.
• Frequent manipulation of others
• Stealing items of a nontrivial value without confronting a victim
• Frequent staying out beyond curfews, beginning before the age of 13
• Running away from hom overnight at least twice
• Frequent truancy from school, beginning before the age of 13
• 3.Significant impairment

A number of cases have been tied to drug abuse, poverty, traumatic events, and exposure to violent peers or community violence. 

Most often, however, conduct has been tied to troubled parent-child relationships, inadequate parenting, family conflict, marital conflict, and family hostility. Children whose parents reject, leave, coerce, or abuse them or fail to provide appropriate and consistent supervison are more likely to develop conduct problems.

Treatment of Conduct Disorder

(Sociocultural)

Treatment for conduct disorder are generally most effective with children younger than 13.

Sociocultaural Treatments-use family interventions, i.e., parent-child interaction therapy-therapist teach parent to work with their child positively to set appropriate limits, to act consistently, to be fair in their discipline decisions, and to establish more appropriate expectations regarding the child. Also try to teach child better social skills. For very young children they use video modeling

Treatment of Conduct Disorder

(Child-Focused Treatments)

problem-solving skills training, combine modeling, practice, role-playing, and systematic rewards to help teach children constructive thinking and positive social behaviors.

Anger Coping and Coping Power Program, children participate in group seesions that teach then to mange their anger more effectively, view situations in perspective, solve problems, become aware of their emotions build social skills, set goals, and handle peer pressure. 

A disorder marked by inability to focus attention, or overactive and implusive behavior, or both

(often apperas before the child starts school)

DSM-IV-TR Checklist A

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

1. Either of the following groups:

A.  At least six of the following symptoms of inattention, persisting for at least six months to a dergree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with development level:

a.  Frequent failure to give close attention to details, or making careless mistakes.

b.  Frequent difficulty in sustaining attention.

c.  Frequent failure to listen when spoken to directly.

d. Frequemt failure to follow through on instructions and failure to finish work.

e.  Difficulty organizing tasks and activities.

f.  Avoidance of , dislike of, and reluctance t engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.

g.  Frequent loss of items necessary for tasks or octivities

h.  Easy distraction by irrelevant stimuli.

i.  Forgetfulness in daily activities.

DSM-IV-TR Checklist B

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

B. At least six of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-implusivity, persisting for at least six months t a degree that is maladaptive adn inconsistent with developmental level:

a.  Fidgeting with hands or feet, or squirming in seat.

b.  Frequent wandering from seat in classroom or similar situation.

c.  Frequent running about or climbing excessively in siturations in which it is in appropriate.

d.  Frequent difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly.

e.  Frequent "on the go" activity or ating as if "driven by a motor."

f.  Frequent excessive talking.

g.  Frequent blurting out of answers before questions have been completed.

h.  Frequent difficulty awaiting turn.

i.  Frequent interrupting of or intruding on others.

2. The presence of some symptoms before the age of 7.

3. Impairment from the symptoms in at least two settings.

4. Significant impairment. 

Biological factors-particularly abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions of the brain. 

Sociocultural-Also has been linked to high levels of stress and to family dysfunctioning

Children who are hyperactive tend to be viewed negatively by their peers and by their parents, and they often view themselves negatively as well. 

Drug therapy with methylphenidate famous trade name or common name Ritalin

Behavior Therapy-parents and teachers learn how to reward attentiveness or self-control in the children, often placing them on a token economy program.

Combination Therapy-Combining behavioral and drug therapies is the most desirable because, according to research, shildren who receive both treatments require lower levels of medication. Therefore less exposure to possible undesirable side effect.

a disorder makred by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average

(As many as 3 of every 100 persons meet the criteria for this diagnosis, around 3/5ths are male, and vast majority are considered mildly retarded. They display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior. IQ [score or 70 or below] also great difficulty in areas such as communicaton, home living, self-direction, work, or safety)

DSM-IV-TR-Checklist

Mental Retardation

1.  Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning:  an IQ of approximately 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test.

2.  Concurrent deficits or impairments in present adaptive functioning in at least two of the following areas:

a.  Communication

b.  Self-care

c. Home living

d.  Social/interpersonal skills

e.  Use of community resources

f.  Self-direction

g.  Functional academic skills

h.  Work

i.  Leisure

j.  Health

k.  Safety

3.  Onset before the age of 18 

DSM-IV-TR-Checklist

Dementia of the Alsheimer's type

1.  The development of multiple cognitive deficits manifested by both memory impairment and at least one of the following cognitive disturbances:

(a)  Aphasia-loss of ability to articulate ideas or cmprhend spoken or written language.

(b)  Apraxia-total of partial loss of the ability to perform coordinated movements or manipulate objects.

(c)  Agnosia-Loss of the ability to interpret sensory stimuli, such as sounds or images.

(d)  Disturbance in executive functioning-the mental capacity to control and purposefully apply one's own mental skills.

2.  Significant impairment in social or occupational functioning, along with significant decline from a previous level of functioning.

3.  Gradual onset and continuing cognitive decline.

A legal process by which an individual can be forced to undergo mental health treatment.

Civil commitment laws vary from state to state. Some basic procedure, however, are common to most of these laws. 

The Supreme Court, in the case of Parham b J. R. (1979), has ruled that a hearing is not necessary in such cases, asl long as a qualified mental health professional considers commitment necessary. They offered few guidelines concerningspecific procedures, one important decision in the case of Addington v. Texas (1979), outlined the minimum stand of proof needed for commitment. "...there must be 'clear and convincing' proof that he or she is mentally ill and has met the state's criteria for involuntary commitment.