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| the study of abnormal behavior, including theories and research about causes, assessment, and treatment |
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| an abnormal pattern of behavior that is unusual, distressing, dysfunctional, and that may cause the sufferer to be dangerous to self or others |
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| criteria for defining abnormal behavior (5) |
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1. Personal Distress: subjective experience or suffering 2. Statistical rarity: has unusual behaviors (e.g., binge eating) 3. Maladaptive behavior: has impared functioning (e.g., insomnia, poor reality testing) 4. Violation of social norma: exhibits behavior that is socially undesirable 5. Danger to self or others: usually dangerous to self via poor judgement * No single criterion is adequate; need to consider cultural norms in defining abnormality |
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| difficulty in carrying out everyday functions (e.g., work, maintaining relationships) in an adaptive manner |
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| emotional suffering (e.g., anxiety disorder) |
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| deficits or defects in the structural or functional integrity of the nervous system lead to abnormal behavior |
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| each chromosome contains thousands of genes that influence psychological and physical development. Defective genes may adversly affect development (e.g., trisomy may cause Down syndrome) |
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| the study of individual differences in behavior that are caused by differencs in genotype. Typically, it takes a combination of several altered genes to cause a disorder |
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| structural brain abnormalities |
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Definition
| occurs when areas of the brain have not developed optimally or have undergone pathological changes (e.g., the ventricles, which are fluid-filled portions of the cortex, often are larger in schizophrenics) |
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| biological abnormalities - neurotransmitter imbalances |
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| the 100 billion neurons in the central nervus system (CNS) communicate by chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, which can become imbalanced. Biological approaches to treatment focus mainly on medications that address neurotransmitter imbalances |
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| biological abnormalities - neurotransmitters |
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Definition
(e.g., serotnin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA) are released into the synaptic cleft (the small gap between the axon of one and the dendrites of the receiving or postsynaptic neuron). They regulate level of mood, anxiety, and cognitive functioning factors affecting imbalance include: a. dendrites b. reputake c. degradation |
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Dysfunction, Distress, Disability, Damage/Danger, Deviance and Degree |
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some involuntary disturbance of normal psychological functioning |
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| Personal distress or painful symptoms |
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| Impairment in one or more areas of day-to-day functioning |
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some negative impaact, or risk of negative impact, on the person't ownhealth and well-being, and/or on the health and well-being of others |
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| some violation of the standards of the person's culture, or a pattern that is generally regarded as unusual |
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The frequency, magnitutie and duration of dysfunction, distress, disability, damage/danger and deviance. |
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| A psychiatrist who wrote "mythof metal illness." He argued that what psychiatrists call mental illnesses, and which they argue are like any other medical illness, have no biological reality at all, but are social labels which reflect presumed deviation from social, ethical or legal norms. |
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| Epidemiologist focus on two critical pieces of data: |
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How many people suffer from any particular disorder? This is known as prevalence (which can be measured as annual - how many people at any time during a particular year - or as lifetime - how many people at any time during their lifetimes). How many new cases are diagnosed every year? This is known as incidence.
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| What are cultural bound syndromes |
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| These are patterns of symptoms that are unique to one specific group of people in the world and almost never seen anywhere else |
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| What are developmental milestons and critical periods in children? |
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| The points in time where on average the majority of children have achieved some next level in their devolopment. Critical points are points in time where certain processes develop very rapidly but if interfered with in some way may never develop properly |
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Signs are observable characteristics which canbe objectively identified by an observer or which show up in various diagnostic tests. |
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| Symptoms are the ways in which individuals themselves experience and subjectively express their own feelings of unhappiness, their own self-doubts, their own sense of being persecuted by others and so on. |
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| An abnormal psychology the main focus is on signs or symptoms? |
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Definition
| Symptoms, having to rely more on not-always-trustworthy subjective reports |
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| Why have symptoms been grouped together? |
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To reveal the sources of their similarities and the keys to what distnguished them from other things |
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| A syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that together form patterns. |
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| What is the integrative approach? |
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| The approach that heredity and environment play a role |
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An integrative approach also emphasizes empiricism which is |
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| the view that knowledge comes from the experience of reality, from what we can observe |
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| Rely heavily upon hard evidence gained from the systematic observation of and experimentation with reality. Questions can be answered through scientific investigation |
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Why do we use replication? |
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| to see whether additional studies produce the same results |
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A variable is anything that varies. Anthiny that varies or changesover time or that differes fromone invidivual to another or from one situation to another. |
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| After identifying the variables, they need to be operationalized. What does this mean? |
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| We need to decide what procedures we are going to use to create or measure these variables in our study. Some already exist and can be identified and others need to be created. |
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| After our variables have been operationalized, we need to pick our subjects. |
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| These subjects will be randomly selected from the total population so we can generalize our findings - have good reason to believe that whatever we discovered with our sample might hold true for the general population known as external validity. |
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| When subjects and or/ researches are kept in the dark while conducting an expierment this is known as? |
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| By keeping subjects and/or the researches in the dark isknown as single-blind or doulbe-blind studies. |
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