Term
| How is phobia different than fear? |
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Definition
| phobia is debilitating and interferes with life in a negative way |
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Term
| Definition "psychological dysfunction". Include the 4 components of the definition. |
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Definition
-A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
• Dysfunction: breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
o Cognitive: hallucinations, mind goes blank
o Emotional: unable to regulate emotions
o Behavioral: inability to complete everyday tasks
• Distress: when an individual is extremely upset
• Impairment: difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles
o Examples: going to school, day to day activities
• Atypical or Unexpected Cultural response: reaction is outside social and cultural norms
o Example: in some cultures going into a trance can be considered normal
o Example: different behavior may be expected in jail, different urban setting may require different behaviour in order to survive
o Example: “Rhoda” from the Masai culture: Rhoda commented that although the Masai hear voices in certain ceremonies, her friend was hearing voices “at the wrong time |
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Term
• DSM contains diagnostic criteria for behaviors that
o Fit a _____
o Cause dysfunction or subjective ____
o Are present for a specified _____
o And for behaviors that are not _____ |
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Definition
pattern
distress
duration
otherwise explainable |
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Term
| Describe the Supernatural tradition of explaining abnormal behaviour |
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Definition
o Deviant behaviour “good” vs. “evil” is caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, and treatments were exorcism, torture, beatings, “surgeries”
o Movement of the moon and stars as a cause of deviant behaviour: Paracelsus and lunacy
o Vs. stress and melancholy: role of emotions, depression, anxiety |
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Term
| Describe the biological tradition of explaining abnormal behaviour |
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Definition
o Hippocrates: abnormal behaviour as a physical disease
o Galen extends Hippocrates work: humoral theory of mental illness, treatments remained crude: blood-letting, leeches, changing temperature of the room
o Galenic-Hippocratic tradition: foreshadowed modern views linking abnormality with brain chemical imbalances |
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Term
| What was the role of syphilis is explaining abnormal behaviour? |
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Definition
Led to idea that mental illness as stemming from infection or physical illness
View: mental illness = physical illness
The 1930s: biological treatments were standard practice (e.g. insulin shock therapy, lobotomy, medications) |
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Term
| Plato and Aristotle (philosophers) emphasized ____ |
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Definition
| the role of the social context |
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Term
| describe the Rise of moral therapy |
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Definition
• Institutionalized patients as normal, emphasis placed on social interaction
• Improved conditions in European hospitals “asylums”
o Moral therapy as a system: Philippe Pinel guided in part by former patient Jean-Baptiste Pussin
• Dorthea Dix and the mental hygiene movement
o Clarence Hincks: documented many issues in asylums in Canada, then replaced by “custodial care”
• Too many patients with not enough staff
• Belief that brain pathology responsible for psychopathology |
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Term
| What aspects of psychoanalytic theory are still relevant |
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Definition
| The aspects of unconscious mental processes and coping styles are still currently relevant |
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Term
| What is Humanistic Theory? |
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Definition
o Theme: people are basically good, and humans strive towards self-actualization
o Treatment: therapist conveys empathy and unconditional positive regard, and intervenes minimally
o Carl Rogers: person-centered therapy |
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Term
| The Behavioral Model was derived from a _____ approach to the study of psychopathology. Two forms of learning were discovered: |
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Definition
scientific
classical conditioning and operant conditioning |
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Term
| Behaviour therapy began with ______. Describe the work of early pioneers: |
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Definition
Reactionary movement against psychoanalysis and non-scientific approaches
• Joseph Wolpe: systematic desensitization
• Aaron Beck: cognitive therapy
• Albert Bandura: social learning or cognitive behaviour therapy
• Stanly Rachman (UBC) a founder of behaviour therapy approach
o A time-limited and direct (not secretive, very open about what is going on) approach |
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Term
| The integrative approach considers reciprocal relations between: _________ (3). |
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Definition
| biological, social, and experiential factors |
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Term
| What is the multidimensional model? |
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Definition
-Abnormal behaviour results from multiple influences – factors cannot be considered in isolation
-Any one part of the system affects all other parts of the system |
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Term
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Definition
| looking for patterns of influence across many genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| analyzing thousands of genes at once |
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Term
-Epigenetics: Environmental factors can influence which genes are _______, or by how much (influences by social context, nutrition, stress, etc.)
-Controlled by _____ and _____
-_____ throughout lifetime |
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Definition
-expressed
-methyl groups and histones
-Changes |
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Term
| For psychological disorders: genetic make some contribution to all disorders, but account for _____ the explanation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _____ study people with the same unknown trait (e.g. bipolar disorder) and the same known trait (e.g. eye color) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects |
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Definition
| The brain and its functions are plastic, and change at the level of genetic structure in response to the environment |
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Term
| What is The diathesis-stress model? |
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Definition
-Individuals inherit (from multiple genes) the tendency to express certain traits or behaviors which are activated under conditions of stress
-Diathesis: inherited tendency, or vulnerability
-The diathesis is genetic and the stress is environmental, but they must react in order to produce a disorder |
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Term
| According to the diathesis-stress model, the ____ the vulnerability, the ___ the life stress required to produce the disorder |
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Definition
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Term
What is the diathesis?
Example: someone may inherit the tendency to faint at the sight of blood, the stress of seeing the blood under an inescapable condition caused him to faint |
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Definition
| inherit the tendency to faint at the sight of blood |
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Term
| Describe the Caspi study example of the diathesis-stress model |
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Definition
-people with two copies of the short allele (SS) implicated in transporting serotonin were twice as likely to have a major depressive episode than those with two copies of the long allele (LL)
-SS who had mistreatment during childhood doubled their risk of major depressive episode, this was not found for LL
-Example: SS were more likely to develop PTSD after a hurricane than LL, this was not found when SS has a strong support network of family and friends |
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Term
| What is the reciprocal gene-environment model |
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Definition
| People may have a genetic tendency to create an environmental risk factor that triggers a genetic vulnerability |
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Term
What is the point of this Example?
Mice with gene types A, B, C raised in almost identical environments at separate universities still performed differently on tests? |
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Definition
| Even subtle changes in the environment can overrule the influence of genes |
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Term
| What is the structure of a neuron? |
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Definition
| Neurons: cell body (soma), dendrites (receive messages), axon (trunk), axon terminal (sends messages), synapses (gap) |
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Term
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Definition
| HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATION |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What part of the brain are these?
• Coordinating movement and sensory input
• Reticular activating system (RAS)
• Thalamus & Hypothalamus: relay center |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the largest part (contains 80% of neurons in CNS): Most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing |
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Definition
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Term
| connects left and right hemispheres |
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Definition
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Term
| Limbic system is part of the _____? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _____ nervous system: voluntary muscles and movement |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ nervous system: regulates cardiovascular system, body temperature, endocrine system, digestion |
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Definition
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Term
These are part of the ________.
Sympathetic (gas pedal): ______
Parasympathetic (brakes): ______ |
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Definition
-Autonomic nervous system
-increases arousal
-relaxes |
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Term
| What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis (HPA axis)? |
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Definition
-Integration of endocrine & nervous system function
-Releases cortisol in a stress response (bad for your body over time) |
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Term
| Changes in _______ may activity may increase or decrease the likelihood of exhibiting a behaviour in a certain situation |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between agonists and antagonists? |
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Definition
-Agonists: increase the activity of a neurotransmitter (they may act like the NT or block reuptake into the neuron)
-Antagonists: decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| _____ are drugs that produce opposite effects than an agonist |
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Definition
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Term
____ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, reduces anxiety and likely overall arousal.
benzodiazepines calm us and relax muscles by blocking it |
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Definition
|
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Term
| serotonin Influences and regulates ______ (3). |
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Definition
| information processing, behaviour, and moods |
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Term
| Low levels of _____ associated with instability, impulsivity, and overreacting (but this depends on what receptor it is binding to) |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would we expect those with OCD have increased activity in the orbital surface, cingulate gyrus, and caudate nucleus? |
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Definition
-these contain serotonin pathways
-Serotonin is related to regulation of reactions, so increased activity here is related to inability to stop irrelevant thoughts |
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Term
-CBT causes _____ changes in the case of depression by changing changes in thinking patterns which in turn caused changes in the emotional brain
-drugs work in a _____ way, reaching areas of the brain where thinking occurs last |
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Definition
|
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Term
| monkey who grew up without a sense of control reacted ______ to an anxiety inducing drugs, whereas those with control acted ______. What does this demonstrate? |
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Definition
with panic, aggressively
Interactions of psychosocial factors with brain structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
| in a situation where your response does not effect an outcome, you will learn to stop responding |
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Term
Describe the Social learning Example: Bobo dolls video example.
-including the 3 steps for social learning |
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Definition
-children aged 3 to 5 who watched an adult beat up a Bobo doll ALL beat up the Bobo doll as well
-children who saw an adult rewarded for beating up the doll were significantly more likely to beat up the doll
-steps for social learning: attention, retention, reproduction |
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Term
| ______ refers too unobservable unconscious processes |
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Definition
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Term
| Define CBT. What are 2 components of it? |
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Definition
-CBT: Bringing awareness to thinking and automatic thoughts in order to modify it
-Cognitive: clarifying and modifying attributions and attitudes
-Behavioural: avoiding provoking situations
-Rational-emotive therapy: focusing on irrational beliefs
-Self-instructional training: modifying what patients say about the consequences of their behaviour |
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Term
| What are the physiological responses to fear? |
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Definition
o Blood vessels constrict to move blood where it is needed most
o Breathing becomes slower and deeper to better provide oxygen
o Glucose is released from the liver into the bloodstream to energize |
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|
Term
____ persistent period of emotionality
____ momentary emotional tone accompanying our actions |
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Definition
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Term
| Suppressing an emotional response leased to increased ______, which may contribute to psychopathology |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 3 examples of Exaggerated fear responses are seen in certain cultures |
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Definition
Example: sustro in Latin America: insomnia, irritability, phobias, sweating, increased heart rate due to witchcraft
Example: the evil eye can cause a fatal fright disorder
Example: Haitian phenomenon of voodoo death: when sentenced to death by a medicine man, the person experiences intolerable autonomic arousal |
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Term
| Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) |
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Definition
o Emphasis on resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors
o Interpersonal role dispute, death of a loved one, acquiring a new relationship, identifying deficits in social skills |
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Term
| what is the the principle of Equifinality? |
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Definition
| we must consider many paths to a given outcome |
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Term
| _____: does the item look like the questions are relevant |
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Definition
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Term
| _____: does the measure not relate to constructs it should not be related to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 5 categories of a Mental status exam? |
|
Definition
-Appearance and behaviour: overt appearance and behaviours
-Example: twitching, odor from lack of self-care, dressed in shorts during the winter
-Thought processes: speed, connection of ideas, content, delusions, hallucinations
-Mood and affect: extreme moods, appropriateness of mood
-Intellectual functioning: reasonable vocabulary, ability to use metaphors and abstracts, reasonable memory
-Sensorium: general awareness of surroundings (e.g. name, date and time = oriented times three) |
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Term
| _____: using direct observation to formally or informally assess behaviour and observe any patterns |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _____ May be useful for individuals who cannot self-report (children, non-verbal, too embarrassed, under or over estimates of behaviour) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| May need to set up an “_____” or contrived situation to provoke behaviour and observe the antecedent and/or consequence |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When you use direct observation, there may be _____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
These are examples of _____.
o Bender visual-motor gestalt test: children must copy lines
o Luri-Nebraska
o Halstead-Reitan Batteries |
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Definition
| Neuropsychological testing |
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Term
| Neuropsychological testing is Very time-consuming and expensive, so not likely to used unless _____. |
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Definition
| brain damage is suspected |
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Term
_____ and _____ locate abnormalities in the structure of the brain
_____ and _____ show activity in areas of the brain |
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Definition
| CT and MRI scans, PET and fMRI scans |
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Term
| What are 3 approaches to classification? |
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Definition
o Classical approach: Very strict categories
o Dimensional approach: classification along dimensions
o Prototypical approach: combines other views, defines essential features of a disorder, but includes other related criteria |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the DSM? |
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Definition
| to aid communication, evaluate prognosis, need for treatment, treatment planning |
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Term
| Diagnosis before 1980 Relied upon _____ and were _____ |
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Definition
| unproven theories, unreliable |
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Term
DSM-III and DSM-III-R
-Atheorhetical, emphasized _____
- _____ system with detailed criteria
-Problems included ______ |
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Definition
-clinical description
-Multiaxial
-low reliability, reliance on committee consensus (vs. scientific evidence) |
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Term
| Describe the DSM IV and DSM-IV-TR |
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Definition
o 5 axes describing full clinical presentation (person and environment)
o clear inclusion and exclusion criteria for disorders, including duration
o disorders are categorized under broad headings
o empirical approach grounded in research |
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Term
| Unresolved issues of the DSM IV and DSM-IV-TR |
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Definition
• Optimal thresholds: Level of distress, impairment, number of symptoms
• Somewhat arbitrary time periods used
• Other axes to be included
• Optimal for designing treatment: High comorbidity, Comorbidity threatens validity of separate diagnoses |
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