Term
| Define: Clinical assessment |
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Definition
| -systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors presented with a psychological disorder |
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Definition
| -process of determining whether the particular problem affecting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder according to DSMIV |
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| 3 basic concepts that help determine the value of our assessments |
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Definition
1. reliability
2. validity
3. standardization |
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Definition
-degree to which a measurement is consistent
-presenting same symptoms to multiple physicians results in same diagnosis |
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Definition
| whether something measures what it is designed to measure |
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Definition
| process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique |
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Term
| Define: Mental status exam |
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Definition
-systematic observation of somebody's behavior
-interview or observe patient to assess if psychological disorder exists |
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Term
| List: 5 categories of mental status exams |
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Definition
1. appearance and behavior
2. thought processes
3. mood and affect
4. intellectual functioning
5. sensorium |
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Term
| Mental Status Exam: appearance and behavior |
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Definition
| -clinician notes overt physical behaviors (ie leg twitches), abnormalities in physical appearance, hygiene, posture, abnormalities in motor behavior |
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Term
| slow and effortful motor behavior is called... |
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Definition
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| Mental Status Exam: Thought processes |
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Definition
-listen to patient talk to understand their thought processes
-what is the rate of speech?
-what is the content of what they are saying? |
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| Mental Status Exam: Mood and affect |
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Definition
Mood: predominant feeling state of the individual
affect: behavior relating to mood (facial expression etc) |
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| Mental Status Exam: intellectual functioning |
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Definition
-make a rough estimate of client's intellectual functioning
-vocabulary
-memory
-metaphors? |
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Term
| Mental Status Exam: Sensorium |
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Definition
-general awareness of surroundings
-do they know the date? time? where they are? who they are? |
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Term
| semi-structured interview |
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Definition
| made up of questions that have been carefully selected to make sure that they will elicit useful information |
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Term
| idiographic approach vs nomothetic |
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Definition
idiographic: individual differences
nomothetic: compare to norms |
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Term
| diagnostic classification |
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Definition
| develop category based on shared attitudes |
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| classical (pure) categorical approach |
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Definition
| category is based on theory of etiology or identified disease processes |
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Term
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Definition
classifications among dimensions
quantifies the variety of characteristics
spectrum |
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Term
| when is the ideographic approach used? |
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Definition
| if we want to find out what is unique about a person's background, circumstances, or personality |
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Term
| when is the nomothetic approach used? |
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Definition
| attempt to name or classify problem |
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Term
| The classical (pure) categorical approach assumes... |
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Definition
that every diagnosis has a clear underlining pathophysiological cause
ie bacterial infection or malfunctioning endocrine system |
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Term
| in order to use the classical (pure) categorical approach, you need to... |
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Definition
-make sure patient meets ALL DSM criteria for disorder
-know etiology of disorder |
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Term
| Problems with classical (pure) categorical approach |
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Definition
social and biological factors interact to produce a psychological disorder
therefore, this approach is inappropriate for mental health |
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Term
| How do we use the DIMENSIONAL approach? |
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Definition
| note variety of cognitions, moods, and behaviors a patient has and place them on a scale |
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Term
| problems with dimensional approach |
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Definition
how do we know how many dimensions should be required to be diagnosed with a disorder?
ex: depression, anxiety, etc |
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Term
| the prototypical approach is ____ and _____ |
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Definition
classical and dimensional
determine which symptoms patient has and then label it |
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Term
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Definition
| not based on any particular theory of etiology |
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Term
| which approach is considered to be atheoretical? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does it mean for a diagnosis to be RELIABLE? |
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Definition
| -more than one doctor should be able to see same symptomology and disorder in a person |
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Term
| what is CONSTRUCT VALIDITY? |
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Definition
| symptoms chosen as criteria for a diagnostic category are CONSISTENTLY associated |
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Term
| define: familial aggregation |
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Definition
| the extent to which the disorder can be found in a person's relatives |
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Term
| define: predictive validity |
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Definition
a valid diagnosis tells the clinician what is likely to happen with the prototypical patient
predict course of disorder and likelihood of treatment |
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Term
| List: two widely used classification systems |
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Definition
1. international classification of diseases and health related problems
2. DSM |
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Term
| Which classification system is used when a person is going on disability? |
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Definition
| international classification of diseases and health related problems (ICD 10) |
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Term
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Definition
communicate a set of criteria, behavior, subjective distress, etc associated with term
precise classification/definitions: useful across U.S. and can be understood/issued by any health care provider |
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Definition
communicate a set of criteria, behavior, subjective distress, etc associated with term
precise classification/definitions: useful across U.S. and can be understood/issued by any health care provider |
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Term
| why are categories useful for research? |
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Definition
1. make comparisons between groups
2. everyone in the medical world uses same categories
3. research comorbidity
4. offer new criteria sets (revisions) |
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Term
| diagnoses help evaluate ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of a diagnosis (2) |
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Definition
help evaluate PROGNOSIS
help to plan treatment that is going to be the most effective |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Problems with DSM I and DSM II |
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Definition
| relied on unproven theories |
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| When was DSM III created? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is significant about DSM III? |
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Definition
atheoretical
emphasized clinical descriptions |
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Term
| problems with using multi-axial system |
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Definition
low reliability
reliance on committee consensus |
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Term
| What are some issues with DSM IV? (3) |
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Definition
what are optimal thresholds for diagnosis?
arbitrary time periods in the definition of diagnosis
problem of comorbidity |
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Term
| problems with COMORBIDITY |
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Definition
may only get one diagnosis when there is more than one
threatens the validity of separate diagnoses |
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Term
| problems with using diagnostic systems |
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Definition
-problem of reification (objectifying)
-stigmatization
-dangers of applying a label
-stereotyped expectations |
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Term
| how do we increase validity? |
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Definition
| limiting confound variables |
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Term
| define: internal validity |
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Definition
did the independent variable actually produce the outcomes?
are there confounding variables? |
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Term
| define: external validity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not exposed to independent variable |
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Term
| random assignment procedures |
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Definition
each person an equal chance to be placed in a group
eliminated systematic bias and self-selection |
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Term
| how do we eliminate systematic bias and self-selection? |
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Definition
| random assignment to groups |
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Term
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Definition
analogous to real life
-conducted in a lab to eliminate confounds; can simulate real life |
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Term
| problems with using an analogue model |
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Definition
| degree of similarity between lab and real experience in everyday life |
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Term
| more control over variables = |
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Definition
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Term
| define: statistical methods |
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Definition
| math procedures used to analyze data from research |
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Term
| define: statistical significance |
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Definition
| probability of obtaining the observed effect by chance is small |
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Term
| when do we use a rorschach ink blot test? |
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Definition
| helps figure out how a person thinks |
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Term
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Definition
performance based test
helps to figure out how a person thinks |
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Term
| thematic apperception test |
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Definition
black/white drawings
what happened in past/present/future?
BOTH VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY |
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Term
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Definition
-roots in empirical tradition
computer scored
do not make inferences about scores |
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Term
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Definition
can identify people with certain characteristics
can identify who is lying on test |
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