Term
Bipolar 1 Disorder
onset-15-18 |
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Definition
| alternating severe depressive episodes and full manic episodes |
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Term
Bipolar II disorder
onset-19-22 |
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Definition
| alternating major depressive episodes and hypomanic (less severe mania) episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic (at least 2 years) of alternating mood elevation and depression but not as severe |
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Term
Dysthymic Disorder
onset mean-early 20's
mean duration-5 years |
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Definition
symptoms like MDD but milder and fewer, can last longer sometimes 20-30 years or more, relatively unchanged over long periods, persistently depressed for at least 2 years
can't be symptom free for > 2 months |
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Term
Major Depressive Episode
onset mean-30
duration-sometimes only 2 weeks-several years |
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Definition
most severe depression, persisting at least 2 weeks w/ cognitive symptoms
duration if untreated: 4-9 months
recurrent thoughts of death/suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disturbance, loss of interest and pleasure (anhedonia), weight change, low positive affect, significant stress/impairment not bereavement, feelings of worthlessness/excessive guilt |
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Term
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Definition
extreme pleasure, hyperactive, rapid speech, euphoria, grandiose plans, flight of ideas, little sleep, distractibility
deny having problem often |
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Term
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Definition
| less severe version of manic episode that only lasts 4 days rather then 1 week, and does not cause impairment in social/occupational functioning |
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Term
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Definition
only one pole, mania by itself is rare
depression is often chronic (waxes and wanes) |
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Term
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Definition
symptoms of mania out of control and dangerous
becomes anxious or depressed about the UNCONTROLLABILITY |
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Term
| recurrent vs. single depressive episode |
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Definition
| 2 or more episodes separated by at least 2 months vs. only one episode |
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Term
| Women 2X more likely to have Depression |
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Definition
puberty seemingly triggers distress, or could be new school environment as stress interacts with biological vulnerabilities
-Women culturally induced dependence and passitivity=risk for emotional disorders by increasing feelings of helplessness and uncontrollability
-greater value on intimate relationships, when doesn't work, more hurt
-women tend to blame themselves more/ruminate vs. men who ignore, distract, and engage |
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Term
| Integrative Support for Depression |
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Definition
| A challenge with tryptophan depletion (lowering 5HT) had no significant changes in individuals with healthy moods,whereas unstable patients did possible environmental+biological |
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Term
| psychological vulnerability for depression |
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Definition
| feelings of inadequacy for coping + depressive cognitive styles=neuroticism |
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Term
Biological Vulnerability for depression/anxiety
Family studies (mood disorders) |
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Definition
overactive neurobiological response to stress
first degree realtives 2-3x more likely than controls to have MD |
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Term
| Genetic contribution for women=40% and 20% for men |
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Definition
| 60-80% of depression comes from environmental factors (unique non-shared events) if only biological both twins would have it 100% of time |
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Term
| Stress hypothesis (endocrine system) |
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Definition
| overactivity in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocotrical axis which produces stress hormones |
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Term
| high cortisol levels in depressed patients |
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Definition
| life stress and depression related, shrinkage of hippocampus (cognitive processes) |
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Term
| sleep & circadian rhythms |
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Definition
| depressed enter REM more quickly & intense,slow wave occurs later if at all |
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Term
| Stress with bipolar disorder |
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Definition
more positive set of stressful life events seems to trigger
stress provokes relapse and prevents recovery |
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Term
| Learned helplessness Theory |
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Definition
| loss of control over one's situation and over stress leads to give up/in...nothing they do will help |
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Term
| Depressive Attributional Style |
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Definition
| internal, stable (additional bad things will be his/her fault), global |
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Term
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Definition
| patients thinking negatively about themselves, their immediate world, and their future |
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Term
| serotonin regulates our emotional reactions and regulates NE and DA systems...low levels 5ht related to mood disorders |
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Definition
| "Permissive hypothesis"-5ht levels are low=wallows other NTs to range widely=become dysregulated=mood irregularities |
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Term
| Treatment of MD with antidepressants ex. SSRIs (Prozac) |
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Definition
| block reuptake of 5ht into pre synaptic cell, temporarily increases levels at the receptor site |
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Term
| Interpersonal Psychotherapy |
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Definition
| focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships, learning to from new ones, deals with role disputes, loss of a relationship, correcting deficits in social skills, |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
correcting cognitive errors in thinking and substituting with more realistic thoughts
identifying negative cognitive schemas
hypothesis testing, learn coping skills, face triggers/cues |
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Term
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Definition
| giveing skills to replace old behaviors, develop new reinforcement patterns vs. learning to become a flexible thinker which hopefully leads to change in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
symptoms of schizophrenia with symptoms of a modd disorder
delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks during absence of mood symptoms |
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Term
Schizophrenia:paranoid, disorganized, catatonic
2 or more symptoms each present for sig. portion of month
social/occupational dysfunction
at least 6 months |
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Definition
Delusions and hallucinations positive symptoms
avolition, anhedonia, alogia, affective flattenting-negative symptoms
Disorganized speech, inappropriate affect, catatonic immobility |
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Term
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Definition
schizo symptoms for only a few months, usually resume normal lives, episode lasts between 1-6 months
good premorbid social/occupational functioning
ABSENCE of flat affect |
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Term
Schizophrenia prevelance: men=women
age of onset different women=mostly after 36
men=likeliness dec. with age can occur 75 |
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Definition
| women appear to have more favorable outcomes |
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Term
| Psychosis vs. Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| psychosis includes other disorders, |
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Term
| Dopamine Hypothesis-DA system overactive in people with schizophrenia |
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Definition
for-antipsychotic drugs are DA antagonists (block)and help with symptoms
neuroleptic drugs produce neg. effects similar to Parkinson's
-ldopa DA agonist incr. schizo symptoms
-amphetamines can make symptoms worse
against-many people not helped, block reception quickly but symptoms subside very slowly,drugs only partially help with neg.symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of 1 or more positive symptoms or disorganized speech/behaviors lasting 1 month or less |
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Term
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Definition
tend not to have negative symptoms,
imagined events are possible, no other characteristics of schizo. tend not to have flattened affect, anhedonia or neg. symptoms |
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Term
| Neurobiological correlates of schizophrenia |
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Definition
prenatal influenza
ventrical size larger in schizo patients
smooth-eye pursuit |
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Term
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Definition
neuroleptic drugs to reduce positive symptoms, atypical antipsychotics olanzapine
pyschosocial treatment to reduce relapse: reteach social skills, assertiveness, realtionship building, identify signs of relapse, stress management, behavioral family therapy, problem solving, acceptance, communal support |
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Term
| Depersonalization (dissociate disorder)-detached from body, tunnel vision, mind emptiness |
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Definition
| deficits in perception and emotional regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms of anxiety, can develop after age 9 vs. much greater focus on dissociation, developmental window of vulnerability closes at age 9, after unlikely to develop |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder-alters vs. the host to cope 9usually child suffering abuse) with an otherwise unbearable situation |
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Definition
evidence for: FMRI evidence change in hippocampus & medial temporal activity after switch, diff. electrodermal activity (physiological response)
against-college students easily fakes an alternate personality, false memories can become created and belief that therapist can accidentally trigger the onset |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral intervention for anxiety reduction and social skills problems
therapeutic alliance |
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Term
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Definition
| patient gains confidence gradually to make own decisions |
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Term
| obsessive compulsive personality |
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Definition
| help to relax, distractions, CBT techniques to attack orderliness fears |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasize good behavior, rewards, skills training to inc. social competence decrease aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| modify attention-getting behavior w/ more appropriate actions, negotiating their wants and needs |
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Term
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Definition
| anticonvulsants/newer antipsychotics, DBT |
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Term
| Dialectical Behavior Model |
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Definition
| cope with stressors, regulate emotions, events re-experienced, emphasis on mindfulness and acceptance, psychosocial aspects and DEALING with others, group therapy |
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Term
| Schizotypal like schizophrenia |
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Definition
| treatment for depression, antipsychotic meds, community treatment, social skills training |
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Term
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Definition
| taught emotions felt by others, learn empathy, social skills training/role playing |
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Term
| Paranoid-inflexible and maladaptive |
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Definition
| create trust atmosphere, cognitive therapy about changing neg. assumptions of others |
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Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder Theories
genetic influences: mothers but interim orphanages |
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Definition
neurobiological: underarousal hypothesis low arousal due to low cortisol levels
fearless ness hypothesis-seek stimulation to boost these low levels
imbalance btw. reward system (prominent) and BIS (less apparent) |
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Term
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Definition
| not always aggressive, some function quite well in society, focuses more on personality traits rather than on observable behavior (ASPD criteria) |
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Term
| categorical approach worse bc there are many people with numerous disorders and personality is along a spectrum, it is hard to put a person's personality strictly into categories, because what defines normal? |
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Definition
| ADHD more extensive mental health training for pediatricians, cooperative efforts to inform society correctly |
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