Term
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Definition
studies the causes and progression of psychological disorders
aka psychopathology |
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Term
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Definition
significant personal distress
significant impairment in daily life
significant risk of harm |
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Definition
anguish or suffering
severe distress=may be from event (doesn't constitute disorder)
*can be masked or hidden |
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Definition
significant reduction in ability to function in soem area of life
atypical for the context |
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Definition
impaired ability to perceive reality, normal functioning not possible
*hallucinations
*delusions |
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Term
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Definition
sensations which appear real but are not
any of 5 senses
*most common are voices |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent false beliefs held despite evidence that they are incorrect or exaggerated |
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Definition
behaviors that may cause risk to self or others outside the normal range
therapist mush say something if creditable threat |
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Definition
culture specific syndrome
recognized in DSM
i.e. west african cutting |
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Term
| culture specific syndrome or folk illness or culture bound syndrome |
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Definition
| combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be recognizable diseases only within a specific society or culture |
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Definition
mental illness in 1851
caused black slaves to flee captivity
today it is considered psuedoscience |
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Definition
17th century thought as a female disease that cause disturbances in the uterus
late 19th century came to be referred to as sexual dysfunction |
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Term
| ancient views of psychopathology |
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Definition
supernatural forces
greeks-mental illness as a form of bodily illness
rose from abnormalities in the brain (hipporcates) |
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Term
| Middle ages and Renaissance on psychopathology |
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Definition
rise of christianity=based back on forces of evil
middle ages=supernatural forces
renaissance=witches |
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Term
| 18th and 19th centuries on psychopathology |
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Definition
descartes=abnormalities in mind
locke=insanity caused by irrational thinking
asylums
franz mesmer and mesmerism=moral treatment
benjamin rush=treated ill with respect and provided basic needs and treatment
dorthea dix=fought for humane treatment
asylums became over crowded and understaffed, so sedation and management became goals |
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Term
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Definition
| an environment where the mentally ill were treated with kindness and respect, functioned as part of the community |
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Term
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Definition
technique in which patients are encouraged to say whatever thought comes to mind
"talking cure"-help reduce conscious conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
sexual and aggressive drives
immediate gratification
pleasure principle |
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Definition
| conscious which works to impose morality |
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Definition
| mediates between id's demands from immediate gratification and superego's high moral standards along with constraints of external reality |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behavior that expresses and unresolved conflict between ego and the id or between the ego and superego |
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Term
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Definition
| repression, denial, rationalization, projection, reaction formation, sublimation |
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Term
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Definition
Maslow
focuses on free will, innate goodness, creativity. and the self
client centered therapy:Rogers |
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Term
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Definition
| internal operations that underlie cognitive and emotional functions (such as perception, memory and guilt feelings) and human behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| specific material that is stored in the mind and operated on by mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders are triggered when a person with a predisposition-a diathesis- for the particular disorder experiences an environmental event that causes significant stress |
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Term
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Definition
disorders arise from the combined influences biological, psychological and social factors
problems:
*no specific focus on the organ responsible for cognition and affect-the brain |
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Term
| Neuropsychosocial approach |
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Definition
psychological disorders arise from the combined influence of neurological, psychological and social factors-which will affect and are affected by one another through feed back loops
2 defining features:
*way it characterizes factors
*way it characterizes interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| set of factors that contributes to the occurrence of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| effect of one factor depends on the effect of others |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
brain and spinal cord
memory, consciousness, perception and voluntary action |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
sensory-somatic nervous system
connects brian to world via
*senses (inputs)
*muscles (outputs) |
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Term
| automatic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
controls involuntary functions
heart, brain, blood vescles
2 parts
*sympathetic nervous system
*parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
revs you up in times of emergency
*speeds heartbeat, dilates pupils
slows down non-essential function
fight or flight response
part of ANS |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
settle you down after crisis
*slows heart rate, contracts pupils
dysfunctions associated with various psychological problems |
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Term
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Definition
crucial role in feeling emotions and using emotional responses in:
*decision making, thinking and problem solving
sometimes referred to as executive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
outer layer of cells on surface of brain
contains majority of brains neurons
means bark |
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Term
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Definition
| brain cells that process information related to physical, mental and emotional functioning |
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Term
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Definition
key role in emotions and contains:
*hypothalamus
*hippocamus
*amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
governs bodily functions associated with eating, drinking and controlling temper
key role in aspect of emotion and our experience in pleasure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| central to producing and perceiving strong emotions, fear |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nucleus-regulates function of neuron
cell membrane- forms outer covering
when excited channels in membrane open to balance out chemicals, allows it to fire to other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
sends signals when a neuron fires
covered in myelin sheath (not all) |
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Term
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Definition
| wave of chemical activity that moves from the cell body down the axon |
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Term
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Definition
receive signals from other neurons
highly branched to receive many signals at once |
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Term
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Definition
support system of neurons
directly stimulate neurons
modulate input from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that alter the way neurotransmitters affect the receiving neuron |
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Term
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Definition
reward and motivation
too little ADHD and depression
too much schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitory
mood, sleep, motivation
too little depression and OCD
too much reduce motivation |
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Term
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Definition
stores new memory
fight or flight
too little production of delusions
too much spasms, tremors, and convulsions |
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Term
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Definition
fight or flight
too much depression
too much over arousal |
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Term
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Definition
attention and fight or flight
too little distractibility, fatigue, depression
too much schizophrenia and anxiety disorders |
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Term
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Definition
registering pain and formation of new memories
too little schizophrenia
too much substance abuse |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitory
too little anxiety and panic disorder
too much undermines motivation |
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Term
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Definition
involved in attention, memory, appetite and control of movements
too little chronic pain
too much eating disorder, memory impairments, attention difficulties and possibly schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
specialized sites on dendrites and cell bodies that respond only to specific modules
neurotransmitter molecules bind to the receptors and affect them by exciting or inhibiting them |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitter substance released directly into blood stream
effect more general and widespread than that of neurotransmitters released in synapse
can activate or modulate activity of neurons
produced in endocrine system
cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
hormone, help body cope with challenges by making more resources available
produced by the adrenal glands
abnormal amounts linked to anxiety and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA that controls the production of particular proteins |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of traits expressed along a continuum by the interaction of sets of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| investigate the degree to which the variability of characteristics in population arises from genetic vs environmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
| estimate how much of the variation in a characteristic within a population can be attributed to genetics |
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Term
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Definition
parents genes affect the child's environment
child passively receives these influences |
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Term
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Definition
a person inherited traits encourage other people to behave in particular ways
a person's social environment will be affected by their genes |
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Term
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Definition
we all actively seek out some environments and avoid others
our genes influence which environments feel most comfortable to us |
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Term
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Definition
| results in selection or enhancing certain stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| results registering and identifying specific stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| storing, retaining and recalling information including that which is emotionally relevant to a particular disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| dysfunctional, maladaptive thoughts are the root cause of psychological problems |
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Term
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Definition
short lived experience evoked by a stimulus that produces
*a mental response
*a typical behavior
*a positive or negative subject feeling |
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Term
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Definition
emotion or mood (e.g. sadness) within abnormal psychology
display of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| expression of emotion that is not appropriate to what a person is saying or to the situation |
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Term
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Definition
absent or diminished emotional expression
i.e. speaking robotically or showing little or no facial expression |
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Term
| lability or labile affect |
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Definition
affect that changes very rapidly
i.e. bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
persistent emotion not attached to a specific stimuli
exists in the background and influences mental processes, mental contents and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| assigning causes for particular occurances |
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Term
| self serving attributional bias |
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Definition
| when people attribute positive events, but not negative ones, to their own characteristic or abilities |
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Term
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Definition
positive emotions such as love and happiness
activate left frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
negative emotions such as fear and sadness
active in right frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
person's typical emotional state and emotional reactivity
largely innate
influences behavior in early childhood and even infancy |
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Term
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Definition
reacting negatively to harm and avoiding it
associated with actions of serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
behaviors are repeated to gain past desired outcomes
associated with actions of norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
continued efforts in the face of frustration when attempting to accomplish something
associated with low levels of dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| those who are mentally ill "drift" to a lower SES level because of their impairments |
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Term
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Definition
identification of the nature of a disorder
assigning symptoms to specific classification
may suggest possible cause or treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| obtaining relevant information and making a judgement based on data collected |
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Term
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Definition
systematic error in diagnosis
cause certain groups to receive a particular diagnosis disproportionally |
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Term
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Definition
influence how others view and treat the person
may change how the patient behaves and feels about himself or herself |
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Term
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Definition
| likely cause and outcome of a disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of new cases identified in a given period |
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Term
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM -IV-TR) |
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Definition
describes characteristics of many psychological disorders
identifies criteria, kinds, numbers, duration of relevant symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of more than one disorder at a time in a given patient |
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Term
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Definition
I: clinical disorders
II:personality disorders and mental retardation
III: general medical conditions
IV: psychological and environmental problems
V: global assessment of functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| group with the same disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| identifies brain areas related to specific aspects of a disorder |
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Term
| Positron emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
measures blood flow in the brain
requires introducing a small amount of a radioactive substance into the bloodstream |
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Term
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
to obtain images of brain functioning
reveals the extent to which different brain areas are activated during particular tests |
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Term
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Definition
meeting between clinician and patient
clinician asks questions related to patient's symptoms and functioning |
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Term
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Definition
intentionally providing a false report of symptoms or exaggerating existing symptoms
either for material gain or to avoid unwanted events |
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Term
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Definition
falsely reporting or inducing medical or psychological symptoms
assume "sick" role and receive attention |
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Term
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Definition
WAIS-IV
WISC-IV
70 and below indicate mental impairment |
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Term
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Definition
MMPI-2
projective tests-describe ambiguous stimuli
Rorschach test-10 ink blots
Thematic apperception test (TAT) |
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Term
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Definition
family functioning
community
culture |
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Term
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Definition
| ethical requirement not to disclose information about a patient (even whether someone is a patient or not) to others unless legally compelled to do so |
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Term
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Definition
confidential information that is protected from being disclosed during legal proceedings
legal term related to confidentiality |
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Term
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Definition
legal term not in DSM
addresses whether someone was criminally responsible at the time they committed a crime |
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Term
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Definition
| defendant's crime was the product both an action or attempted action and intention to perform that task |
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Term
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Definition
| determines whether a defendant, at the time of committing the act, knew what he/she was doing and, if so, knew that the act was wrong |
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Term
| irresistible impulse test |
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Definition
| did the defendant know that the criminal behavior was wrong but none the less performed it because of an irresistible impulse |
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Term
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Definition
was the irresistible impulse to perform criminal behavior due to a mental defect or disorder present at the time of the alleged crime
unclear about what is considered mental defect or disorder
only used in New Hampshire |
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Term
| American Legal Institute test (ALI) |
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Definition
2 possible test for insanity
*person lacks a substantial capacity to appreciate that the behavior was wrong
*person has a diminished ability to make his/her behavior conform to the law, an irresistible impulse
knowledge (cognition) and impulse (violation) |
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Term
| Insanity defense reform act |
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Definition
ask whether person, because of severe mental defect or disorder, has a diminished capacity to understand right from wrong
ended irresistible impulse element
having a disorder in it self doesn't constitute an insanity defense |
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Term
| competency to stand trial |
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Definition
mental state during the time leading up to the trail that enable a defendant to participate in their own defense
must be able to:
*understand the proceedings that will take place
*understand the facts in the case and legal options available
*consult with his/her lawyer
*assist the lawyer in building the defense |
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Term
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Definition
legal term: to someone's potential to harm self or others
*severity:how much harm might the person inflict
*immense: how soon might the harm occur
*frequency: how often might the person be dangerous
*probability: how likely is the person to be dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary commitment to a mental health facility of a person deemed to be a significant risk of harming themselves or a specific other person |
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Term
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Definition
| government acts as a caregiver, a "parent" to persons unable to care for themselves |
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Term
| mandated outpatient commitment |
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Definition
goal to develop less restrictive alternatives to inpatient care
legally mandated treatment
hope to prevent cycle:
*getting discarded from inpatient care
*stopping medication
*becoming dangerous
* ending up back in hospital or jail |
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Term
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Definition
| supreme court ruled that those forced to receive treatment through civil commitment should be given the least restrictive alternate available |
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Term
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Definition
| court ruled that appropriate treatment must be provided, even if it might not be successful |
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Term
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Definition
| outlined the need for each patient to have an individualized treatment plan |
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Term
| O'Connor v Donaldson 1975 |
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Definition
| court ordered that civil commitment may not be used to simply confine people against their will indefinitely |
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Term
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Definition
use of a procedure or substance to:
*reduce or eliminate psychological disorders
*reduce or eliminate target symptoms
*improve quality of life |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms addressed by the treatment |
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Term
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Definition
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
used for anxiety and depression |
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Term
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Definition
change brain functioning, hormonal activity or another aspect of bodily functioning
medication, ECT, TMS, biofeedback, neurosurgery |
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Term
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Definition
use of medication to reduce or eradicate symptoms of psychological disorders
study of such treatment
goals of medication:
*to affect neurological factor increase or decrease brain activity
influence psychological and social factors |
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Term
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Definition
mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator
activate a particular type of receptor |
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Term
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Definition
bind to a receptor site on a dendrite (or cell body)
prevent the neurotransmitter in the synapse from binding to that receptor (or cause less of it to bind) |
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Term
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Definition
partially block the process by which a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the terminal button
increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
reduce certain psychotic symptoms
aka neuroleptic medications or major tranquilizers
some newer agents used for bipolar disorders as well
used to treat schizophrenia |
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Term
| depression treated with... |
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Definition
| SSRI's and SNRI's have largely replaced older medications (generally more effective and safer) |
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Term
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Definition
long term: SSRI's, SNRI's, and TCA's
short term: benzodiazepines |
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Term
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Definition
minor tranquilizers
help reduce anxiety quietly |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
used to treat depression when other things don't work (only used when nothing else works)
cause controlled brain seizures |
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Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TSM) |
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Definition
| sends short, strong magnetic pulses into the cerebral cortex via coils placed on the scalp |
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Term
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Definition
| person is trained to bring normally involuntary or unconscious bodily activities under voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
brain structures are destroyed or their connections severed
lobotomies used to be common
*only used in extreme cases |
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Term
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Definition
all behavior has underlying psychological causes
represents responses to those unconscious drives or urges
3 psychic structures in the brain
*id
*ego
*superego |
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Term
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Definition
intensive psychotherapy
based on Freuds view that psychopathology arises from unconscious conflicts
insight main catalyst of change
time consuming and expensive |
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Term
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Definition
therapists interprets content of a patient's dreams
manifest: content of dream itself
latent: hidden, true meaning of the dream expressed by the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| positive relationship between therapist and patient |
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Term
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Definition
| patient report aloud their train of thought, uncensored |
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Term
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Definition
therapist infers the unconscious meaning or motivation behind a patient's words and behaviors
shares these inferences with the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| patients are likely, overtly or covertly, consciously or unconsciously to hinder treatment |
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Term
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Definition
patients interact with the therapist in the same manner that they did with parents or other important figures
encouraged by therapist to explore patients feelings |
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Term
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Definition
intended to promote personal growth so that a client can reach his/her full potential
symptoms arise from incongruence between the real self and ideal self |
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Term
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Definition
used most with autistic children and children with behavioral disorders or cognitive defects
new learning can allow patients to develop more adaptive behaviors, cognitions and emotions
effective as long as they can control environment and contingencies of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
mental contents influence feelings and behaviors
correcting irrational thoughts and incorrect beliefs will lead to better mood and more adaptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
A=antecedents of the behavior
B=behavior itself
C=consequences of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
process by which repeated exposure reduces the emotional response to a stimulus
common treatment for anxiety disorders, particular phobias |
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Term
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Definition
repeated contact with a feared or arousing stimulus in a controlled setting
leads to habituation |
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Term
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Definition
exposure to a computer-generated representation of the stimulus
used to treat PTSD, fear of flying, social phobias |
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Term
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Definition
| exposure to actual stimulus |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
learn to relax in the presence of a feared stimulus
not as efficient or effected
progressive muscle relation |
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Term
| exposure with response prevention |
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Definition
used to treat compulsive behaviors
patient is prevented from engaging in his/her usual maladaptive response after being exposed to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
changing the frequency of a maladaptive conditioned response by controlling the frequency or intensity of exposure to the stimulus that elicits the response
*substances related disorders
*eating disorders
*sexual disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| use of operant conditioning principles to change maladaptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
reinforcing small and progressively larger components of changed behaviors until the desired complex behavior is exhibited
successive approximations |
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Term
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Definition
| process of eliminating behaviors by not reinforcing it |
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Term
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Definition
treatment program that uses secondary reinforcers to change behavior
"tokens" are exchanged for small items or privileges |
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Term
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Definition
| objects and events that do not directly satisfy a biological need but are desirable |
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Term
| rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) |
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Definition
irrational thoughts are transformed into rational ones leading to more positive emotions and adaptive behaviors
promotes self-acceptance
reduce self-blame |
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Term
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Definition
A=activating event
B=patients belief
C=emotional consequence
D=dispute any irrational beliefs by highlighting their destructive or illogical quality
E=effect or effective new philosophy
F=fortify the effect through further action |
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Term
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Definition
problems arise as a result of faulty automatic thoughts
thoughts can diminish as the patient tests them and adopts more rational and realistic thoughts
identify and reduce cognitive distortions
modify automatic negative thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| educating patients about research finding and therapy procedures relevant to other situations |
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Term
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Definition
| involves either the family as a whole or some portion of it |
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Term
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Definition
designed to change the communication or behavior patterns of one or more family members in the context of the family as a whole
goal is to identify and change maladaptive patterns of interaction and communication among family members |
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Term
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Definition
| therapist demonstrates an understanding of each family members feelings and desires |
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Term
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Definition
| therapist offers new ways to conceive of the family's or identified patients problems |
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Term
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Definition
| therapist suggests that the problem behavior be allowed to continue or increase in its intensity or frequency |
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Term
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Definition
usually talk, but also on support
several patients with similar needs meet together with one or two therapists
psychodynamic or cognitive behavioral orientation |
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Term
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Definition
more of a location than type of therapy
treatment that does not involve an overnight stay in a hospital
may occur in:
*therapist office
*community mental health center
*outpatient unit of hospital
*church, synagogue or mosque |
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Term
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Definition
treatment in a psychiatric hospital or psychiatric unit of a general hospital
patient is a threat to self or others or unable to care for themselves |
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Term
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Definition
treatment provided at a hospital or other facility during the day
less intensive than inpatient treatment/more intensive than outpatient
aka step-down treatment |
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Term
| residential treatment (group homes) |
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Definition
patient stay in a staffed facility
must go elsewhere during the day
take part in evening groups |
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Term
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Definition
supplement or replacement therapy
focus on a particular problem or disorder
leader not clinically trained
diminished feelings of shame of isolation
provide support and valuable information |
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Term
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Definition
| use of self help materials as part of therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| designed to prevent or inhibit the developemnt or progression of psychological problems or disorders |
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Term
| dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) |
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Definition
elements of CBT
emphasis on validating patients experience
zen buddhist approach accepting thoughts and feelings without judging
dialectics components allowing opposing beliefs and feelings coexist |
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Term
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Definition
internet based therapy
include: e-therapy (emails alone) and email exchanges and face-to-face sessions |
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Term
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Definition
use of toys, games and play based activities to elicit therapeutic change
psychodynamically and cognitive behavioral |
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Term
| interpersonal therapy (IPT) |
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Definition
intended to improve the patient's skills in relationships sothat they become more satisfying
psychological problems are exacerbated when personal relationships aren't functioning
four main themes:
*unresolved grief
*role transition
*role dispute
*interpersonal deficit |
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