Term
|
Definition
| High. 10-15% of those hospitalized die |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV-TR Criteria for AN (4) |
|
Definition
1. Refusal to meet 85% IBW
2. Intense fear of being fat/gaining weight
3. Distorted body image
4. Amenorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Restricting
2. Binge-Purge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low weight via calorie restriction |
|
|
Term
| Binge-Purge Subtype of AN |
|
Definition
Binge eating-Eating more food than one would consider "normal"
Purging-Reduce calories via vomiting, diuretics, enemas, or laxatives |
|
|
Term
| Medical Effects of AN (11) |
|
Definition
1. Thinning of heart muscle
2. Muscle wasting
3. Decr. in HR, BP, Temp
4. Bloating
5. Osteopenia
6. Low Metabolism
7. Lanugo
8. Yellow, dry skin, brittle nails
9. Irritability and fatigue
10. Hyperactive, restless
11. Dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Men given half of their req. calories
As a result: Preoccupied w/food, MDE, Anxiety, Insomnia, Poor conc. , Irritable, Hoard food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key goal for people w/AN+3 driving factors |
|
Definition
Becoming thin
*Fear of:
-obesity
-giving into desire to eat
-losing control of body shape/wt |
|
|
Term
| How do AN feel about food? |
|
Definition
Obsessed
Reading/thinking about it |
|
|
Term
| Distorted thoughts in AN (3) |
|
Definition
1. Low opinion of body shape
2. Overestimate size
3. Maladaptive attitudes/misperceptions |
|
|
Term
| Common psych problems in AN (7) |
|
Definition
1. Depression
2. Anxiety
3. Low self-esteem
4. Insomnia
5. SA
6. OCD
7. Perfectionism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Typical case of AN:
*Start
*Escalation
*Recovery |
|
Definition
*Normal to slightly OW female goes on a diet
*May follow a stressful event
*Most recover, some don't |
|
|
Term
| Problems w/DSM AN Criteria |
|
Definition
1. Weight may not be predictive of prognosis/health
2. Fear of wt/being fat may be a Western concept
3. Amenorrhea may never occur |
|
|
Term
| Does having 2 types of AN provide any use? |
|
Definition
| Doesn't really tell us anything helpful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binge eating+Compensatory behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Purging: Vomiting/diuretics/laxatives/enemas
2. Non-Purging: Fasting/excessive exercise |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV-TR Criteria for BN (5) |
|
Definition
1. Recurrent Binge-Eating
2. Inappropriate compensatory behaviors
3. 2x/wk for 3 months
4. Self-eval. based on body
5. Doesn't meet criteria for AN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15-21 y.o
Healthy weight, but may fluctuate |
|
|
Term
| BN and media coverage and % of students that participate in occasional binge-purge episodes |
|
Definition
| After hearing about it rates increase. 50% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-30/wk, in secret, consume MANY more calories than most people would during a SHORT time span |
|
|
Term
| Emotions before/after binges |
|
Definition
Before: Tension/Powerlessness
After: Self-blame/guilt/depression/fear |
|
|
Term
| BN and Compensatory Behaviors (2) |
|
Definition
1. Vomiting: 1/2 calories still consumed, screws w/appetite
2. Laxatives/Diuretics: Fails to reduce calories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal-slightly OW starts a diet-->Bingeing-->Guilt-->Compensating |
|
|
Term
| Medical Effects of BN (5) |
|
Definition
1. Swollen salivary glands+teeth erosion
2. Heart probs
3. Permanent damage to intestines
4. Bloating, fatigue
5. Dehydration/Electrolyte problems |
|
|
Term
| Similarities b/n AN and BN (8) |
|
Definition
1. Onset after dieting
2. Fear of being obese
3. Drive for thinness
4. Preoccupied w/food, wt
5. Anxiety, depression, perfectionism
6. SA
7. Distorted body image
8. Distorted eating attitude |
|
|
Term
| Differences in BN compared to AN (6) |
|
Definition
1. More worried about other's opinions
2. More sexually experienced
3. Mood swings
4. Controlled by emotion
5. Characteristics of a Personality d/o
6. Less amenorrhea, more damage |
|
|
Term
| Problems w/DSM-IV-TR criteria for BN (3) |
|
Definition
1. Timing of binge eating is not based on research
2. Purging v. Non-purging doesn't seem to matter
3. May not be totally separate from AN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Don't quite meet full criteria for AN/BN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meets some, but not enough criteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meets all the Sxs, but at a lower level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not a DSM d/o...yet
Lots of out of control bingeing w/o compensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involved in inhibition/regulation
Underactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fear/aversive emotions-->self-endangering behavior
Underactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Representing body size
Underactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monitoring conflict b/n competing responses
Failure to learn from ineffective behavior
Underactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of Grey and white matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Serotonin-->Premorbid anxiety
Anxiousness persists after recovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Psychodynamic etiology of EDO |
|
Definition
| Hilde Bruch: disturbed mother-child relationship-->EGO deficits |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive etiology of EDO |
|
Definition
| Deficits-->Cog. Distortions-->DE |
|
|
Term
| Psych factors and EDO (General) |
|
Definition
Overvalue wt/appearance
Best 2 predictors: Dieting+Dissatisfied w/body |
|
|
Term
| Abstinence Violation Effect |
|
Definition
Violating a self-imposed rule about eating=feeling out of control w/food
Food becomes black and white (eg Good vs. Bad) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Preoccupation w/food, wt. distracts from other issues
Restricting is + reinforced by the illusion of power
Bingeing=+ reinforcement for enjoying good food
Bingeing=Endorphins/"turns off" neg. thoughts
Purging=Decreased anxiety
Social isolation=Decreased social anxiety |
|
|
Term
Perfectionism and EDO
-including Aversive self-awareness |
|
Definition
Be perfect or extremely self-critical
-Increased awareness of your own perceived "flaws"-->Distress-->Bingeing/Purging/Restricting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Avoid harmful stimuli/situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency to be anxious and high in neg. affect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People w/low self-esteem try to use food to increase self-worth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Restricting food intake via food groups/calories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bingeing on restricted food/or eating A LOT of an allowed food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disinhibited eating triggered by upcoming diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learn eating habits/body image from family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Criticism by them increases urge to diet+body dissatisfaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thin ideal
N. Americans>Black
Increasing amongst Blacks and Hispanics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female bodies as objects judged by appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Targeting Neuro/Bio factors in EDO |
|
Definition
| Normal, healthy eating pattern+Medical stability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low wt. fed to fast=Electrolytes go screwy
Fats must be introduced SLOWLY to protect intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SSRIs
Prevent relapse
Help reduced BN/Depression Sxs
Prozac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Changing T,F,B
Considered Treatment of choice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decrease irrational thoughts, increase rational ones
Coping strategies
Relaxation
Motivational Enhancement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cognitive restructuring
ERP: Anxiety provoking foods, but not allowed to purge |
|
|
Term
| 3 Mechanisms for explaining benefits of CBT for EDO |
|
Definition
| 1. Normal eating 2. Decrease diet restrictions 3. Increasing coping abilities |
|
|
Term
| Prognosis w/CBT not as good if... |
|
Definition
You have a co-morbid personality d/o
Up to 1/2 still have some Sxs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4-6 mo. of Tx
Focuses on problematic relationships and improving
them |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms for IPT w/EDOs |
|
Definition
1. Reduces Interpersonal probs
2. Creates a sense of power and hope. Increases self-esteem |
|
|
Term
| IPT works best w/ which EDO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Addresses problems w/in the family that may be related to the EDO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Support parents while they help their daughter eat
Doesn't focus on etiology
HUGE family commitment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Planned in advanced
When lower level care has failed
24 hr+groups
Individ+Psychopharm Tx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High relapse usually due to:
Unwillingness to change
Not doing Outpt.
$$$$ |
|
|
Term
| Freud's Structure of Personality |
|
Definition
1. Id: I want it, and I want it now.
2. Super-ego: Moral
3. Ego: Balancer |
|
|
Term
| Freud's level of awareness |
|
Definition
1. Unconscious: Unaware of
2. Preconscious: Have access to, but aren't currently thinking about
3. Conscious: Actively focusing on |
|
|
Term
| Freud's 2 major drives+their purpose |
|
Definition
1. Eros (Life/Sex drive): Survival, reproduction, pleasure
Energy comes from Eros=libido
2. Thanatos (Death drive): Goal of all life is death
May result in aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aversive, inner motivational state
Warning sign to the ego |
|
|
Term
| Freud's 3 types of anxieties, awareness levels, and definitions |
|
Definition
1. Neurotic: Fear of punishment b/c your Id is out of control
Unconscious
2. Reality: Fear of something in the real world
Conscious or Preconscious
3.Moral: Fear of punishment for violating social codes
Conscious or unconscious |
|
|
Term
| 2 Possible responses to anxiety |
|
Definition
1. Increase rational problem-oriented coping
Esp. w/Reality anxiety
2. Defense mechs
By the ego
Unconscious
Distort, transform, or falsify reality |
|
|
Term
| 10 Freudian Defense Mechanisms |
|
Definition
1. Repression
2. Denial
3. Projection
4. Rationalization
5. Intellectualization
6. Reaction formation
7. Regression
8. Id W/the Aggressor
9. Displacement
10. Sublimation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unconscious
Forcing something out the consciousness
Restrains Id impulses, painful memories/info/behaviors
Can be partially done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Refusal to believe an event took place
Manipulation of external perceptions
Keeps anxiety down, but requires a lot of psych. energy
Not the best cost-benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Assign impulses/desires/qualities to someone else
Alters Int/Ext. perceptions (via repressing the feeling and passing it to another)
Helps EXPRESS the Id's desires
This expression is covert |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Finding a reason for the behavior
May occur after a failure to maintain self-esteem
Can also occur after success, if done for unacceptable reasons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thinking in a cold, analytical way about stressful things
Disassoc. of T from F
Intellectual part=Conscious
Emotional part=Unconscious
Happens outside of awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replace unacceptable impulses w/the opposite
Usually they are staunchly against the unacceptable behavior
Eg. Homosexuality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Choosing coping styles from earlier psychosexual stages (fixation)
Manifestation is often symbolic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unconscious assumption of some traits of the feared person
May reduce original fear, or not |
|
|
Term
| Displacement and Sublimation |
|
Definition
Best ones
Displacement: Shift impulse from one target to another
Sublimation: Transform impulse into a more socially acceptable form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Underlying meaning
Via sensory stimulation, current concerns, id impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Allows Id urges to be satisfied in a covert way
Wish-fulfillment
Disguised so Super-Ego/Ego don't find out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct, but symbolics (Manifest Content) |
|
|
Term
Dream work:
Define
Operates via |
|
Definition
Disguised latent content
Primary-Process thought
Often Chaotic |
|
|
Term
| 2 Mechanisms of dream work + define |
|
Definition
1. Condensation: Separate thoughts are squished into one
2. Mechanism of opposites: Element is expressed as the opposite of the latent form (eg. gay bashing instead of homosexuality) |
|
|
Term
| Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Dev. and Ages |
|
Definition
1. Oral: 0-18 mo.
2. Anal: 18-36 mo.
3. Phallic: 3-6 yrs.
4. Latency:6-12 yrs.
5. Genital: 12+yrs |
|
|
Term
| Psychosexual dev. req. that you must complete stages____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each of Freud's psychosexual stages is characterized by:
This influences: |
|
Definition
A crisis
Adult personality |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you fail to complete a psychosexual stage? |
|
Definition
| Some libido remains=A vulnerability to regress to that stage (T, Perception, Responding) during times of stress |
|
|
Term
| Oral Stage (Brief Overview) |
|
Definition
Mouth is pleasure source
Crisis=Being weaned
2 Potential Probs
1. Oral incorporative-Dependent, gullible, jealous
2. Oral sadist-Verbal aggression |
|
|
Term
Oral Stage:
Key Issue+Possible responses
Personality |
|
Definition
1. Dependency
If no=child is pessimistic/distrustful
If STRONGLY yes=naive/overly trustful
Preoccupied w/food+drink
Nail biting, smoking, eating
Verbal Aggression |
|
|
Term
| Anal Stage (Brief overview) |
|
Definition
Anus
Crisis=Toilet training |
|
|
Term
Anal Stage:
Key issue+Potential responses |
|
Definition
Control
Overly demanding parents=Control freak kids
Overly lenient=Disorganized slob kids |
|
|
Term
| 2 Orientations to toilet training and outcomes |
|
Definition
1. Praise for doing a good job
*Value in producing things by w/e means possible
*Adult productivity/creativity
2. Punitive
*Anal expulsive (Rebels): Messy, cruel, hostile
*Anal retentive (W/holding): Rigid, obsessive, stingy, orderly |
|
|
Term
| Phallic Stage (Brief overview) |
|
Definition
Gender diff. become of interest
Penis/Clitoris become pleasure centers
More direct fantasies |
|
|
Term
Phallic stage
*Key issue+possible outcomes |
|
Definition
*Self-worth
Parents respond too positively=Child's sense of self becomes overinflated (arrogant, egotistical)
Parents are too neg.=Child's sense of self is damaged (insecure, self-doubting) |
|
|
Term
| Fixations in the Phallic stage marked by______. Which leads to: |
|
Definition
Difficulties switching from auto-erotic to person directed
Difficulties relating to others as complete, complex ppl
Men: Dominating/uncaring
Women: Very Submissive OR very dominating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively calm, focus on intellectual/social growth |
|
|
Term
| Genital Stage (Brief overview) |
|
Definition
Genitals
Focus on Sex
Dev. ability to form warm/caring relationships and to be worried about the other's welfare
Greater impulse control
LONG LASTING |
|
|
Term
| Psychoanalysts believe what about developmental stages and stress? |
|
Definition
| Each person has a tendency to regress to a particular stage. |
|
|
Term
| Technical Neutrality/Therapeutic neutrality |
|
Definition
| Efforts by the therapist to allow patient's transference to dev. w/o interference from therapist |
|
|
Term
| Client-Therapist relationship in psychoanalysis |
|
Definition
1. Provides most undistorted info about conflicts
2. Most direct route to cure
3. Allows client to show psychological tactics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Patient's attempts to avoid insight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reactions to a person in the present that are related to an important person in your past |
|
|
Term
| Main Psychoanalytic Goal Achieved Via |
|
Definition
Interpretation
*Client Behavior/Own Behavior/Reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Psychoanalytic Techniques (4) |
|
Definition
1. Free Assoc.
2. Dream Analysis
3. Freudian Slips
4. Interpretation
*Clarify
*Confront
*Interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stating and understanding one's own psych processes
Usually emotional |
|
|
Term
| Modern Psychoanalytic Therapy is called |
|
Definition
| Psychodynamic psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
| Modern psychodynamic therapists emphasize |
|
Definition
| Patterns of behaviors, relationship probs, or emotional reactions outside of awareness |
|
|
Term
| Modern psychodynamic therapy is less_______than other therapies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspect of psychodynamic therapy that other approaches consider. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Interpersonal Therapy
*Time
*Manualized treatment
*Hypothesizes |
|
Definition
*12-16 weeks
*Clear directions to therapist on how to do treatment
*Improving interpersonal relations=Greatest overall improvements in functioning |
|
|
Term
| IPT is most extensively in treatment of... |
|
Definition
| Depression, but done with others as well |
|
|
Term
| IPT most closely resembles what type of therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
IPT
*Focuses on
*Believes
*Borrows techniques from |
|
Definition
*Helping patient resolve interpersonal problems
*One's life/psychopathologies improve simultaneously
*Psychodynamic and CBT |
|
|
Term
IPT Therapists
*Help client's link:
*Focus on 4 areas |
|
Definition
*Life event-->Mood/Symptoms
*Grief, Role disputes, Role Transitions, Interpersonal deficits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Opening question: Very general
2. Communication analysis: Recreating emotionally important life events
3. Exploring Goals
4. Decision analysis
5. Role playing |
|
|
Term
| Two key emotions on the continuum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mood D/O:
*Characterized by |
|
Definition
| Disabling disturbances of emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mood d/o only w/depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depression alternating w/mania |
|
|
Term
| Everyday usage of the word depression |
|
Definition
| General sadness/unhappiness |
|
|
Term
| Why is clinical depression a concern? |
|
Definition
| Can lead to severe and long-lasting psych pain that can get worse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5-10% each year for severe depression, and rates are increasing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recovery rate of depression |
|
Definition
| Approx. 1/2 w/in 6 wks. Some w/o help. Most will relapse |
|
|
Term
| Five main areas affected by depression+examples |
|
Definition
1. Emotional: miserable, empty, humiliated
2. Motivational: Lack of drive/initiative
3. Behavioral: Less active/productive
4. Cognitive: Neg. opinions of self, blames others
5. Physical Sxs: Headaches, dizzy, pain |
|
|
Term
| Suicide rates among severely depressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Depressed mood AND/OR Anhedonia
*Min. of 2 wks. Not part of normal grief
2. Four or more of the following:
*Change in sleep
*Change in weight
*Psychomotor agitation/retardation
*Fatigue
*Worthlessness/Guilt
*Lack of concentration
*Suicide/Suicidal Ideation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Episodic: Sxs dissipate over time
2. Recurrent: Relapse is likely (Avg. is 4) |
|
|
Term
| Dysthymia DSM-IV-TR Criteria |
|
Definition
1. Chronic subclinical depression AT LEAST 2+yrs
2. At least 2
*Appetite change
*Sleep change
*Fatigue
*Low self-esteem
*Decrease concentration
*Hopeless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MDE Sxs in Latino cultures |
|
Definition
| Complaints of nerves and headaches |
|
|
Term
| MDE Sxs in Asian cultures |
|
Definition
| Complaints of weakness and fatigue |
|
|
Term
MDE Sxs in Children
MDE Sxs in Older adults |
|
Definition
Stomach and headaches
Distractible and forgetful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intense elation/irritability
4+days or require hospitalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sxs of mania and depression in the same week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subclinical mania
4 days of elevated mood
Changes in functioning, but not impaired
NOT A DSM criteria |
|
|
Term
| Three forms of bipolar d/o |
|
Definition
1. Bipolar I
2. Bipolar 2
3. Cyclothymia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Manic episodes usually w/MDE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subclinical Bipolar D/O
At least 2+ yrs
NOT MDE |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV-TR Bipolar D/O Criteria |
|
Definition
1. Some version of mania
2. Plus 3 (4 if mania is irritable type)
*Psychomotor agitation or increase
in goal directed behavior
*Excessive talking
*Racing thoughts
*Less sleep
*Grandiosity
*Distractible
*Increased involvement in high risk pleasurable
activity (sex, spending) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prev. of Bipolar
Age of Onset
Social effects |
|
Definition
*1%
*20s
*Recurrent, 1/3 unemployed after hospitalization
High suicide rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Episodes at a particular time of year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive physical immobility or peculiar phys. movement |
|
|
Term
| Depression w/Psychotic features |
|
Definition
| Delusions or hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Severe anhedonia
More depressed in the morning
Early morning waking
More Severe |
|
|
Term
| Mood D/O and Heritability |
|
Definition
| .85 for Bipolar .37 for MDD Set the stage for diathesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NE, DA, 5-HT
MDD: Low levels of NE/DA
Mania: High levels of NE/DA
But this is not a 1:1 correlation, meds take 2-3 weeks after NT levels are restored |
|
|
Term
| Mood D/O and Neurobiological Factors |
|
Definition
Focus on sensitivity of post-synaptic receptors
Overly sens. to DA: Bipolar
Under sens. to 5-HT: MDD
Meds alter the working of:
Secondary messengers
G-proteins |
|
|
Term
Structural MRI
Functional MRI |
|
Definition
*Abnormalities in anatomy
*Abnormalities in activity |
|
|
Term
| Functional abnormality in MDD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functional studies and MDD |
|
Definition
| Decreased volume in areas w/diminished activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Manages stress reactions
-releases Cortisol
*HPA may be over active |
|
|
Term
| High Cortisol is linked to what Mood D/O? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oversecretion of Cortisol
May include Depressive Sxs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Majority of ppl w/MDD recently suffered a stressful
life event |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal difficulties and Mood D/O |
|
Definition
High levels of Expressed Emotion=More likely to relapse
Depression Sxs often lead to rejection
*Excessive reassurance seeking
*Few pos. facial Sxs
*-Self disclosure
*Slow speech |
|
|
Term
People w/Depression exp. what types of affect?
Depressed individuals' response to +stimuli |
|
Definition
1. High -, and low +
2. Fewer pos. facial exp., Less pleasant emotions |
|
|
Term
Freud's Theory of Depression
1. Stage
2. Results in:
3. Depression simply put is: |
|
Definition
1. Oral Fixation
2. Excessive dependency on others
3. Anger turned inward |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for/against Freud's Theory of Depression (3) |
|
Definition
1. Tend to show more anger (against)
2. Triggered by stress (might support)
3. High dependency=more susceptible (support) |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for/against Freud's Theory of Depression (3) |
|
Definition
1. Tend to show more anger (against)
2. Triggered by stress (might support)
3. High dependency=more susceptible (support) |
|
|
Term
| Rational Emotive Behavior Theory |
|
Definition
Natural for humans to think in irrational ways
Some handle this better than others
Can learn to handle it better |
|
|
Term
Basic assumption of REBT
ABCs of REBT |
|
Definition
Emotions are caused by beliefs about events, not
the events themselves
A: Activating Event
B: Belief
C: Consequence (emotion) |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Theory of Mood D/O |
|
Definition
Negative triad: Neg. view of-self, world, future
Neg. schemata: Tendency to see world negatively
Cog. Biases: Process info in neg. ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dogs eventually stopped trying to escape, even if they
could
Uncontrollable -events-->helpless
Passive in face of stress |
|
|
Term
Biological treatments tend to focus on:
Three types |
|
Definition
Physical source of dysfunction to determine treatment course
1. Drug Tx
2. ECT
3. Psychosurgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Antianxiety
2. Antidepressant
3. Antibipolar (Mood Stabilizers)
4. Antipsychotic |
|
|
Term
What is the most widely used treatment for mood d/o?
What % of pts show improvement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Major Classes of Antidepressants |
|
Definition
1. MAOI
2. Tricyclics
3. SSRIs |
|
|
Term
What class of antidepressants is most prevalent?
How long should antidepressants be used for?
What is the best treatment for mood d/o? |
|
Definition
*SSRIs (less side effects)
*6 mo. after Sx reduction
*Psychotherapy+Drugs |
|
|
Term
Cog. Therapy vs. IPT vs. Meds
*Which was most effective early on?
*"" w/less severe cases?
*'' w/most severe? |
|
Definition
*Meds
*Placebo=Meds=IPT=CT
*Meds>IPT>Placebo |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Bipolar d/o |
|
Definition
1. Lithium
2. Anti-convulsants
3. Anti-psychotics
Often used in combo |
|
|
Term
Caveat w/treating Bipolar d/o w//Anti-depressants.
Lithium |
|
Definition
Can trigger manic episodes
80% respond positively
Dangerous side effects
Slow working |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used only in extreme cases
Roots in trepanation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sig. risk
About 1/2 of suicides are currently depressed ppl
90% of suicide attempts are by indiv. w/mental illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thoughts of suicide
More common than attempts |
|
|
Term
| Neurobiological Models of Suicide |
|
Definition
Low levels of 5-HT
Overly reactive HPA sys. |
|
|
Term
| Sociocultural Models of Suicide |
|
Definition
| Media coverage of prominent suicides-->Increases in suicide |
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of Suicides+Define |
|
Definition
1. Egoistic:Few ties to family/community
2. Altruistic:Believes action is for the good of society
3. Anomic: Sudden change in person's relation to society |
|
|
Term
| Psychological risk factors for suicide+correlated w/ |
|
Definition
1. Prob. Solving Deficits: Corr. w/attempts+severity
2. Hopelessness: Greater likelihood of suicide
3. Impulsivity: Corr. w/actual attempts
4. Life satisfaction: Higher satisfaction=lower risk |
|
|
Term
| DSM Criteria for Substance Intox |
|
Definition
1. Reversible substance specific syndrome
2. Psych/Behavioral changes due to physiological affects of the substance |
|
|
Term
| DSM Criteria for Substance Abuse |
|
Definition
1. Maladaptive pattern of use
2. One or more:
*Leads to failure to fulfill major obligations
*Using when it is physically dangerous
*Recurrent legal problems
*Recurrent use despite social probs linked to the
substance |
|
|
Term
| DSM for Substance Dependence |
|
Definition
3+ of the following in 12 mo. period
1. Tolerance:
*Need more to get the same high
2. Withdrawal
3. Taken in larger amounts than previously
4. Tries often/unsuccessfully to cut down
5. A lot of time is spent in use/procurement/recovery from the substance
6. Reduction in social, occupational, rec. events
7. Continued use despite enhancement of psych/physio effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physio/Psycho effects of discontinuation of a substance e.g. Restless, anxious, cramps, death |
|
|
Term
Depressants
*Effects
*Examples
*Regular use leads to:
*Discontinuation can lead to: |
|
Definition
*Slow the body down, decrease behavioral activity/level of awareness
*Alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, benzos
*Tolerance
*Withdrawal |
|
|
Term
Alcohol Dependence:
*2 Hallmark Sxs
*Withdrawal Sxs |
|
Definition
*Tolerance and Withdrawal
*Anxiety, depression, weakness, restless, insomnia, muscle tremors, Elevated BP, pulse, temp |
|
|
Term
Most alcohol abusers __________become alcohol dependent
Polydrug abuse |
|
Definition
DO NOT
Using multiple substance
*eg. cigarettes, cocaine, marijuana |
|
|
Term
Synergistic Effects:
*Define
*2 Examples |
|
Definition
*Alcohol increases effects of some other drugs
*Alcohol and barbiturates: May cause death
*Alcohol and heroin: Alcohol reduces amt. of heroin needed to be lethal |
|
|
Term
Lifetime prev. by gender
Lifetime prev.: Abuse v. Dependence
Binge drinking |
|
Definition
*20% M, 8%F
*Abuse: 17%
*Dependence: 12%
Drink 5+drinks in an hour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5+drinks, 5+times in 30 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| N. Americans=Hispanics>White>Blacks>Asians |
|
|
Term
| Effects of consuming a lot of alcohol |
|
Definition
1. Impaired speech/vision
2. Interference in complex thought processes
3. Poor coordination
4. Loss of balance
5. Depression and withdrawal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Malnutrition
2. B-complex vitamins and deficiency
(Amnestic syndrome)
3. Cirrhosis of liver (scar tissue)
4. Damage to endocrine glands
5. CHF
6. Erectile Dysfunction
7. HTN
8. Stroke
9. Capillary Hemorrhage
10. Destruction of brain cells (esp. memory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heavy alcohol use during pregnancy=slowed fetal growth
Recommend NO alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Some benefits of moderate alcohol use |
|
Definition
Reduced risk of:
1. Stoke CHD, Cholesterol reduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Opiates
2. Barbiturates
3. Benzos |
|
|
Term
Opiates:
*Effects
*Examples |
|
Definition
*Sedatives that relieves pain+induces sleep
*Opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, valium, oxycontin |
|
|
Term
| Physical/Psycho effects of Opiates |
|
Definition
| Euphoria, drowsiness, reverie, and lack of coordination, loss of inhibition, increased self-confidence |
|
|
Term
| Rush associated w/heroin/Oxycontin |
|
Definition
| Intense feelings of warmth/ecstasy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Muscle soreness and twitching, tearful, yawning, cramps, chills/sweating, increase in HR/BP, insomnia, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Social dangers of Opiate use |
|
Definition
1. 1/4 die before 40 y/o
2. Engage in illegal activities
3. Exposure to infectious diseases |
|
|
Term
Barbiturates:
*Used for:
*Stimulates
*Heavy dosage: |
|
Definition
*Induces muscle relaxations, reduces anxiety, produces euphoria
*GABA
*Slurred speech
*Unsteady gait
*Impaired judgement
*Irritability/combative
*Accidental suffocation |
|
|
Term
| Withdrawal from synthetic opiates leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depressants affect what system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Activates Inhibitory neurons
2. Inhibits Amygdala
3. Dulls fear and anxiety |
|
|
Term
| NT associated w/Depressants use |
|
Definition
DA:rewarding
Endogenous opiods
*Deep pleasure feeling
*Withdrawal occurs if stopped (Neg. Reinforce) |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 Alcoholism+Genetics |
|
Definition
*Less severe
*Later in life
*Genes can be moderated by environment
*Men and women |
|
|
Term
| Type 2 Alcoholism+Genetics |
|
Definition
*Early in life
*Genes outweigh environment
*Men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Withdrawal sx experienced by VERY heavy drinkers
Confusion, convulsions, hallucinations, and fever
*Could be fatal |
|
|
Term
| Observational learning and depressants |
|
Definition
Use as a coping strategy
Expectations effect experience |
|
|
Term
Operant conditioning and Depressants
Classical conditioning and Depressants |
|
Definition
+Reinforcement: Post exp. of use
-Reinforcement: Relief of cravings
Drug cues=cravings |
|
|
Term
Effects of family from depressants
Social effects of depressant use |
|
Definition
Dysfunctional
$ probs+unemployment |
|
|
Term
| Peer use of depressants and you |
|
Definition
Greater influence
View usage as normal |
|
|
Term
| Cultural norms and depressant use |
|
Definition
*Use is increasing amongst women
*Less diverse the campus=more likely binge drinking will occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Stimulate CNS
*Caffeine, nicotine, ritalin, MDMA, Coke, Crack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased alertness, BP, and irritability
Number one cause of preventable death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lung cancer is the most common cancer
Emphysema, cancer of: larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, cervix, stomach; SIDS, CHF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less likely to quit, more likely to get cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher levels of: ammonia, CO |
|
|
Term
Amphetamines
*Effects+mechanisms |
|
Definition
*Increase alertness/motor activity, reduce fatigue, high energy, sleeplessness, reduce appetite, nervousness, agitation, confusion, paranoia
*Tolerance happens quickly
*NE and DA |
|
|
Term
| Chronic use of meth leads to damage in what brain area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cocaine:
*Effects
*Mechanisms
*Overdose |
|
Definition
*Reduces pain, produces euphoria, heightens sexual desire, increases self-confidence
*DA in the mesolimbic area
*Chills, nausea, insomnia, paranoia, hallucinations, MI, death |
|
|
Term
DA Reward System:
*What is it
*Activated by |
|
Definition
*Sys. of neurons which relies on DA to produce pleasurable sensations
*Eating, sex, stimulant drugs |
|
|
Term
| Dopaminergic hypothesis of substance abuse |
|
Definition
| Rewarding effects of a drug (in)directly from DA system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduce movement of DA to terminal buttons so more DA is hanging in the synapse |
|
|
Term
| Observational learning and stimulants |
|
Definition
Observation of use/abuse by peers, family, or celebs increases usage
High need for social approval=more likely to use |
|
|
Term
Reward Craving and Substance abuse
Relief Craving and Substance abuse |
|
Definition
Desire for gratifying effects of substance use
Temp. emotional relief that arises from substance use |
|
|
Term
| Operant conditioning and stimulants |
|
Definition
+Reinforcement: Pleasant side effects
-Reinforcement: Reduction of - state
-Reinforcement: Alleviation of withdrawal Sxs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimuli assoc. w/drug use elicit conditioned responses |
|
|
Term
| Family relations and stimulants |
|
Definition
| Teens who progress from one drug to another, tend to not have close relationships w/their parents |
|
|
Term
| Peers substance use and you |
|
Definition
| Alters your PERCEPTION of norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unique and LT pattern of inner experience and outward behavior
Tends to be consistent
It's flexible |
|
|
Term
Person w/the Personality D/O and how they view their behavior.
What % of the pop. has a personality d/o |
|
Definition
Not as problematic
*9-13% |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic Reliability and Personality D/O |
|
Definition
Diff't clinicians tend to give diff't diagnoses
Very unreliable |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic Stability and Personality D/O |
|
Definition
1/2 get another diagnosis 2 yrs later
"Should" be stable |
|
|
Term
| Gender Bias and Personality D/O |
|
Definition
F: Histrionic, Borderline, Dependent
M: ASPD, Narcissistic, OC
Some clinicians pay attn to certain traits depending on gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Often w/an Axis 1 d/o
Decreases recovery rate for the Axis 1 d/o |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very categorical approach to a spectrum d/o
Personality traits form a continuum |
|
|
Term
Most PD are high on which of the 5 factors?
High E is tied to:
Low E is tied to: |
|
Definition
*Hi N, Hi Antagonism (Low A)
*Histrionic,Narcissistic
*Schizoid, Schizotypal, Avoidant PD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Odd/Eccentric:
*Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
2. Dramatic, emotional, erratic
*ASPD, Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic
3. Anxious/Fearful
*Avoidant, Dependent, OCPD |
|
|
Term
| Odd Personality D/O description |
|
Definition
*Suspiciousness, Social withdrawal, Peculiar ways of thinking or perceiving
*Leave the person isolated
*May be related to schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
Paranoid PD:
4+ of the following |
|
Definition
1. Suspects, w/o reason that others are out to get them
2. Doubts about loyalty/trustworthiness
3. Reluctant to trust others
4. Reads threatening messages into benign remarks
5. Lots of grudges
6. Perceives attacks on yourself that others don't
7. Suspicion regarding fidelity of partner |
|
|
Term
Superfluous sxs of Paranoid PD
Prevalence of Paranoid PD
Treatment of Paranoid PD |
|
Definition
*Hypersensitivity, vigilance
*0.5-3%, M>F
*None are particularly effective |
|
|
Term
| Schizoid PD Characterized By: |
|
Definition
Persistent avoidance of social relationships w/limited emotional expression
Flat, cold, anhedonia, low sex drive |
|
|
Term
| Schizoid PD and 4+ of the following |
|
Definition
1. Neither desires/enjoys close relationships
2. Solitary activities
3. Little/No sexual interest
4. Anhedonia
5. Lacks close friends
6. Indifferent to praise or criticism
7. Flat, cold, stoic |
|
|
Term
| Schizotypal PD characterized by |
|
Definition
| Range of interpersonal problems, odd ways of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Ideas of reference
2. Magical thinking that is inconsistent w/cultural norms
3. Unusual perceptual experiences
4. Odd thinking and speech
5. Suspiciousness
6. Inappropriate/Constricted affect
7. Lack of close friends
8. Excessive social anxiety that doesn't go away |
|
|
Term
| Interactions w/ppl who have Schizotypal PD |
|
Definition
1. Vague/digressive convos
2. Difficulty maintaining focus
3. Odd dress or appearance |
|
|
Term
Most severe of the odd d/o
What sxs are most common in women
Sxs most common in men |
|
Definition
Schizotypal
Positive sxs: Magical Thinking
Neg. Sxs: Flat, stoic |
|
|
Term
| Schizotypal PD has high comorbidity w/ |
|
Definition
| Avoidant, Paranoid PD, and Schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| Neurological findings w/Schizotypal PD |
|
Definition
Enlarged ventricles
Less Gray matter in temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| What cluster of PD are the most commonly diagnosed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ASPD:
*Characterized by:
*Age requirement |
|
Definition
*Persistent disregard and violation others' rights
*18 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Repeated law breaking
2. Lying
3. Impulsive
4. Irritable
5. Reckless
6. $$$$ Irresponsible
7. Lack of remorse |
|
|
Term
ASPD prevalence in gender
ASPD is correlated w/high rates of: |
|
Definition
M 4x F
Criminality, and Substance abuse |
|
|
Term
| Borderline PD is characterized by: |
|
Definition
Instability and mood shifts along w/impulsivity
Can be violent or angry |
|
|
Term
| Impulsive, self-destructive behaviors common in people w/Borderline PD |
|
Definition
1. Substance Abuse
2. Reckless Behavior
3. SI
4. Suicide
*May end up in the hospital or dead due to suicide attempts that are actually successful |
|
|
Term
| Borderline PD has at least 5 of the following: |
|
Definition
1. Avoid real/imagined abandonment
2. Unstable intense relationships (idealized then devalued)
3. Unstable self-image
4. Impulsive in self-damaging ways
5. Suicide attempts, SI
6. Unstable mood
7. Inappropriate, intense anger
8. Paranoia or dissociation |
|
|
Term
Prevalence:
*Gender
*Highest amongst what population |
|
Definition
75% of cases are F
Clinical |
|
|
Term
| Common course of Borderline PD |
|
Definition
| Instability/Suicide peak at adolescents-->lessen w/age |
|
|
Term
Borderline PD:
*High comorbidity w/
*High rates of |
|
Definition
*PTSD, MDD, Substance Abuse, EDO
*Suicide |
|
|
Term
| 3 Explanations for self-harm |
|
Definition
1. Punishment
2. Relief from psychic pain
3. Reassurance of existence |
|
|
Term
| Biological factors for Borderline PD |
|
Definition
Low 5-HT levels
Familial component |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Borderline PD |
|
Definition
Psychotherapy
LT, Specialized Therapist, Termination is difficult |
|
|
Term
Histrionic PD
*Characterized by: |
|
Definition
Extremely emotional and NEED to be the center of attn
Vain, self-centered, demanding |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic PD 5+ of the following |
|
Definition
1. Uncomfortable when not the center of attn
2. Sexually seductive/provocative
3. Rapidly changing shallow emotions
4. Physical appearance as a way of getting attn
5. Impressionistic speech, lacking details
6. Dramatic, theatrical
7. Suggestible
8. Believes relationships to be more intimate than they are |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Histrionic PD |
|
Definition
Often seek help
Difficult to work with |
|
|
Term
Narcissistic PD
*Characterized by |
|
Definition
Grandiose, need admiration, no empathy
Convinced they are magnificent
Exaggerate |
|
|
Term
| Narcissistic PD 5+ of the following |
|
Definition
1. Grandiose sense of self-importance
2. Fantasies of unlimited success, power, etc.
3. Belief that they are above others
4. Requires excessive admiration
5. Entitled
6. Exploitive
7. Lack empathy
8. Envious of others, or believes that others are envious of them
9. Arrogant, conceited |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of Narcissistic PD: Gender Common and normal amongst |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narcissistic PD and Interpersonal Relationships |
|
Definition
1. Based on enhancement of status
2. Success, admiration>Intimacy, closeness |
|
|
Term
Avoidant PD:
*Pervasive pattern of:
*Begins: |
|
Definition
*Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, Hypersensitive to neg. eval.
*Early adulthood and in many contexts |
|
|
Term
| Avoidant PD at least 4+ following |
|
Definition
1. Avoids jobs w/interpersonal contact
*Due to fear of criticism, disapproval, rejection
2. Unwilling to get involved w/ppl unless certain of being liked
3. Preoccupied w/being rejected/criticized in social contexts
4. Restrained intimacy
*Due to fear of being shamed/ridiculed
5. Inhibited in social sit.
*Due to feelings of inadequacy
6. Belief that they're socially inept
7. Reluctant to take risks
*Due to fear of embarrassment |
|
|
Term
| Avoidant PD has a high comorbidity w/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Problems w/treating Avoidant PD |
|
Definition
*Start avoiding therapy sessions
*Gaining trust is important |
|
|
Term
Central feature of Dependent PD
Onset of Dependent PD |
|
Definition
Difficulty w/separation
Early adulthood |
|
|
Term
| Dependent PD 5+ of the following |
|
Definition
1. Needs advice/reassurance on even small everyday decisions
2. Needs others to assume responsibility for major life areas
3. Difficulty expressing disagreement
4. Difficulty initiating things, or working alone
5. Excessive lengths to get nurturing/support from others
6. Hates being alone
7. Needs relationships CONSTANTLY
8. Preoccupied w/fears of being left to care for themselves |
|
|
Term
| Dependent PD pts often at risk for: |
|
Definition
| MDD, Anxiety d/o, suicide |
|
|
Term
| Key focus for treatment of Dependent PD |
|
Definition
Accept responsibility for themselves
Can do family or couple therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Details, rules, lists order, schedules so extreme that the point of activities is moot
2. Perfectionism inhibits task completion
3. Dedicated to work to the pt. that friendship and fun is lost
4. Overconscientious and moral: Inflexible even
5. Can't get rid of useless objects
6. Hates to delegate unless they dictate exactly how it is done
7. Miserly
8. Rigid, stubborn |
|
|
Term
| Type of person most likely to get the Dx of OCPD |
|
Definition
| White male, educated, married,and employed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lack of true obsessions and compulsions
OCPD inflexibility is more limited |
|
|
Term
| Possible treatment for OCPD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 ways substance abuse may develop |
|
Definition
1. Unintentionally: Environmental exposure
2. Medicinal effects
3. Intentional use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Entry drugs-->Harder drugs
General Pattern: Initiation-->Experimentation-->Casual use-->Reg. use-->Abuse-->Dependence
Risk factors for this trajectory include:
*Young age
*Number of drugs used |
|
|
Term
LSD
*Effects (4) ST
*Effects (3) LT |
|
Definition
*Alters visual/auditory sensations, Shifting emotions, Psychotic sxs, synesthesia
*Delusions, distortions of time, Flashbacks, Tolerance, but not withdrawal |
|
|
Term
Marijuana
*ST Effects (2)
*NT
*Withdrawal Sxs |
|
Definition
*Perceptual distortions, slowed cog/motor abilities
*DA
*Irritability, anxiety, depression, decreased appetite, disturbed sleeping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most commonly used illegal drug
M>F
USA, Europe>China, Africa |
|
|
Term
| Psych effects of Marijuana (5) |
|
Definition
1. Relaxed, sociable
2. Shifts in emotion
3. Interferes w/attn., memory, IQ
4. Hallucinations, panic
5. Impairment in drivin |
|
|
Term
| Physiological effects of Marijuana |
|
Definition
1. Bloodshot eyes
2. Dry mouth/throat
3. Increased appetite
4. Reduced inner eye pressure
5. Increased BP
6. Abnormal HR
7. Lung damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Hippocampus
2. Increased blood flow to ACC, Amygdala
3. Decreased flow to Temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Marijuana and Therapeutic effects |
|
Definition
1. Helps w/chemo (nausea, lack of appetite)
2. Relieves pain assoc. w/AIDS |
|
|
Term
Two Paths to Alcohol Abuse
*Boys
*Girls |
|
Definition
*Drinking early in adolescents and continued to increase throughout HS
*Lesser amts in adolescents, jump up during Jr. High, jump up again during HS |
|
|
Term
| Substance abuse diathesis and Genetics |
|
Definition
| Some ethnicities tolerate substances better than others |
|
|
Term
| Incentive-sensitization Theory |
|
Definition
Distinguish wanting (craving) and liking (pleasure)
DA sys. is sensitive to the drug and the drug cues, this increases wanting |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol myopia may lead to: |
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Definition
| Tension reduction: Focus on a distractor (cigarettes, alcohol) to avoid a stressful stimuli |
|
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Term
| Family Factors that increase the risk of substance abuse |
|
Definition
1. Parent alcohol abuse
2. Psych/marital/legal probs in the fam
3. Lack of emotional support
4. Lack of parental monitoring |
|
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Term
| Social network and alcohol abuse |
|
Definition
| Social influence (having friends who drink)-->drinking-->Social selection (choosing friends who drink)--> |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Withdrawal under medical supervision
Hospital is not superior to outpatient |
|
|
Term
A.A.
What is it
How does it work
Asks for: |
|
Definition
Largest self-help group
Regular meetings, support, acceptance
Complete abstinence |
|
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Term
| Couples and Family Therapy for Substance Abuse |
|
Definition
Emphasizes support
Reduces drinking and couples' distress for up to 1 yr following treatment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Reinforce behaviors inconsistent w/drinking
Teach problem drinkers how to deal w/uncomfortable situations |
|
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Term
Controlled Drinking
*Basic belief
*Guided self-change |
|
Definition
Prob. drinkers can drink in moderation
Personal responsibility/control, emphasizes neg. aspects of drinking, devise a plan for mod. drinking, more common in Canada and Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If you drink you vomit
Lots of ppl quit taking it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks endorphins stimulated by alcohol, reduces cravings
Helps a lot when used w/CBT |
|
|
Term
| Tx for Nicotine Dependence |
|
Definition
Change social network
Rapid smoking treatment: puffing fast, focused smoking
Scheduled reduction in tobacco use
Physician advice
Nicotine replacements: Esp. when used w/antidepressants |
|
|
Term
| Tx for illegal drug dependence |
|
Definition
Drug replacement tx
Not good for coke
Okay for Heroin: Esp if combined w/Tx and social suport |
|
|
Term
Prevention of Substance abuse:
*Directed at:
*Potential elements |
|
Definition
Adolescents
Increasing self-esteem
Social skills training
Peer pressure resistance
Parent involvement
Warning labels
Education
Testing |
|
|
Term
Positive Sxs of Schizophrenia:
AKA
Categories |
|
Definition
Behavioral Excesses
*Delusions, Persecutory delusions, Hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Firmly held beliefs in contrast to reality
Resistant to change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory experiences in the absence of sensory stimuli |
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of Hallucinations |
|
Definition
1. Audible Thoughts
2. Voicing commenting on your T, F, B, etc.
3. Voices arguing |
|
|
Term
| During auditory hallucinations we see a marked increase in activation in what brain area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Negative Sxs of Schizophrenia:
*AKA
*5 Categories |
|
Definition
*Behavioral deficits
*Avolition, Alogia, Anhedonia, Flat Affect, Asociality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lack of interest or drive
Poverty of speech or cotent |
|
|
Term
Disorganized Sxs of Schizophrenia:
*AKA
*General description |
|
Definition
*Behavioral Distortions
*Obs. distortions of normal human behavior (weird) |
|
|
Term
Disorganized Speech
*AKA
*2 parts |
|
Definition
*Formal thought d/o
*Incoherence: Inability to organize ideas
*Derailment (loose assoc): Rambles, hard time sticking to one subject |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emotional responses that don't fit the situation |
|
|
Term
| 3 Behaviors assoc. w/Schizophrenia, but not required for Dx |
|
Definition
1. Depression
2. Suicide
3. Substance Abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Motor Abnormalities
Can be repetitive, complex gestures, or wildly flailing limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintain unusual posture for long periods of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limbs can be posed by another |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
1. 2+ of the following, for at least 1 mo:
*Delusion
*Hallucination
*Disorganized speech
*Disorganized catatonia
*Neg. Sxs
Social impairment
Sxs lasting 6 mo. total |
|
|
Term
Disorganized Schizophrenia:
Catatonic Schizophrenia: |
|
Definition
*Incoherence, disorganized speech+behavior, flat, inappropriate affect
*Prolonged immobility or purposeless agitation |
|
|
Term
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Ideas of reference |
|
Definition
Delusions/Hallucinations tied to persecution or grandiosity
Ideas of reference:
*Personal sig. to neutral events |
|
|
Term
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Residual Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
*Meet criteria for schizophrenia, but not a subtype
*No longer meets criteria, but has some signs still |
|
|
Term
| Problem w/dx subtypes of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Low reliability
Poor predictive validity
Lots of overlap |
|
|
Term
| Whom does Schizophrenia effect, besides the pt. |
|
Definition
Families/friends: Hard to live w/, social skills are lacking
Employers, landlords |
|
|
Term
Prev. of schizophrenia:
Age of onset
Biased ethnicitiy |
|
Definition
Late adolescents, early adulthood
Blacks |
|
|
Term
| Diathesis stress model of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Genetic factors set an underlying predisposition, stress triggers onset |
|
|
Term
DA Theory of Schizophrenia:
*Caused by:
*Treatment |
|
Definition
D/o due to excess levels of DA
DA blocking agents eg. Chlorpromazine |
|
|
Term
| Other NT involved in Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DA Theory of Schizophrenia Revised |
|
Definition
Excess # of DA receptors or increased sensitivity of DA receptors
Complex neural pathways mean that underactivity in some areas leads to overactivity in others (Thats why meds only work for some sxs some of the time) |
|
|
Term
| Brain Anatomical Explanations of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Enlarged ventricles
Low activity in the PFC: Negative Sxs
Reduced gray matter in PFC
Reduction in dendritic spines |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia and damage during pregnancy or birth |
|
Definition
| Labor complications are highly correlated w/Schizophrenia (eg loss of O2) |
|
|
Term
| Viral Damage to fetal brain and Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Moms w/the flu are highly correlated to Schizophrenia rates esp. during 2 trimester |
|
|
Term
| Developmental factors and Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Need to study DA and PFC maturation |
|
|
Term
Schizophrenia and SES
Sociogenic hypothesis |
|
Definition
Most common amongst urban poor
Stress of poverty causes the d/o via poor nutrition during pregnancy etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency to fall into lower SES due to impairments assoc. w/schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| Of the 2 social theories of Schizophrenia the most support is for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cold, domineering, rejecting, over-protective, fearful of intimacy, rigid, moralistic |
|
|
Term
Communication Deviance and Schizophrenia
Expressed Emotion |
|
Definition
Family CD may predict onset
High EE families=Quicker rehospitalization |
|
|
Term
| Bi-directional assoc. of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Unusual pt thoughts<-->More critical comments (esp in high EE families)
Could be related to Higher HPA axis activation<-->DA |
|
|
Term
| Developmental Hx of children before they developed Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Lower IQ, delinquent, withdrawn, poor motor skills, more expression of neg. emotion |
|
|
Term
Meds for Schizophrenia
How they work
% efficacy |
|
Definition
Thorazine, Haldol, Navane (Antipsychotics)
Block DA
75 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Side effect of Schizophrenia meds
Affects coordination center |
|
|
Term
Parkinsonian Sxs and Schizophrenic Meds
*Prev.
*Define
*Treated |
|
Definition
*1/2
*Tremors, shuffling gait, low facial expressiveness, dystonia, dyskinesia, akathesia
*Stopping meds or adding other meds |
|
|
Term
Neuroleptic Malignant Syn
*Define
*Prev. (esp. for)
*Treatment |
|
Definition
*Severe, possibly fatal rxn: Muscle rigidity, altered consciousness, messed up ANS
*1/100 esp. the elderly
*Stopping meds and treating neuro issues |
|
|
Term
Tardive Dyskinesia
*Sxs
*Prev.
*Treatment |
|
Definition
Involuntary movement/tics (esp. of the face and mouth), jerky motion of the limbs, May not appear immediately
*1/10 of 1st generation med users
*None |
|
|
Term
| What sxs of Schizophrenia are reduced using antipsychotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"Atypical" Anti-Psychotics
*Eg
*Improve
*Caveats |
|
Definition
*Clozaril, Risperdal, Abilify
*Neg. and Pos. Sxs
*$$$$, Significant Wt. Gain |
|
|
Term
| Freud's view of tx for Psychotic D/O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sullivan's Tx for Psychotic d/o |
|
Definition
Trusting therapist-pt relationship
Teaching adult ways of communication
Insight |
|
|
Term
| Family Tx and Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Education about Schizophrenia
Importance of meds
Improve communication and prob. solving
Instilling hope
Expand social networks |
|
|
Term
| Social Tx and Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Social skills training, problem-solving, housing, medical care, med compliance, advice
Helpful for relapse prevention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Id and challenge delusional beliefs
Recognize and challenge cognitions assoc. w/-sxs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emphasizes being a detached observer of sxs
Focus on important tasks and goals. Focus on these |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Same sxs as Schizophrenia
1-6 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Same sxs as Schizophrenia
<30 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Schizophrenia+Mood sxs
>6 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Delusions, but they aren't as severe as w/Schizophrenia
Usually about persecution, jealousness, grandiosity, somatic issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Person adopts delusions held by another |
|
|
Term
| Substance-induced Psychotic d/o |
|
Definition
Any psych sxs possible: usually hallucinations or delusions
Caused by a substance |
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