Term
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Definition
| a conceptual framework or approach within which the scientist works- that is, a set of basic assumptions, a general perspective, that defines how to conceptualize and study a subject, how to gather and interpret relevant data, even how to think about a particular subject. |
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Term
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Definition
* Genetic/ Biological
* neuroscience
* psychodynamic
* cognitive behavioral |
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Term
| what is the biological paradigm and what does it include |
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Definition
* the biological paradigm (medical model) suggests that alterations of biological processes result in abnormal behavior
* biological processes may include heredity, imbalances of brain chemistry, disordered development of brain structures |
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Term
| shared and not shared environments |
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Definition
shared environment- factors include those things that members of a family have in common such as family income level, child rearing practices, and parents marital status and quality
nonshared environment- factors are those things believe to be distinct among members of family, such as relationships with friends or specific events unique to a person (ex being in a car accident or on the swim team). Important to understand why two siblings from the same family can be so different |
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Term
| what is behavior genetics |
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Definition
| is the study of how individual differences in genetic makeup contribute to differences in behavior |
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Term
| what is a genotype and phenotype |
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Definition
genotype- the total genetic makeup, consisting of inherited genes.. unobservable genetic constitution.
phenotype- is the observable behavioral characteristics (ex. level of anxiety) .. it can change over time as a function of the interaction of genes and environment. (viewed as the product of an interaction between the genotype and the environment |
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Term
| what is behiovior genetics and what are its methods |
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Definition
behavioral genertics seeks to identify the extent to which an abnormal behavior is inherited its methods include: # -Family Method- identifies persons who have a disorder and then examines whether various relatives of the index cases have a greater likelihood of developing the mental disorder
# Twin method compares the incidence of a disorder between twins and identifies the disorder of interest in one of the twins and then determines the likelihood of whether the other twin will also have the same disorder
adoptee method- determines whether a child born to a person with a disorder/ but adopted out at birth and raised away from the biological parents will develop the same disorder |
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Term
| what is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins; what is the difference between brothers/sisters/cousins? |
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Definition
# Monozygotic(MZ) twins share 100% of genes
# Dizygotic (DZ) twins share on average 50% of genes
Brothers/sisters share 50% of genes, cousins share 25% of genes, general population shares few genes |
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Term
| describe the Neuroscience Paradigm |
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Definition
Neuroscience Paradigm
- holds that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes |
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Term
| four major parts of a nerve |
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Definition
1. the cell body
2. several dendrites, the short and think extensions
3. one or more axons of varying lengths, but usually only on long and thin axon that extends a considerable distance from the cell body
4. terminal buttons on the many end branches of the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| - when a neuron is appropriately stimulated at its cell body or through its dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical substance that allow a nerve impulse to cross the synapse ex:dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin |
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Term
| gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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Definition
| - inhibits nerve impulses throughout most areas of the brain and may be involved in anxiety disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| - play a role in adjusting the sensitivity of the post synaptic receptors to dopamine, norpinephrine, or serotonin. Help a neuron adjust to receptor sensitivity when it has been overly active |
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Term
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Definition
Agonist- drug that stimulates a particular neurotransmitters receptors
Antagonist- a drug that works on a neurotransmitters receptors to dampen the activity of that neurotransmitter |
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Term
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic nervous system- prepares us for sudden activity and stress
Parasympathetic- helps us calm down |
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Term
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Definition
| - is responsible for the bodys response to stress and thus is relevant for several stress related disorders. Consists of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex |
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Term
| abnormal behavior can result from |
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Definition
* too much or too little of a specific neurotransmitter owing to changes in synthesis of the transmitter
* too much of a specific neurotransmitter owing to changes in reuptake of the transmitter
* too many or too few receptors on the post synaptic neuron membrane |
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Term
| biological approach argues |
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Definition
- the biological approach argues that abnormal behavior reflects disorders biological mechanism (usually in the brain)
- the approach to treatment is usually to alter the physiology of the brain |
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Term
| biological approach includes |
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Definition
-drugs alter synaptic levels of neurotransmitters
-surgery to remove brain tissue
-induction of seizures to alter brain function |
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Term
| what is the The Psychoanalytic Paradigm |
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Definition
- the core assumption of the psychoanalytic paradigm is that abmornal behavior reflects unconscious conflicts within the person
-the psychoanalytic paradigm is derived from the theories of personality developed by Sigmund freud |
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Term
| according the freud the mind is composed of three parts |
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Definition
# id- is the raw energy that powers the mind
# id seeks gratification of basic urges for food, water, warmth, affection, and sex
# id processes are unconscious
# ego is a conscious part of the mind that deals with reality
# superego- is the final part of the mind to emerge and is similar to the conscience |
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Term
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Definition
- oral (birth to 18 months)- infant derives pleasure from eating and biting
-anal (18 to 3 years) - the focus of pleasure is the anus
- phallic (3 to 6 years) -the genitals are the focus of pleasure
- latent (6 to 12 years) – id impulses are dormant
- genital heterosexual intrests are dorminant |
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Term
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Definition
* anxiety results from blockage of id impulses or from frear of expression of an impulse
* defense mechanisms reduce anxiety
* repression: impulses are made unconscious
* Denial: troubling experiences are made unconscious
* Projection: person attributes their own impulses onto others |
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Term
| classic psychoanalytic therapy included what? what were treatment methods? |
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Definition
- treatment and the importance of early experiences, the notion that we can do things without conscious awareness, and the point that causes of behavior are not always obvious.
- the goal of psychoanalysis is insight (understanding) of the basis for anxiety
- techniques of psychoanalytic therapy
- Free association- person says whatever comes to mind; the content is examined by the therapist for resistances (areas the person does not like to talk about )
- Dream Analysis- unconscious impulses are expressed during dreams |
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Term
| other forms of psychoanalysis |
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Definition
- ego analysis- views the ego as capable of controlling id impulses and the external environment. Those who suscribe to ego analysis place greater emphasis on a persons ability to control the environment and to select the time and the means for satisfying basic drives.
-brief therapy focuses on a few specific problems and involves few sessions
- interpersonal therapy- focuses on current personal problems. Therapists use empathic listening and make suggestions for improvement |
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Term
| freud's influence on psych |
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Definition
Freud’s Legacy
* Freud contributions include the views that
* Childhood experience helps shape adult personality
* There are unconscious influences on personality
* Defense mechanisms helps to control anciety
* The causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious |
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Term
| *Humanistic/ Existential Paradigms focus on |
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Definition
- focus on insight into the motivations/ needs of the person
- these paradigms place greater emphasis on the persons freedon of choice (Free will)
- the humanistic paradigm does not focus on how problems develop in a person |
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Term
| client centered therapy argues that |
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Definition
# :
# people can only be understood from the vantage point of their own feelings
therapy creates conditions under which person makes independent decisions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| according to roger, healthy people are |
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Definition
* healthy people are
aware of their own behavior
innately good and effective
purposive and directive |
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Term
| client centered therapy assumes that: |
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Definition
#
# the client takes the lead during therapy
# the client takes responsibility for their own actions |
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Term
| in client-centered therapy, the therapist is |
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Definition
# the therapist us warm, attentive and receptive (unconditional positive regard)
# the therapist fosters growth on the part of the client
# empathy is crucial to therapy |
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Term
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Definition
the existential view emphasized personal growth
The existential view notes that making choices results in anxiety
Extential therapy encourages clients to confront their anxieties and to make important decisions about how to relate to others |
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Term
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Definition
| -learning paradigms argue that abnormal behavior is learned as are normal behaviors |
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Term
| positive and negative reinforcement |
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Definition
Positive reinforcement- behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened
Negative reinforcement- behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| reward a series of responses that approximate the final response |
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Term
| positive and negative punishment |
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Definition
(+) giving something bad (spanking)
(-) taking away something good |
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Term
| reinforcement positive and negative |
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Definition
Reinforcement- increases the probability that the behavior will occur again
Positive- presence- giving something good (treats, toys, anything positive)
Negative- absence- removal of something the animal doeswnt want/ taking away something bad (putting up an umbrella in the rain, taking away of shocks) |
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Term
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Definition
models impart information of the observer
- children learn about aggression watching aggressive models
Albert Banduera |
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Term
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Definition
behavior therapy uses learning methods to change abnormal behavior, thoughts and feelings
- behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning techniques as well as modeling
- counter conditioning: learning a new response |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization- |
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Definition
| relaxation is paired with a stimulus that formerly induced anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpleasant event is paired with a stimulus to reduce its attractiveness |
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Term
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Definition
- cognition involves the mental processes of perceiving, recognizing, judging, and reasoning
- the cognitive paradigm focuses on how people structure and understand their experiences and how these experiences are related to past experiences stored in memory |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
* cognitive therapy assumes that thought patterns can cause a disturbance of emotion or behavior
* cognitive restructuring involves changing thought patterns that lead to abnormality |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that depression represents a distorted pattern of thought in which a person misperceives their life experiences, the goal of becks therapy is to change these maladaptive thought patterns by trying to persuade patients to change their opinions of themselves and the way in which they interpret life events |
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Term
| albert ellies rational emotice behavior therapy- |
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Definition
| aims to eliminate self defeating believfs. Emotional reactions are cause by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves/ unspoken assumptions- irrational beliefs about what is necessary to lead a meaningful life |
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