Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) |
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Definition
- formerly MPD
- 2+ personalities or personality states
- at least 2 of these personalities/states recurrently take full control of person's behavior
- inability to recall important personal info that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (amnesia) |
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Term
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Definition
- mean of 10 personalities (children, protector, persecutor, opposite sex)
- severely disturbed (majority sexually abused, attempted suicide, hospitalized, PTSD) |
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Term
| Diagnostic Controversy in DID |
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Definition
| look for symptoms of : amnesic periods of dominant personality, severe physical/sexual childhood abuse, turbulent psychological history, highly hypnotizable, nickname incongruent with dominant personality |
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Term
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Definition
- formerly psychogenic amnesia
- predominant disturbance is 1+ episode of sudden inability to recall important personal info, usually of traumatic stress
- 4 types |
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Term
| Localized Dissociative Amnesia |
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Definition
| lost memory of specific event, most common |
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Term
| Selective Dissociative Amnesia |
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Definition
| lost memory of disturbing past |
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Term
| Generalized Dissociative Amnesia |
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Definition
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Term
| Continuous Dissociative Amnesia |
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Definition
| unable to form new memories, La Belle indifference (very rarely psychologically driven; more likely due to head injury) |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of concern for symptoms or disability |
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Term
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Definition
- formerly psychogenic fugue
- amnesia on the run
- predominant disturbance is sudden, unexpected travel away from home/work with inability to recall past
- assumption of new identity |
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Term
| Depersonalization Disorder |
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Definition
- persistent/recurrent experiences of feeling detached from one's mental processes/body - "outside observer"
- out of body experience
- 50% in threatening situations |
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Term
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Definition
| - odd changes in perception of one's surroundings or weird sense of passage of time |
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Term
| Psychodynamic - Kluff's theory(Theoretical Perspectives of DID) |
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Definition
- have capacity to dissociate (hypnotizable)
- experience trauma
- develop imaginary friend, turn into another person (becomes an alter)
- feel conflicts about testing out reality of other & telling anyone |
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Term
| Learning & Cognitive (Theoretical Perspectives of DID) |
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Definition
| - within biological capacity, learn to shift to other (usually following trauma) |
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Term
| Treatment for DID - Psychodynamic |
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Definition
| uncover memories (hypnosis), have alters share their memories |
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Term
| Treatment for DID - Biological |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatment for DID - Behavioral |
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Definition
| reinforce use dominant, find functionality of each alter and teach skills to dominant |
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Term
| Treatment for DID - Spiegel's Eclectic Treatment |
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Definition
| (with alters): confront the trauma, process and grieve trauma, confess, make dissociative material conscious, achieve control |
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Term
| Conversion Disorder (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
- hysteria (wandering uterus - Hippocrates)
- la belle indifference
- 1+ of symptoms or deficits affecting voluntary motor/sensory function that suggest a neurological/medical disorder
- psychological factors judged to be etiologically related to the symptom because a temporal relationship exists between a psychological stressor and initiation or exacerbation of the symptom
- not intentionally producing symptoms
- not a culturally sanctioned response
- cause impairment in daily functioning |
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Term
| Hypochondriasis (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
- preoccupation with the fear of having or the belief of having a serious disease, based on misinterpretation of physical sensations
- preoccupation persists despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance
- significant stress/impairment
- duration of at least 6 months |
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Term
| Somatization Disorder (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
- what lay people call hypochondriacs
- a history of many physical complaints or belief of illness, before age 30, persisting for years, resulting in sought treatment or significant impairment in daily functioning
- must have 4+ pain sxs (symptoms), 2+ gastrointestinal sxs, 1+ sexual sxs, 1+ pseudoneurological sxs
- either: 1) after investigation, each of the sxs can't be fully explained by medical condition or substance use, or 2) when there is related medical condition, complaints/impairment excessive according to what would be expected from history, physical exam, or lab tests
- sxs not intentionally produced/feigned
- heavy user of med care
- 10x women vs men
- 1 in 1,000 |
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Term
| Body Dysmorphic Disorder (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
- preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance; if slight anomaly is present, concern is excessive
- causes distress/impairment in daily functioning - social, occupational, etc.
- preoccupation is not better accounted for by another mental disorder e.g. anorexia |
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Term
| Factitious Disorder (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
- Munchausen's
- intentional production/feigning of physical/psychological sxs
- motivation: assume sick role
- external incentives absent (economic gain, avoiding legal responsibility, etc.) |
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Term
| Factitious Disorder by Proxy (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
- present history with drama
- vague when asked details
- extensive medical knowledge
- will choose invasive procedures
- ex: movie Sixth Sense, mother poisoning child
- difficult to diagnose and prosecute; child removed to see if improve in parents' absence |
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Term
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Definition
| enduring states of feeling that color our psychological lives, affect behavior/relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| disturbance in mood serious enough to cause suffering, impair daily functioning |
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Term
| Major Depressive Episode (MDE) |
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Definition
- 5+ of following symptoms for 2 week period & represent change from previous functioning, must include either #1 or #2:
1. depressed mood
2. loss of interest/pleasure (anhedonia) most of day every day
3. weight loss/gain or increased appetite
4. insomnia/hypersomnia
5. psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. fatigue or loss of energy
7. feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt
8. diminished ability to think/concentrate, indecisiveness
9. recurrent thoughts of death, suicide ideation, or a plan (15% eventually commit)
- more common in women |
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Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
- symptoms: weigh gain, sense lethargy, hypersomnia, social withdrawal
- caused by cabin fever, cold air, less sunlight?
- treatment: phototherapy and antidepressants |
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Term
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Definition
- "common cold" of psych disorders
- 55% who have had 1 episode will have another - most by age 25, 25% by age 18
Comorbidity:
- panic w/ MDE increase suicide 3x
- substance abuse
- personality disorders
- eating disorders |
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Term
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Definition
- literally "hard or bad spirit"
- low grade, chronic depression
- pessimism, self-pity, inactivity, inadequacy, low self-esteem
- symptoms must last 2+ years
- problem of double depression with MDE |
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Term
| Etiology of Depression - Psychodynamic |
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Definition
- "eaten anger or stress"
- grief or loss of other means loss of self |
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Term
| Etiology of Depression - Humanistic |
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Definition
| - loss of meaning & purpose |
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Term
| Etiology of Depression - Learning Models |
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Definition
- Lewin Sohn: too little reinforcement
- Coyne's Interpersonal Theory |
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Term
| Etiology of Depression - Cognitive Models |
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Definition
- Beck's cognitive trend
- Allow & Abramson's depressive realism
- Seligman's learned helplessness |
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Term
| Etiology of Depression - Stress-Diathesis Model |
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Definition
| - biological vulnerability & life stress |
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Term
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Definition
- distinct period of abnormal and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least a week
3+ of the following symptoms:
1. inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
2. decreased need for sleep
3. more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking (pressured speech)
4. flight of ideas or objective experience that thoughts are racing
5. distractability
6. increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
7. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities which have high potential for painful consequences
- disturbance causes impairment and enough to require hospitalization
- hypomaniac if all sxs present excluding hospitalization |
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Term
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Definition
- cycling between depression and mania
- begins late teens/20s
- chemical nature of cycling
types:
- Bipolar 1: 1+ manic episodes, may or may not have had MDE
- Bipolar 2: 1+ MDEs, at least 1 hypomaniac or manic |
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Term
| Bipolar Disorder Treatment |
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Definition
Medication + psychotherapy
- lithium, depalcote, lamictal, other neuroleptics
- compliance problems |
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Term
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Definition
- "circle spirit"
- low grade cycling like bipolar
- hypomania and depression
- late teens/early 20s
- usually progresses into bipolar - requires preventative intervention |
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Term
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Definition
- refusal to maintain weight above 85% expected
- intense fear of gaining weight or being fat
- disturbed body image
- amenorrhea (modern day problematic criteria)
subtypes:
- restricting type
- binge/purge type |
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Term
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Definition
- "ox hunger"
- recurrent episodes of binge eating
- recurrent compensatory behavior (2x a week for 3 months)
- self-evaluation unduly influenced by weight and shape
- purging and nonpurging type |
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Term
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Definition
- recurrent episodes of binge eating; discrete period time, lack of control
- episodes must include rapid eating, uncomfortably full, not hungry, eating alone, disgusted, depressed, guilty
- marked distress
- 2 days a week for 6 months |
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Term
| Prevalence of eating disorders |
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Definition
- anorexia most lethal but least common
- bulimia 2nd most common
- binge eating most common |
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Term
| Biopsychosocial Model & Etiology of eating disorders |
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Definition
- cultural
- psychological: comorbid MDE, OCD, substance use, impulse problems
- personality: anxiety, perfectionism, lack of coping stress, interpersonal isolation, inability to express emotions, nonassertive
- biological: puberty, genetic link MDE
- high risk subgroups: dieters, athletes; body image disturbance, teased
- familial: poor communication, less nurturing, issue food & weight |
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Term
| Eating Disorder Treatment |
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Definition
- inpatient vs. outpatient
- cognitive-behavioral therapy
- interpersonal therapy
- family systems treatment
Inpatient treatment: multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary
- behavioral structure
- psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors, dietitians, family therapists, nurses, exercise scientists
- mirror work/exposure (cognitive-behavioral) |
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Term
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Definition
- favorable outcome: ability to separate from parents, establishment of support network, early intervention/treatment, insight into illness, small weight loss, onset <30 yrs, educational and work interests
- unfavorable outcome: older age of onset, lower social class, being male, having eating disorder for 5+ years, body weight <60% of average, premorbid obesity, poor childhood adjustment
10% anorexics die within 10 years with treatment
25% anorexics die within 10 years without treatment |
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Term
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Definition
- rigid patterns of behavior and ways of relating to others
- not able to adjust to environmental demands
- very resistant to change
- ego-syntonic
- Axis I bothers them
- Axis II bothers you |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cluster A Personality Disorders |
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Definition
- "odd or eccentric"
- Paranoid P.D.
- Schizoid P.D.
- Schizotypal P.D. |
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Term
| Cluster B Personality Disorders |
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Definition
- "dramatic and emotional"
- Antisocial P.D.
- Borderline P.D.
- Histrionic P.D.
- Narcissistic P.D. |
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Term
| Cluster C Personality Disorders |
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Definition
- "anxious or fearful"
- Avoidant P.D.
- Dependent P.D.
- Obsessive Compulsive P.D. |
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Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder (A) |
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Definition
- pervasive suspiciousness
- easily angered and hold grudges
- few friends/relationships |
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Term
| Schizoid Personality Disorder (A) |
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Definition
- socially isolated, lacks interest; may have strong relationship to pets
- blunt or shallow emotions (cold)
- indifferent to criticism or praise
- rarely date or marry
- symptoms similar to autism? |
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Term
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder (A) |
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Definition
- peculiar behavior, thoughts, mannerisms
- lacking relationships
- unusual perceptions/illusions (not hallucinations or delusions)
- inappropriate emotions
- genetic link to schizophrenia |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (B) |
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Definition
- psychopath/sociopath
- violates norms/breaks laws
- dysfunctional work, stormy relationships - lies, harms, uses others
- substance use, don't respond to reinforcements/punishments like normal, often attachment problems and conduct disorder in childhood
- 4% adults, 5x more men than women, 50% of prison inmates |
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder (B) |
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Definition
- pervasive pattern of instability of self-image, interpersonal relationships, and affect
- frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
- pattern unstable and intense relationships with alternating extremes of idealization and devaluation
- self-mutilation (cut off emotions, numb, feel alive)
- frequent suicidal ideation
- transient psychotic episodes
- impulsivity in 2+ areas: spending, sex, substance abuse, binge eating
- developmental theories: attachment problems, emotionally sensitive plus chaos/abuse
- prevalence is 2% - 10% outpatients, 20% inpatients
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) |
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Term
| Histrionic Personality Disorder (B) |
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Definition
| excessively emotional, dramatic, crave glamour/attention/novelty, provocative, strained/superficial relationships, low self-esteem, seek careers like acting/modeling/rock stars |
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Term
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder (B) |
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Definition
| patterns grandiosity, need for admiration, superficial relationships (lack of empathy for others but expect it), preoccupied with glamour, success, believe they are special/unique, arrogant |
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Term
| Avoidant Personality Disorder (C) |
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Definition
| terrified of criticism or rejection, won't enter into relationships without guarantees, meet most criteria for social phobia, feel inadequate, won't problem solve |
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Term
| Dependent Personality Disorder (C) |
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Definition
| excessive need to be taken care of, can't make decisions, difficulty being alone, avoid responsibility, somatic complaints, get taken advantage of, often in abusive relationships |
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Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (C) |
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Definition
| preoccupied with order, perfection, control to point where lose flexibility; difficulty being warm or expressive, impaired social relationships; not full-blown obsessions/compulsions - not as intense as OCD |
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Term
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Definition
| development of reversible substance specified syndrome due to ingestion of a substance; significant maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes due to effects of substance on CNS (central nervous system) |
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Term
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Definition
| development of substance specific syndrome due to cessation or reduction of substance after heavy and prolonged use; syndrome causes significant distress/impairment |
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Term
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Definition
maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment/distress as manifested by one or more of the following within a 12 month period:
1. recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, home
2. recurrent substance use in situations where physically hazardous
3. recurrent substance related legal problems
4. continues substance use despite having persistent/recurrent social or interpersonal causes
DSM defined by effect, not by amount |
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Term
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Definition
maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment/distress with 3+ of:
1. tolerance: need for increased amounts to achieve intoxication, diminished effect with continued use of same amounts
2. withdrawal: char: syndrome for that substance; same drug used to relieve/avoid withdrawal
3. substance often taken in larger amounts or over longer period than intended
4. persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down on use
5. much time spent in activities necessary to obtain drug, use drug, or recover from effects
6. important activities given up/reduced due to drug use
7. use continues despite knowledge of having persistent, recurrent physical/psychological problems from drug
specify as: with physical dependence or without |
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Term
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Definition
| prolonged use of certain substances creates body defense, body prepares by moving in opposite direction, explains tolerance, craving, classical conditioning of substance stimuli |
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Term
| Substance Abuse/Dependence Treatment |
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Definition
| medical detox (28 day), AA (12 step + sponsor, spiritual model, abstinence), Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy ( trained recognition of irrational thinking, replacing function of substance, controlled use), Motivational Interviewing Therapy (humanistic interviewing/feedback), Project MATCH (random assignment to programs, found they all had similar success rate) |
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Term
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Definition
#1 preventable cause of disease and death
over 450k deaths/yr, social, political & economic issue
decreasing men, increasing women
large # of cardiac problems, cancers, housefires
involuntary smoking, prenatal, secondhand - heart disease, lung cancer; SIDS, asthma, ear infections in children
nicotine affects CNS & neurotransmitters, perfect mood drug, stimulant & addiction, promotes cardiovascular disease
carbon monoxide depletes hemoglobin, starves cells of oxygen
nicotine & opponent process, tolerance, craving, withdrawal, stress relief, classical conditioning - learning trials primary reinforcement, cues |
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Term
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Definition
most do it on own, 90% would like to but can't, 5% success rate, health reasons, social pressure, save $
Techniques: physical and psychological dependence separation - nicotine replacement, behavioral therapies
Behavioral techniques: aversive therapies, hypnosis, breaking CC bonds, delay techniques, stimulus control
Science of effectiveness:
nicotine replacement - increase odds of succes by 1.7
DRI/NRI
Behavioral techniques: motivational interviewing, behavior modification
social support - face-to-face regular sessions with physician, using stages of change |
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