Term
| True or False: Video Gaming Addiction in now a formal diagnostic category in the DSM V. |
|
Definition
| False. Gambling is the only non-substance addictive disorder that is in the DSM V. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Cinderella Law"? |
|
Definition
| Laws in South Korea that limit underage videogaming between the hours of 12 am and 6 am, to limit severe health disruptions caused by continuous gaming. There has been difficulty enforcing these laws. |
|
|
Term
| What are some advantages to the categorization of substance use as a disease? |
|
Definition
a) public awareness is brought to the problem
b) funding to study substance use disorders and their treatment is more widely available
c) some stigma is reduced |
|
|
Term
| What are some disadvantages of the categorization of substance use as a disease? |
|
Definition
a) reduction in addicts' accountability
b) less incentive to abstain from substances
c) addict is placed in victim role
d) this theorization is inconsistent with controlled use.
e) self-fulfilling prophecy |
|
|
Term
| There is a high co-morbidity between substance use disorders and other mental disorders. What are the theories for why this is the case? |
|
Definition
a) people who have a mental disorder may self-medicate using illicit substances and are at a higher risk to develop substance use disorder
b) individuals with substance use disorders have higher liklihood of low socio-economic status, violence in environment, etc. that make them more likely to experience other mental disorders. |
|
|
Term
| True or false: treatment for substance use disorders often involves treatment for other co-morbid mental disorders, such as mood or anxiety disorders. |
|
Definition
| False: this would be a good treatment practice, but it is not used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A psychoactive substance. Any chemical which alters a person's mood, perception, or brain functioning. |
|
|
Term
| What are some legal drugs of abuse? (In the USA) |
|
Definition
| Nicotine, Alcohol, and Caffeine are legal without a prescription. Drugs like benzodiazepines and some opiates are available with a prescription and are often abused. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychoactive substances that may not be illegal, but are misused. (Prescription drugs and naturally occurring hallucinogens are examples) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that mimic the effects of illegal drugs, but have slightly altered chemical compounds, so they are nto technically illegal. Often they are even more dangerous because of the lack of regulation and the inclusion of additives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A designer drug, also called bath salts, that mimics MDMA. Extremely potent and has severe side effects (psychosis, suicidality). Now illegal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM V diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorders? |
|
Definition
Two or more of the following:
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Use of larger amounts or for longer than intended
Persistent attempts to quit or cut back
giving up important activities to use substances
spendign a lot of time acquiring or using substance
physical or mental health problems associated with substance use
Failure to fulfill major role obligations
Recurrent use in hazardous situations
recurrent interpersonal or social problems due to use
Craving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of the nervous system becoming less sensetive to the effects of the substance. (This results in a need for increased quantities of the substance in order to achieve the same high) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The symptoms that a person experiences when they stop using a drug. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major psychological aspects of addiction? |
|
Definition
| Impulsivity and Compulsivity |
|
|
Term
| True or false: illegality of drugs is correlated with the danger of their use and abuse |
|
Definition
| False. Illegality is primarily a product of social and political factors. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway? |
|
Definition
| Pathway in the brain that includes the ventral striatum and is involved in the production of dopamine. |
|
|
Term
| What correlation exists between substance abuse and dopamine receptor density in scans of brains? |
|
Definition
| There is a higher density of dopamine receptors in healthy controls than in substance users. |
|
|
Term
| Is the low density of dopamine receptors in substance abusers a cause or result of substance abuse disorders? |
|
Definition
| Potentially both, although stronger evidence suggests that substance use causes changes in the brain's concentration of dopamine receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain were effected during an MRI study of people being injected with cocaine? |
|
Definition
| Cocaine use increased activity in the ventral striatum and decreased activity in the amygdala (increase in reward systems and decrease in fear systems). |
|
|
Term
| During what century do we have the earliest archaeological records of alcohol production/consumption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: a large number of people who have alcohol use disorder receive treatment for it |
|
Definition
| False. Only about a quarter receive treatment. |
|
|
Term
| What are the gender demographics associated with alcohol use disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rank ethnic/racial prevalence of Alcohol use disorders |
|
Definition
1. Native American
2. Caucasian
3. Black
4. Hispanic
5. Asian |
|
|
Term
| People with what educational demogrpahics have the highest levels of alcohol use disorders? |
|
Definition
| People who have attended college have higher levels of alcohol use disorder than those who have not. |
|
|
Term
| In what regions of the US is alcohol use disorder most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what regions of the US is alcohol use less common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: low and moderate alcohol use disorder is most common in lower income populations. |
|
Definition
| False. Severe alcohol use disorder is more common in lower income populations, but mild and moderate disorders are equally common among members of different socio-economic classes. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of college students meet the criteria for alcohol use disorder (ages 18-24)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List three long-term physiological effects of disordered alcohol use. |
|
Definition
1. cirrhosis of liver
2. malnutrition
3. stomach pains |
|
|
Term
| What is alcohol withdrawal delirium? |
|
Definition
| Severe withdrawal effects that occur rarely following prolonged drinking sprees. Effects include disorientation, hallucinations, aute fear, extreme suggestibility, and physiological systems including fever. Usually follower by several days of sleep. |
|
|
Term
| What is the death rate associated with alcohol withdrawal delirium? |
|
Definition
| 10% (associated with the physiological symptoms). |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Korsakoff's Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol Amnestic Disorder |
|
|
Term
| What is Alcohol Amnestic Disorder? |
|
Definition
| a memory deficit followed by fabrication of events to fill up memory gaps that follows many years of heavy alcohol use. it is possible that this is the result of a vitamin B deficiency. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway's Role in the effects of alcohol |
|
Definition
| Alcohol blocks GABA, which normally inhibits dopamine, so that more dopamine is present in the brain. |
|
|
Term
| How are genetic contributions relevant to the development of alcoholism? |
|
Definition
| The risk of alcoholism with no dependent parents is increased twofold when one parent is dependent and fourfold when both parents are dependent. Studies show increased dependence in children who are adopted by non-dependent parents, so even if some of this is learned, it's not entirely learned. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main chemical compounds involved in the metabolism of alcohol? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol, acetaldehyde, acetate |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that facilitates the transformation of Alcohol into acetaldehyde? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that facilitates the transformation of Acetaldehyde into acetate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The polymorphism of ADH1B associated with flushing causes a(n) __________ (increase or decrease) in conversion of alcohol into acetaldehyde. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The polymorphism of ALDH2 associated with flushing causes a(n) __________ (increase or decrease) in conversion of acetaldehyde into acetate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which polymorphism associated with flushing (of ADH1B or ALDH2) is more common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define "flushing" in the context of alcohol use. |
|
Definition
| Flushing is a reaction to alcohol use where the face reddens and one has aversive reactions, such as nausea, dizziness, or headaches. It is caused by the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body. |
|
|
Term
| How is flushing and alcohol metabolism relevant to a discussion of alcohol use disorders? |
|
Definition
| Individuals who are genotypically predisposed to "flushing" are significantly less likely to develop alcohol use disorders, because it constitutes a natural aversive stimulus to alcohol consumption. |
|
|
Term
| In individuals genotypically predisposed to flushing, what health consequences are there to drinking excessively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some psychological characteristics of people who are more at risk for alcoholism? |
|
Definition
a) individuals who experiences a significant reduction in stress following alcohol consumption
b) individuals who experience strong conditioned responses to alcohol cues.
c) individuals with more positive expectations of alcohol use
d) individuals who use alcohol to self-medicate for anxiety or stress related disorders |
|
|
Term
| What were the findings of the alcohol preference experiment in mice? |
|
Definition
| Mice with certain genotypes favored water mixed with alcohol (and sugar) over plain water (mixed with the same amount of sugar), while others significantly favored the non-alcoholic water. Bogdan referred to the mice as "strains" of mice, which made them sound like diseases... |
|
|
Term
| Define Impulsivity in terms of substance use disorders. |
|
Definition
| the urge to consume a substance in search of positive effects on the body, for arousal, gratification, or pleasure. |
|
|
Term
| Define Compulsivity in terms of substance use disorders. |
|
Definition
| the urge to consume a substance in order to evade negative effects, to relieve anxiety or withdrawal symptoms, or to bring the body back up to a baseline of functioning. |
|
|
Term
| True or false: impulsivity is associated with positive reinforcement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: compulsivity is associated with negative reinforcement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: impulsivity is associated with negative reinforcement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: compulsivity is associated with positive reinforcement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some social factors associated with risk for alcoholism? |
|
Definition
a) experimentation with alcohol
b) parental modeling
c) high levels of negative affect in the home
d) girls who have friends who are boys |
|
|
Term
| In a map of the world that shows consumption of alcohol per person, the lowest consumption is found in countries in north and central parts of africa, the middle east, south asia and pacific islands. Why might this be? |
|
Definition
| Countries where dominant religions do not allow alcohol consumption (mainly Islam) show lower levels of alcohol consumption. This may either be because consumption actually is lower, or because reporting is lower as a result of stigmatization. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of biological treatments for alcoholism? |
|
Definition
| Medications that cause negative reactions if alcohol is consumed, medications that reduce cravings, and medications that reduce withdrawal symptoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A drug that causes vomiting if one induces alcohol while taking it. Potential problems with the drug include medication compliance, as a result, it is sometimes injected rather than taken in pill form. |
|
|
Term
| What types of psychological treatments exist for alcoholism? |
|
Definition
| Twelve Step recovery programs or CBT |
|
|
Term
| True or false: CBT is more effective than twelve step recovery programs (for alcoholism) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is a more popular treatment for alcoholism in the US, CBT or 12 step? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most significant differences between the treatment ideals for alcoholism in the United States and Europe? |
|
Definition
| US treatment systems are focused on abstinence while European treatments are focused on control. |
|
|
Term
| What is addictive potential? |
|
Definition
| The liklihood that someone who experiments with a drug will become dependent on it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between fear and anxiety? |
|
Definition
| Anxiety pertains to the anticipation of future events, whereas fear is a reaction to present danger. In general Anxiety is more diffuse and fear more specific. Anxiety can be disproportionate and interfere with life, whereas fear responses are utilitarian. |
|
|
Term
| Common trait across all anxiety disorders (three words) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of Individuals with an anxiety disorder have another anxiety disorder or a mood disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of individuals with depression also have an anxiety disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What particular attributes distinguish anxiety disorders from other/daily experiences of fear/anxiety? |
|
Definition
1. Anxiety is unrealistic or irrational
2. Anxiety is disabling, interferes with daily life (self or others) |
|
|
Term
| What disorders fall under the category of anxiety disorders in the DSM 5? (4 elements) |
|
Definition
1. Phobic Disorder (Specific Phobia)
2. Panic Disorder
3. Social Anxiety Disorder
4. Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
|
|
Term
| What categories of disorders exist in the DSM 5 which previously all fell under the category of anxiety disorders? (3 elements) |
|
Definition
1. Anxiety Disorders
2. OCD and related Disorders
3. Stress related Disorders |
|
|
Term
| Rank the lifetime prevalence of the following disorders, from highest to lowest: Panic Disorder, Specific Phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder, OCD, Agorophobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, PTSD |
|
Definition
1. Specific Phobia and Social Anxiety Disorder
3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
4. Panic Disorder and PTSD
6. OCD and Agorophobia |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between the role of stressful life events in the development of anxiety disorders vs. mood disorders? |
|
Definition
| Mood disorders, especially depression, are more often precipitated by stressful events involving loss (such as the death of a loved one), while anxiety disorders are more often precipitated by events involving danger and insecurity. |
|
|
Term
| What social factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders? |
|
Definition
1. Stressful Life Events
2. Childhood Adversity
3. Parental Anxiety (learned behaviors) |
|
|
Term
| What biological factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders? |
|
Definition
| Genetic factors that increase likelihood of anxiety disorders are the same across disorder categories (Increased Amygdala and Insula activity among them) |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of eye whites in anxiety disorder research? |
|
Definition
| Amount of visible whites of the eye exposed are considered a clear signal of levels of anxiety/fear in another, and therefor levels of danger in environments. Experiments using only eye whites flashed on a screen for miliseconds showed effects on Amygdala activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A region of the brain connected to the autonomic nervous system which assigns meaning to physiological responses and is important for bodily perception. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kind of exposure necessary for panic disorder where physiological states are induced for exposure (i/e shortness of breath or dizziness). |
|
|
Term
| Why is the Insula relevant to anxiety disorders? |
|
Definition
| Awareness of physiological response to anxiety can precipitate further anxiety. The Insula is especially important is social phobia/SAD and panic disorder, where anxiety is often produced by a fear of fear, or a fear of response to fear. The Insula is less important in, for example, arachnophobia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persistent, Irrational, narrowly defined fears that are associated with a specific object or situation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of Phobic Disorders? |
|
Definition
| Specific Phobia, Social Phobia (specific or generalized), and Agoraphobia (which is better categorized alongside Panic disorder) |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM V criteria for a diagnosis of a Specific Phobia? |
|
Definition
| Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable CUED by the presence or anticipation of a specific stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Mnemonic: Ferret Robberies Are Pretty Intense |
|
Definition
| FRAPI- Fear, Response, Avoidance, Persistence, Interference - the five diagnostic criteria for specific phobia. |
|
|
Term
| What were the DSM IV TR subtypes for specific phobias (Not in the DSM V) |
|
Definition
| Animal, Natural Environment, Blood-injection-injury, Situational, Other |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of Specific Phobias between gender categories? |
|
Definition
| 3x more common in women than in men |
|
|
Term
| Explain the evolutionary etiologies of Specific Phobias. |
|
Definition
| Phobias of specific threatening elements in environment (Dangerous animals, heights, etc.) discourage risky behavior and preserve life to pass on traits to offspring. Evidence shows slithering and crawling motions reduced down (without other clear animal imagery) induces fear response. Fear of spiders more common that fear of guns suggest evolutionary etiologies rather than social threat in present circumstance. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between classical conditioning and Phobias |
|
Definition
| negative stimuli associated with non-specific stimuli lead to fear responses associated with the non-specific stimuli. Ex: Little Albert, the Kool-Aid chemo experiment. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the activity of the amygdala in response to stimuli in phobic individuals and control groups. |
|
Definition
| responses to both generally negative and neutral stimuli were comparable between phobic and control groups, but response to phobic stimuli was MUCH higher in phobic individuals than controls. (i/e- increased amygdala response, but only for specific stimuli, not generally) |
|
|
Term
| What is observational conditioning? |
|
Definition
| fear responses that are associated with observing others reacting fearfully to stimuli. This has implications in the content and effects of mass media. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Preparedness Theory of Phobias? |
|
Definition
| Despite the fact that fear responses can be learned through conditioning, there are certain biological processes which render humans more prepared for certain phobic reactions and create constraints for what phobic reactions can be learned. Prepared associations can be learned more quickly and are more difficult to extinguish than other associations. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of treatment is most effective for Specific Phobias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Fear-Avoidance Hierarchy? |
|
Definition
| A tool for implementing Exposure therapy. Patients rank interactions with stimulus according to level of fear and avoidance associated. Therapists will begin exposure close to middle/beginning and work upwards. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between social anxiety disorder and shyness? |
|
Definition
| Shyness is a related construct, but not a disorder. SAD involves a level of fear in social situations that leads to impairment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the DSM V Definition of Social Anxiety Disorder |
|
Definition
| A marked and persistent fear of one or more social situations where the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny or might humiliate themselves. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Mnemonic, "Fork Robberies Aren't Extremely Intense" |
|
Definition
| FRAEI: Fear, Response, Avoidance, Excessive, Interference - DSM diagnostic requirements for Social Anxiety Disorder |
|
|
Term
| Describe the specific subtype of Social Anxiety Disorders |
|
Definition
| Only one to three feared situations cause anxiety response. This form is less intense and more common. The most common form of SAD is in this subtype: fear of public speaking |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Generalized subtype of Social Anxiety Disorder |
|
Definition
| Involves a large number of feared situations. Generally more severe and less common than specific social anxiety disorder. |
|
|
Term
| Which personality traits account for the genetic risk for Social Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Introversion and Neuroticism |
|
|
Term
| What kind of brain reactions to faces occur in individuals with social anxiety compared to control groups? |
|
Definition
| Higher Amygdala and Insula responses. |
|
|
Term
| What are the environmental risk factors for developing Social anxiety disorder? |
|
Definition
| Bullying in childhood, childhood neglect/abuse, overprotective parenting styles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Evolutionary Theory of Social anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Behaviors of SAD can be understood as responses to competitive social environment by one with low social status (ex: gaze aversion) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Cognitive Behavioral Theory of Social Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
| The beliefs that negative evaluation is likely and that being liked is fundamentally important lead to distress, especially due to hyper vigilance to signs of social threat. Often hyper-vigilance actually impairs social functioning, causing negative evaluations by peers and producing a cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Orphanage Study |
|
Definition
| Children reared in a specific orphanage (low caring environment) showed increased amygdala responses and made reduced eye contact as a result. |
|
|
Term
| How do thoughts, feelings, and behaviors interact according to the cognitive behavioral model of Social Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Negative Cognitions, emotions, and behaviors are all interrelated and produce each other. Reciprocal causation: Negative cognitions produce negative emotions and vice versa, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of Psychiatric treatments are used for Social Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
| SSRIs are often prescribed. Benzodiazepines are sometimes used. |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of Psycho-therapeutic treatments are used for Social Anxiety disorder? |
|
Definition
| CBT is used, both individually and in groups. Attention Bias Retraining is also an experimental therapy. |
|
|
Term
| What is Attention Bias Retraining? |
|
Definition
| An experimental therapeutic technique that involves retraining the brain not to bias the negative over the positive. |
|
|
Term
| What are elements of CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Social exposures using the fear hierarchy model. Sometimes with pre-exposure planning. Cognitive restructuring: promoting rational thought about one's negative cognitions. |
|
|
Term
| List some of the symptoms of a Panic Attack (Don't need to know all, but should recognize them and know some) |
|
Definition
| Palpitations, Sweating, Trembling or shaking, sensations of shortness of breath, feeling of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, derealization, fear of losing control, numbness, fear of dying, chills, flushes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the time limit in order to define symptoms as a panic attack? |
|
Definition
| The symptoms must peak within 10 minutes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder? |
|
Definition
| Panic attacks are incidents, which may or may not be symptomatic of a disorder. Often, initial panic attack follows a highly stressful life circumstance. MANY people experience panic attacks. Panic disorder, however, involves continued fear of panic attacks, and often later attacks are precipitated by this fear, rather than external distressing events. |
|
|
Term
| What is the DSM V Criteria for Panic Disorder? |
|
Definition
At least one attack followed by 1 month (or more) of 1 (or more) of the following:
Persistenst concern about having additional panic attacks.
Worry about implications of attack.
Significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. |
|
|
Term
| Why aren't recurrent unexpected panic attacks necessarily panic disorder? |
|
Definition
| Panic disorder must include some kind of response to the experience of panic attacks (fear of them, changes in behavior as a result of them, etc.) Frequent panic attacks may be a symptom of other anxiety disorders (ex: panic attacks associated with phobia exposure) |
|
|
Term
| What is the DSM V Criteria for Agoraphobia? |
|
Definition
| Anxiety about being in situations from which escape might be difficult, or in which help may not be available if panic-like symptoms develop. |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of Agoraphobia among genders? |
|
Definition
| 80-90% of people with agoraphobia are women. |
|
|
Term
| What are the theories surrounding the high prevalence of Agoraphobia among women as opposed to men? |
|
Definition
| Gender roles often force men to confront fears, and exposure outside of clinical therapy may occur because of social pressures. |
|
|
Term
| What is the average age of onset for Panic Disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Catastrophic Misinterpretation? |
|
Definition
| When external stimuli or internal processes cause a physiological stress reaction, a person with Panic Disorder may misinterpret bodily sensations as a catastrophic event, thus increasing physiological stress symptoms and precipitating a panic attack. |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic timeline of Amygdala and Insula activity during a panic attack? |
|
Definition
| Increased activity in the Insula (recognition of physiological symptoms) is following by increased activity in the amygdala (recognition of symptoms precipitates fear response) |
|
|
Term
| What psycho-therapeutic treatments are used for Panic Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Interoceptive Exposure, Cognitive Therapy, and Psychoeducation. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of pharmaceutical treatments are used for panic disorder? |
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed, but they actually make relapse more frequent. |
|
|
Term
| What is Interoceptive exposure? |
|
Definition
| deliberate exposure to feared internal stimuli. Treatment for panic disorder. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main target of cognitive therapy for panic disorder? |
|
Definition
| Catastrophic automatic thoughts ("I am going to die") |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM V Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Excessive Anxiety and Worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities. |
|
|
Term
| What are the six symptoms associated with GAD? |
|
Definition
| Keyed up, Fatigued, Concentration impairment, Irritability, Muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. |
|
|
Term
| How can GAD be differentiated from MDD when symptoms of both are disorders are present? |
|
Definition
| To diagnose GAD, the relevant symptoms MUST be present outside of depressive episodes. If they are only present within the depressive episodes it is just MDD, but if outside, both diagnoses can be applied. (GAD can also be diagnosed without MDD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negative emotional thoughts, specifically concerning possible future threats or dangers, that are difficult to control. Usually worry is verbal rather than visual. |
|
|
Term
| When does worry become pathological? |
|
Definition
a) very frequent
b) uncontrollable
c) permeates range of life areas
d) when an emotional valence is attached to it |
|
|
Term
| What is the age of onset of GAD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there so much controversy over the diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
a) High overlap between depression and other anxiety disorders
b) indistinguishable genotypes
c) low diagnostic reliability (low kappa values) |
|
|
Term
| Why is the categorization of GAD in the DSM controversial? |
|
Definition
| The organizing structure of the DSM is supposed to be such that disorders within a category are more related than those from different categories. However, GAD has more in common with MDD than some other Anxiety disorders, which disrupts this. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tri-Partite model of mood and anxiety disorders? |
|
Definition
| Symptoms of disorders can be split into three categories, those shared by both mood and anxiety disorders (negative affect), those specific to mood disorders (anhedonia), and those specific to anxiety disorders (Hyper arousal) |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms are specific to GAD (as opposed to MDD)? |
|
Definition
| Worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and GABA/Benzodiazepine receptor dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
| What medications are used to treat GAD? |
|
Definition
| SSRI's, again, benzos are used but not the best. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common traditional Psychtherapeutic treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
|
|
Term
| What are some new psychotherapy options to treat GAD? |
|
Definition
| Interpersonal and emotional processing therapy, mindfulness based CBT, emotion regulation therapy |
|
|
Term
| How is CBT applied to the treatment of GAD? |
|
Definition
| Self Monitering is important, especially in terms of preventing avoidant behaviors. Cognitive Biases must be approached and dealt with (Antecedent Cognitive Reappraisal). |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM V Diagnostic Criteria for Obsessions? |
|
Definition
Recurrent and persisten thoughts, impulses, or images
a) experienced as intrusive and inappropriate
b) cause marked anxiety or distress
The thoughts are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems
The person attempts to ignore or suppress the thoughts
The person recognizes that the thoughts are a product of their own mind (not imposed from outside) |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM V Diagnostic Criteria for Compulsions? |
|
Definition
| Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of Obsessions? |
|
Definition
| Contamination fears, fears of harming oneself or others, concerns about lack of symmetry, pathological doubt, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of compulsions? |
|
Definition
| Cleaning, checking, repeating, ordering/arranging, counting, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the DSM V Definition of OCD? |
|
Definition
a) presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both.
b) these cause merked distress, are time consuming (1 hour + per day), or interfere with the person's functioning.
c) specify degree of insight |
|
|
Term
| What is the gender prevalence of OCD? |
|
Definition
| Affects men and women equally. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Age of onset of OCD? |
|
Definition
| typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood. |
|
|
Term
| What other disorders are commonly comorbid with OCD? |
|
Definition
| Other mood and anxiety disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, hair pulling and skin picking disorders. |
|
|
Term
| What are the psychological causes of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Neutral stimuli become associated with frightening thoughts or experiences through classical conditioning, and once an association is made, compulsive behaviors reduce anxiety and are used as coping mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
| What are potential evolutionary etiologies of OCD? |
|
Definition
| Fears of contamination and compulsion to wash may come from these behaviors improving life and reproductive expectancy because of reduced death and disease. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of thought suppression in individuals with OCD? |
|
Definition
| Trying to suppress intrusive thoughts intensifies them. |
|
|
Term
| What are some cognitive causal factors of OCD? |
|
Definition
| Cognitive biases include an inflated sense of responsibility ("I have to apologize or you will die"), difficulty blocking out negative information, low self-confidence in memory, and deficits in ability to inhibit motor responses. |
|
|
Term
| What are some genetic causal factors for OCD? |
|
Definition
| OCD is moderately heritable. Neuroticism predisposes individuals to multiple types of anxiety disorder. Some forms of OCD are also associated with chronic motor tics |
|
|
Term
| What have brain scan experiments shown about the neurological processes of people with OCD? |
|
Definition
| OCD patients have increased activity in the amygdala (among other areas of the brain) in response to specific obsession-related stimuli, but not to generally negative stimuli, compared to healthy controls. |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of psycho-pharmaceutical treatments are used for OCD? |
|
Definition
| SSRIs are used. There is some degree of symptom reduction while using SSRIs but they also have high relapse rates. |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of pyscho-therapeutic treatments are used for OCD? |
|
Definition
| Exposure Therapy, WITH RESPONSE PREVENTION. encourage habituation of anxiety without using compulsions to reduce anxiety. The cognitive component is not very important with OCD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) External demands placed on an organism
b) organism's internal biological and psychological responses to such demands |
|
|
Term
| What are the six key characteristics of stress? |
|
Definition
| Severity, Chronicity, Timing, Degree of Impact, Level of expectation, and Controllability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The adaptation of the body in order to achieve stability. This results in wear and tear on the body. |
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostic criteria for PTSD? |
|
Definition
a) exposure to a traumatic event
b) re-experiencing cluster symptoms
c)Avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
d) increased arousal
e) duration of greater than 1 month
f) significant distress or impairment in functioning |
|
|
Term
| What is acute stress disorder? |
|
Definition
| A reaction to trauma which is less intense than PTSD. ASD symptoms are the same as PTSD symptoms, but last between 2 days and 4 weeks |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of exposure to a traumatic event (in order to diagnose PTSD)? |
|
Definition
1) direct exposure
2) witnessing in person
3) indirectly learning a loved one was exposed to severe/unexpected trauma.
4) repeated indirect exposure to aversive details of trauma (e.g., medical personnel) |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of traumatic events produce the highest levels of PTSD diagnoses? |
|
Definition
1) Rape
2) Violent physical assault
3) Other sexual assault
personal physical and sexual violence have the highest rates, unexpected or sudden traumas also have high rates. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four PTSD symptom clusters? |
|
Definition
| Re-experiencing, Avoidance, Increased Arousal, Negative Alterations in Mood or Cognition |
|
|
Term
| List the symptoms in the Re-experiencing cluster for PTSD (6 elements) |
|
Definition
a) recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories
b) traumatic nightmares
c) acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (e.g., hallucinations, flashbacks)
d) Dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks)
e) Intense distress at exposure to cues that resemble some aspect of the traumatic event
f) physiological reactivity on exposure to cues that resemble some aspect of the traumatic event |
|
|
Term
| List the symptoms in the avoidance cluster for PTSD (2 elements) |
|
Definition
| Avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings associated with traumatic event |
|
|
Term
| List the symptoms in the increased arousal cluster for PTSD |
|
Definition
a) difficulty falling or staying asleep
b) irritability or outbursts of anger
c) difficulty concentrating
d) hyper-vigilance
e) exaggerated startle response
f) reckless behavior |
|
|
Term
| List the symptoms in the Negative Alterations in Mood and Cognition Cluster for PTSD |
|
Definition
a) inability to recall important aspects of the trauma
b) persistent negative beliefs/expectations about oneself, others, and the world.
c) persistent distorted cognitions about the cause or consequence of the events that leads to blame of self or others
d) long lasting negative emotional state
e) markedly diminished interest in activities
f) feeling detached or begin estranged from others
g) persistent inability to experience positive emotions |
|
|
Term
| What is the gender prevalence for PTSD diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| There are higher rates of PTSD in women despite men being more likely to be exposed to traumatic events. Potentially related to the high risk for PTSD associated with rape which women are more likely to experience than men. |
|
|
Term
| Why might PTSD rates be higher for soldiers coming home from Iraq and Afghanistan than for soldiers in previous wars? |
|
Definition
a) lower public approval for war effort increases risk
b) people surviving traumatic injury they would have died from in previous wars.
c) higher civilian casualties than previous wars.
d) medical personnel treating both sides of the war causes trauma |
|
|
Term
| What is distinct about PTSD among all other DSM diagnoses? |
|
Definition
| PTSD is the only disorder in the DSM that is etiologically based, or has a concrete known etiology (traumatic event) |
|
|
Term
| What personality traits are associated with increased risk for a traumatic experience? |
|
Definition
| a risk taking predisposition and Extroversion |
|
|
Term
| How is classical conditioning related to the development of PTSD? |
|
Definition
| Terror becomes associated with cues present during the traumatic event. Trauma is re-experienced when those cues are revisited. |
|
|
Term
| How is operant conditioning related to PTSD? |
|
Definition
| Avoidance behaviors alleviate anxiety. Negative reinforcement continues avoidance behavior. |
|
|
Term
| What are some cognitive factors associated with the development of PTSD? |
|
Definition
| Expectations of trauma, sense of fairness (as opposed to guilt), and dedication to a cause all reduce development of PTSD for those who experience trauma. |
|
|
Term
| How is the HPA Axis involved with PTSD? |
|
Definition
| The HPA Axis gets fucked up in a similar but also different way than it does for depression. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the damage (changes made) to the brain as a result of stress. |
|
Definition
| Neurons (volume, reactivity, something?) are decreased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, but increased in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Thus: the structures of the brain that manage stress reduction and reasoning are decreased, while those that produce fear responses are increased. (This is an adaptive feature of the brain to different levels of stress in the environment) |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between hippocampal volume and PTSD? |
|
Definition
| People with PTSD on average have smaller hippocampi. While initially theorized as an effect of PTSD, twin studies suggested instead that a small hippocampus is a predisposition that increases the likelihood of developing PTSD. |
|
|
Term
| What is "Debriefing" Treatment? Does it work? |
|
Definition
| Based on the idea that PTSD represents a failure to process a traumatic event, those who have experienced trauma are encouraged to debrief to prevent PTSD. This only worked in very specific situations involving continual repetitive debriefing. It really doesn't work. |
|
|
Term
| How is CBT applied to PTSD? |
|
Definition
a) establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship
b) psycho-education
c) stress-management training
d) exposure
e) integration of traumatic event |
|
|
Term
| What is prolonged exposure? |
|
Definition
| It is a treatment for PTSD. It involves imagery rehearsal and exposure to feared stimuli. Prolonged exposure can be very difficult, especially considering the nature of many kinds of trauma. |
|
|
Term
| What are NMDA Receptor Agonists? |
|
Definition
| Antibiotics that can be used to promote habituation during PTSD (and OCD and social Phobia) treatment so that it progresses more quickly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are NMDA Receptor Agonists a standard treatment for PTSD? |
|
Definition
| No, they are an experimental therapy at the moment (and they are used only in conjunction with psychotherapy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that block norepinephrine. A study showed that when given in ER following a car accident, they reduced PTSD development later. Promising study. |
|
|
Term
| Violence and Mental Illness (Prevalence, Caviats?) |
|
Definition
| People diagnosed with mental illnesses are three times more likely than members of the general population to commit acts of violence. HOWEVER this increased liklihood is also correlated with tertiary factors (Substance Abuse, Living in Violent Environments, and Past History of Victimization of Violence). When Controlled for these factors, People diagnosed with mental illness do not commit acts of violence at rates higher than the general population. |
|
|
Term
| Abnormality as Statistical Deviation |
|
Definition
| Issue: How do we contend with "positive" abnormality, those who deviate statistically above average, or in a way that is socially desirable? |
|
|
Term
| Abnormality as Social Norm Deviation |
|
Definition
| Issues: Some social norm deviations are intentional, and praised (Avant Garde; Ex: Lady Gaga). Some aspects of Celebrity in general constitute norm deviation in a way that may be aspired to, valued, or found interesting from a commercial standpoint. |
|
|
Term
| Abnormality as Personal Distress |
|
Definition
Pros: Helps to quantify whether other definitions of deviation should be categorized as abnormality in a clinical context (ex: statistical deviatin that causes distress).
Issues: Some stress/distress is normal over the course of life. Injury, emotional stress, and sickness are not necessarily clinical abnormalities if they resolve on their own and are considered normal life cycle events. |
|
|
Term
| Abnormality as Maladaptive Behavior |
|
Definition
| Generally more applicable and has fewer issues than other designations. Maladaptivity can be applied to the person or society (maladaptive behavior which causes person harm, social stress, extrapersonal harm, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| DSM V Definition of Mental Illness |
|
Definition
A syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbances in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning.
Typically associated with distress or disability in key areas of functioning, such as social, occupational, and other activities. |
|
|
Term
| What is not a mental illness? |
|
Definition
Predicatable responses to stressors within cultural context (i/e: in certain cultures religious experiences would not be considered abnormal even if they included hallucinatory, or other aspects that might be involved in DSM definitions of mental disorders)
Intentional abnormal activities/intentional social deviance--usually stemming from desire to critique/protest society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International Statistical Classification of Disease (Similar to the DSM, but contains information about physical illnesses and injury as well, also used more internationally than the DSM) |
|
|
Term
| Largest Global Burden of Disease (Category) |
|
Definition
| Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders (13%) |
|
|
Term
| Ranking of Mental Disorder Burden ("Developed Countries") (7 elements in list) |
|
Definition
1. Unipolar Major Depression
2. Schizophrenia
3. Bipolar Mood Disorder
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
5. Panic Disorder
6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
7. Self-Inflicted Injuries (Suicide) |
|
|
Term
| Where do DALY figures of lost money from depression come from? |
|
Definition
| Disability: Lost productivity, job functioning, etc. associated with depressive symptoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1745-1826)
Pioneered Humanitarian Treatment within asylums. Developed "Moral Treatment" approach, involving encouraging normal daily life within the asylum, purposeful but calming activity, and communication with attendants. His therapy wasn't very effective at releasing cured/rehabilitated patients though. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1802-1887)
Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill people in the united states.
Worked to establish 32 new public hospitals.
Introduced the staffing of asylums with physicians. (Medicalization of mental illness). |
|
|
Term
| Deinstitutionalization (Causes) |
|
Definition
Moral concerns with what was going on inside asylums.
New medications (anti-psychotics) made treatment more accessible outside of asylums. |
|
|
Term
| Deinstitutionalization (Effects) |
|
Definition
Anticipated outpatient facilities never constructed.
Mentally ill people become homeless in large numbers, and are then funneled into the prison system. US carceral system required to adapt to act as mental illness treatment facilities (particularly for lower classes/racial minorities with less access to private treatment). |
|
|
Term
| Traditional Paradigms for understanding Psychopathology (5 elements) |
|
Definition
| Biological, Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic), Cognitive, Behavioral, Humanistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Focus: The Brain and Genes
Issues: Biological reductionism (reducing problems to their smallest parts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grew from Freud's work with clients.
Focus: Internal mental conflict (unknown to client) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grew out of laboratory research
Ex: treatments for anxiety disorders involving exposure and conditioning
Grows into cognitive-behavioral therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Research/empirical findings call into question behavior as sole cause of fear arising.
Focus: Irrational thinking leads to stress/impairment; biases in information processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1873-1943)
Discovered classical conditioning before pavlov but no one knows... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ancient paradigm of understanding mental illness involving spirits and drilling holes in skulls to cure mental illness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Integrated System
Understands more complex system than one cause for a given psychopathology in a given individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People have a given liability to mental illness. People with a low liability only present symptoms in extreme stress, people with high liability need very little stress (or none at all) to present systems. |
|
|
Term
| Differential Susceptibility Model |
|
Definition
(Plasticity Model)
Some people are very stable, they perform similarly in very good and very bad environments. Some people are very effected negatively by bad environments, but these people are also very positively effected by good environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the gene that has the short/long combinations, for which people with more short alleles are more succeptible to mental illness under the influence of multiple stressful life events. Example of the diathesis stress model at work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gene expression can be altered by situational factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inert Treatment still alleviates symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keeps both researchers and participants in the dark so that expectations don't effect outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When something works in a lab setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When something works in the real world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Examples include:
Psychopharmacology
ECT
Neurosurgery |
|
|
Term
| Psycho-therapeutic Treatments |
|
Definition
Examples Include:
Psychoanalytic therapy
Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Client Centered Therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Class of drug that increases neurochemical signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Class of drug that decreases neurochemical signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treats symptoms not necessarily cause of a disorder (Ex: SSRIs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treats cause of a disorder (not true for pharmacological treatments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduces dopamine by blocking receptors
Reduces intensity of delusions/hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement abnormalities associated with antipsychotic medications |
|
|
Term
| Antidepressant medication |
|
Definition
Acts on Seratonin (and sometimes Norepinephrin)
Includes SNRI, SSRI, MAOI, and TCA types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seratonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
(Newer than SSRIs so cheaper, but otherwise similar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
(Dietary Restrictions and Increased side effects make it less often prescribed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tricyclic Anti-depressant
(Older form of anti-depressant, first discovered) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Potential depressive behaviors increased in adulthood. (Studies on mice, no human studies done).
Note: Depression while pregnant leads to higher likelihood of worse effects (including birth defects) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mood Stabilizing Medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Issues with Psychopharmacology |
|
Definition
Compliance (sometimes improved with psychotherapy)
Dosage Issues
Relapse Rates (Also improved with psychotherapy)
Also some drugs just don't work for some people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modern = quite safe
Some memory loss
effective for people with treatment resistant depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deep Brain Stimulation (Electrodes and pace meaker inserted and activated at times to stimulate certain areas of the brain)
Effective for treatment resistant depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Associated with Reward
Stimulated in Neurosurgical procedures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carl Rogers
Three Major Components are Genuineness, Accurate Empathy, and Unconditional Positive Regard
Reflective
Issues: clients who don't have a strong grasp on reality, or don't desire to change behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Freud
Symptoms are symbolic of underlying conflict & determined by defense mechanisms.
Insight and working through help to relieve symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Psychoanalysis) transferring images/ideas/sensations from life into therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Psychoanalysis) Defenses are lowered and forbidden thoughts, desires, fears may be revealed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Psychoanalysis) just saying whatever comes to mind--Freudian slips and symbolic transitions relevant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Psychoanalysis) reveals internal barriers |
|
|
Term
| Behavior Therapy (Assumptions) |
|
Definition
Behavior is determined by antecedents and consequences
Changes in behavior can lead to emotional changes
Insight is neither sufficient nor necessary |
|
|
Term
| Behavior Therapy (Procedures) |
|
Definition
Exposure (and response prevention)
Skills training or Behavior Rehearsal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Operant Conditioning: Rewarding desired behaviors and punishing negative behaviors. Consistency is very important. (ex: token economy within institutions) |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive behavioral Therapy (Assumptions) |
|
Definition
Emotions determined by self-statements and not the events themselves
Intensity and duration of negative emotions can be reduced by learning more rational cognitions |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Procedures) |
|
Definition
Recognize maladaptive self statements (as well as their triggers and effects)
Substitute with rational cognitions
Rehearsal (Like keeping a diary) |
|
|
Term
| Depression + CBT = what kind of changes in brain function? |
|
Definition
| Increased activation of reward systems (decreased Anhedonia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The occurrence, rate or frequency of a condition at a given time. (How many people currently have this?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Proportion of a population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced the condition. (How many people have ever had this?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To variables with a correlation (Positive or negative) cannot necessarily be identified as linked insofar as one variable causes the incidence of the other. Often a third variable can be identified which causes, or is otherwise linked to both. (i/e: night lights correlated with near-sighted-ness) |
|
|
Term
| Categorical Classification |
|
Definition
| Based on presence or absence of aspects (yes/no distinctions). Primarily Qualitative. Either you do or don't have it. |
|
|
Term
| Dimensional classification |
|
Definition
| Puts emphasis on the amount of certain qualities, Quantitative distinctions. More midground in this system. |
|
|
Term
| Descriptive Classification |
|
Definition
Early stages of science are often descriptive.
Articulation of symptoms rather than underlying cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Later, more advanced scientific classification.
Articulation of causes rather than (just) symptoms of a condition. |
|
|
Term
| DSM III (Important changes) |
|
Definition
More complete descriptions.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Separation of Axis I and Axis II (Personality Disorders on Axis II)
Dropped Vague terms like "neurosis" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the CONSISTENCY with which the same diagnosis is applied by different psychologists? (Measured in Kappa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measure Consistency
Kappa values range between 0 and 1. (0 least consistence, 1 most consistency)
Kappa of .4 is minimal acceptable value for research. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Does a system measure what it is supposed to measure?
Different types: Convergent, Descriminant, Criterion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Examples: Ink Blot and other Imagery tests
Intended to allow for traversal of defenses (Get at information the patient isn't consciously aware of).
Usually time consuming, often not effective, and generally doesn't provide information that couldn't be gotten just by asking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Example: MMPI
Created through empirical criterion keying.
Can be quite accurate and have a lot of research behind them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(Objective Test) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result: Clinicians are required to report BOTH to the police, AND to a threatened individual if a client makes threats against another person. |
|
|
Term
| Criteria for a Major Depressive Episode |
|
Definition
At least 5 of the following symptoms, must have either 1 or 2:
1. Depressed mood most of the day NED
2. Anhedonia most of the day NED
3. Weight change or persistent change in eating habits
4. Insomnia or Hypersomnia NED
5. Psychomotor agitation/retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy NED
7. Feelings of worthlessness/excessive Guilt NED
8. Lowered concentration/increased indecisiveness
9. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Drinking At Work Suggests A Formidable Gap in Common Sense
Depression, Anhedonia, Weight Change, Sleep, Agitation, Fatigue, Guilt, Concentration, Suicide |
|
|
Term
| Drinking At Work Suggests A Formidable Gap in Common Sense |
|
Definition
| Depression, Anhedonia, Weight Change, Sleep, Agitation, Fatigue, Guilt, Concentration, Suicide |
|
|
Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
|
Definition
At least One Major Depressive Episode
No Manic or Hypomanic Episodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depressed Mood lasting a minimum of 2 years, with no significant breaks (2 months or longer). No major Depressive episode in first two years.
Much less common. Difficult to treat. Sometimes understood as a Depressive Personality Disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studying Analogous Behaviors in animals to make conclusions abotu human behavior. Allowed for more invasive experiementation that would have been immoral in humans (today these experiments are considered immoral in animals as well) |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Factors of Depression |
|
Definition
Stressful Life Events
Lack of Social Support |
|
|
Term
| Biological Factors of Depression |
|
Definition
HPA Axis
Genetic Vulnerability
Brain Function
Neurochemicals |
|
|
Term
| Psychological Factors of Depression |
|
Definition
Information Processing Bias
Cognitive Distortions
Rumination
Personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
(The Central regulator of the body's response to stress: error in functioning related to depression) |
|
|
Term
| Link between HPA Axis and Depression |
|
Definition
Cortisol Levels are Elevated, but HPA axis stress response is not shut off after stressor ends.
Third Variable: Weight Gain and Metabolism Issues |
|
|
Term
| Allele correlated with Depression in the presence of stress (in terms of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left and Right Prefrontal Activity associated with Depression |
|
Definition
| Activity Reduced in Left (Anhedonia), Increased in Right (Depression) |
|
|
Term
| Amygdala Volume/Activity Associated with Depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hippocampus Volume/Activity Associated with Depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beck's Cognitive Theory (Progression) |
|
Definition
| Early Experience --> Formation of Dysfunctional Beliefs --> Critical Incident(s) --> Beliefs Activated --> Cycle of Negative Automatic THoughts and Depressive Symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Activation Treatment |
|
Definition
| Involves Planning Positive Activities and forcing self to go, evidence shows it is as effective as CBT. (Like Medications, higher relapse rates though) |
|
|
Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulus |
|
Definition
| Stimulates specific brain regions with magnetic technologies. Can be used to increase or decrease activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Must have at least one Manic Episode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must have at least one Hypomanic Episode
AND
must have at least one major depressive episode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A period of elevated, expanisve, or irritable modd, which lasts at least one week, and includes at least 3 of the following:
1. Grandiosity/Inflated Self0Esteem
2. Talkative, pressured speech
3. Flight of Ideas, Racing THoughts
4. Distractable
5. Increase in Goal directed activity, agitation
6. Excessive Risky Pleasure Seeking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Getting Super Rich Doesn't Guarantee Respect
Grandiosity, Speech, Racing, Distractable, Goals, Risks |
|
|
Term
| Getting Super Rich Doesn't Guarantee Respect |
|
Definition
| Grandiosity, Speech, Racing THoughts, Distractable, Goals, Risks |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of Mood Disorders Ranked (3 Elements) |
|
Definition
1. Unipolar Depression (17%)
2. Bipolar Depression (4%)
3. Dysthymia (3%) |
|
|
Term
| Onset of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression |
|
Definition
| Bipolar has earlier onset and unipolar has later onset |
|
|
Term
| Gender prevalence of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression |
|
Definition
| Unipolar is more common in women, Bipolar has a roughly equal prevalence in men and women |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression |
|
Definition
| Unipolar responds to psychotherapy alone, or SSRIs (and other Seratonin Based Medications). Bipolar never responds to therapy alone. Seratonin related medications can induce mania so mood stabilizers are used instead (lithium). psychotherapy can be used in conjunction (largely to help with medication compliance) |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar Environmental Factors |
|
Definition
Stressful Life Events
Goal Attainment
Schedule Disruption
Lack of Sleep |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar Biological Factors |
|
Definition
Genetic Vulnerability
Brain Function |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar Psychological Factors |
|
Definition
Cognitive Distortions
Grandiose THinking |
|
|
Term
| Genome Wide Association Study |
|
Definition
| Something that involves arraying genes from large samples of people kind of randomly and doing math or something. (Has lead to some discoveries concerning Bipolar Disorder Etiologies) |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar Disorder and Reward |
|
Definition
| Individuals with Bipolar disorder (both those currently experiencing mania and those not) experienced similar responses to high reward situations, but showed much lower responses to low reward situations. Interpretation: People with bipolar disorder require "higher stakes" to experience emotional reactions to rewards |
|
|
Term
| Percent of Suicides which occur within the context of clinical depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percent of depressed patients who ultimately commit suicide |
|
Definition
large estimate: 15-20%
Others say actually less than 10%
(2-9%) |
|
|
Term
| Suicide and Population Density |
|
Definition
| Higher suicide per capita in the United States is linked to lower population density. This might be related to feelings of isolation, less access to treatment and resources, etc. |
|
|
