Term
| what is the definition of a psychological disorder? |
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Definition
| psychological dysfunction, distress/impairment, and atypical response. |
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Term
| what is the definition of abnormal behavior? |
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Definition
| no single definition of psychological abnormality or normality. |
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Term
| if one wants to be a psychiatrist, how far in school must they go? |
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Definition
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Term
| if one wants to become a psychologist, how far should they go in school? |
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Definition
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Term
| if a psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset, it means that the symptoms developed... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| knowing if and how a disorder progresses, and how it affects one in the future. |
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Term
| what are the three categories about psychological disorder research? |
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Definition
| clinical description, causation (etiology), treatment and outcome. |
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Term
| benzodiazepines are effective in reducing the symptoms of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| the conflicts between the ID and the superego often lead to feelings of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an individual falsely attributes his or her own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another person |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person with a possible mental disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of determining whether an individual's symptoms meet the criteria for a specific psychological disorder. |
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Term
| what is the mental status exam? |
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Definition
| a psychologist will obtain detailed information about the person's life, in trying to understand and help an individual with a psychological problem. |
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Term
| in a mental status exam, a psychologist evaluates an individual's thought processes by doing what? |
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Definition
| listening to what the person says. |
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Term
| what are the ABC's of observation? |
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Definition
| antecedent-behavior-consequence |
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Term
| what axis is medical conditions coded on in the DSM-IV? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a hypothesis defined as? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is internal validity? |
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Definition
| the extent to which the results of a study can be explained by the dependent variable. |
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Term
| what is the basis of an experiment? |
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Definition
| manipulation of an independent variable. |
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Term
| what is the difference between a typical case study and the single-case experiment? |
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Definition
| in a single-case experiment, behavior is generally measured more than once. |
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Term
| what is a longitudinal study? |
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Definition
| one of the research methods used to help determine the typical course and progression of a disorder like schizophrenia. |
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Term
| what is cross-sectional research design? |
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Definition
| most common because easiest. Example: take group of people who are 5, another group that’s 15, and then another of 25. How does social interaction play out, what is differences between each group. Tricky thing: tendency is to say that there are differences between age groups, but the problem is that the life experiences have been different between each group and that’s why there are differences. (called cohort effect.) you don’t know which one it could be. |
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Term
| what term is most associated with generalized anxiety disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| what physiological measure consistently distinguishes individuals with GAD from nonanxious normal subjects? |
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Definition
| increased muscle tension. |
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Term
| what percent of people have specific fears severe enough to be diagnosed as phobias? |
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Definition
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Term
| what anxiety disorder has an almost equal sex ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| to have PTSD, you must experience what symptoms for 1+ months? |
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Definition
| (avoidance and emotional numbing, hyperarousal, and re-experiencing.) intrusive memories, nightmares, distress with cues, avoiding thoughts/feelings/situations associated with trauma, feelings of detachment, sleep difficulties, anger outbursts, exaggerated startle response |
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Term
| What needs to happen to have PTSD? |
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Definition
| must have experienced a traumatic event, reaction must be intense fear, helplessness, or horror. |
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Term
| what is OCD often accompanied by? |
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Definition
| severe generalized anxiety, major depression, and panic attacks. |
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Term
| what is OCD often accompanied by? |
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Definition
| severe generalized anxiety, major depression, and panic attacks. |
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Term
| what is OCD often accompanied by? |
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Definition
| severe generalized anxiety, major depression, and panic attacks. |
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Term
| what are actions or thoughts that an individual with OCD uses to reduce anxiety? |
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Definition
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Term
| what if someone has a lot of symptoms of a psychological disorder but don't have the three criterion? |
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Definition
| don't diagnose them with a disorder. |
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Term
| the scientific study of psychological disorders is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do science practitioners do? |
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Definition
| consume, evaluate, and create science. |
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Term
| what are classifications for the course of a disorder? |
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Definition
| episodic, time-limited, or chronic. |
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Term
| what are the two classifications of the onset of a disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two classifications of the prognosis of a disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| in what type of conditioning does the behavior change based on what follows it? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three main theories stemming from the psychological tradition? |
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Definition
| behaviorism, humanistic theory, psychoanalytic theory. |
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Term
| classical conditioning involves what 4 things? |
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Definition
| unconditioned stimuli, unconditioned responses, conditioned stimuli, conditioned responses. |
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Term
| what are some examples of biological treatments? |
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Definition
| marriage, induced vomiting, electroconvulsive shock therapy, medications. |
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Term
| when is free association used? |
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Definition
| in psychoanalytic therapy. |
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Term
| what is free association? |
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Definition
| a psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring. |
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Term
| what are the two techniques used in psychoanalytic therapy? |
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Definition
| free association and dream analysis. |
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Term
| what is positive reinforcement? |
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Definition
| adding an appetitive consequence. |
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Term
| what is negative reinforcement? |
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Definition
| taking away an aversive consequence. |
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Term
| what is positive punishment? |
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Definition
| adding an aversive consequence. |
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Term
| what is negative punishment? |
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Definition
| taking away an appetitive consequence. |
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Term
| what should clients have throughout treatment to assess progress towards treatment goals? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do we look at in a clinical interview? |
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Definition
| mental status exam, physical exam, structured/semi-structured diagnostic interview. |
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Term
| what is test-retest reliability? |
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Definition
| consistency in scores over time. |
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Term
| what is found on Axis I in a DSM-IV diagnosis? |
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Definition
| psychiatric disorders, except for personality disorders. |
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Term
| what is found on Axis II in a DSM-IV? |
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Definition
| personality disorders and mental retardation. |
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Term
| what is found on Axis III in the DSM-IV? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is found on Axis IV in a DSM-IV? |
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Definition
| psychosocial/environmental problems. |
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Term
| what is found on Axis V in a DSM-IV? |
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Definition
| general/global assessment of functioning |
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Term
| what is external validity? |
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Definition
| basically how well the study plays into the real world. |
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Term
| what is internal validity? |
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Definition
| the differences in symptoms due to treatment or due to something else, being a confounding variable |
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Term
| how can you increase internal validity? |
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Definition
| control groups, random assignment, analog models. |
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Term
| what is the primary tool for measuring statistical significance? |
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Definition
| Alpha Level (e.g., p < .05) |
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Term
| what is a cross-sectional study? |
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Definition
| study examining several groups of individuals at one point in time |
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Term
| what is a longitudinal study? |
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Definition
| the same group measured across a long period of time. |
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Term
| what is the advantage of clinical significance over statistical significance? |
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Definition
| clinical significance considers whether statistically significant differences are meaningful to clients' lives. |
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Term
| what kind of mood state is fear? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of mood state is anxiety? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is yerkes-dodson's law? |
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Definition
| bell shaped, moderate anxiety has a strong performance, and high anxiety has poor performance. |
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Term
| the onset of panic disorder is often... |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a primary intervention for OCD? |
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Definition
| exposure and response prevention. |
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Term
| what is the function of D-Cycloserine and what is it used to treat? |
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Definition
| function is to facilitate learning and it's used to treat anxiety disorders. |
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Term
| what is a drawback of using benzodiazepines in conjunction with CBT? |
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Definition
| it reduces fear and anxiety, which can reduce learning in CBT. |
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Term
| does correlation imply causation? |
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Definition
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Term
| are axis II disorders on a separate axis because they are thought to be resistant to change? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percent of individuals diagnosed with an anxiety disorder will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder sometime during their life? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are symptoms of suffering from a panic disorder? |
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Definition
| acute attacks of both intense panic and physiological sensations, fear of attacks happening again in the future, avoidance of situations that might provoke a panic attack. |
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Term
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Definition
| compulsions and obsessions. |
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Term
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Definition
| participation in, and maintenance of, OCD symptoms. they provide reassurance, avoids saying/doing things because of OCD, and assists with compulsions. |
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Term
| what is inter-rater reliability? |
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Definition
| ensuring that results are similar when the same psychological test is given to the same client by multiple clinicians. |
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Term
| what is discriminant validity? |
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Definition
| tests whether concepts or measurements that are supposed to be unrelated are, in fact, unrelated. |
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Term
| in what theory would you use a rorscharch inkblot test? |
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Definition
| in the psychoanalytic theory. |
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Term
| what is the prototypical approach to diagnosis used in the DSM-IV? |
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Definition
| it combines the classical/pure categorical approach and the dimensional approach to diagnostic classification. |
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Term
| what is the biosocial approach? |
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Definition
| the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology that we use in PSY 3400. |
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Term
| what is the psychometric property of reliability? |
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Definition
| its concerned with whether a test is consistent in its measurement of a construct. |
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Term
| what is a multiple baseline study? |
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Definition
| a type of single subject experimental design in which a treatment is tested across several settings, people, or behaviors. |
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Term
| what is a primary aim in cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders? |
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Definition
| to help people approach situations that they fear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an uncontrolled variable that may account for study results (also known as extraneous or third variable.) |
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Term
| a compound decreases what? |
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Definition
| the internal validity of a study. |
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Term
| what is a type of CBT that is effective in the treatment of specific phobia? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two important things that therapists hope clients will learn in CBT for anxiety disorders? |
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Definition
| worst case scenario won't happen, and they can approach what they are afraid of in their anxiety disorder. |
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