Term
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Definition
a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance of an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes associated with mental functioning
associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities
has cultural qualifications (loss/grief, social deviance) |
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Term
| unidimensional model of psychopathy |
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Definition
-one school or approach
-one dimension of persons (behavioral, biological, social, emotional, developmental) |
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Term
| multidimensional model of psychopathy |
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Definition
-interdisciplinary, integrative
-involves "systems" of influence that cause and maintain suffering
-draw on information form several sources
-address several dimensions of persons |
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Term
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Definition
-unidimensional
-physical disability, neurotransmitters, genetics, hormones, prenatal factors, trauma, drugs/alcohol
Treatments: drugs, exercise, treat disability, meditation |
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Term
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Definition
-unidimensional
-childhood origins, unconscious, patterns of relationships and emotional reactions, defense mechanisms (repression, projection, regression, denial, sublimation), psychosexual stages, attachment
Treatments: talking, uncover causes, insight, short-term psychodynamic |
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Term
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Definition
-unidimensional
-observation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning (positive/negative reinforcement and punishment), learned helplessness
Treatments: new behaviors/responses, change conditional responses, assertiveness training, shaping, social/relationship skills, exposure therapy, role playing |
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Term
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Definition
-unidimensional
-negative thinking about self, situations, future
Treatments: change self-talk, raise self-esteem and self-control, identify and alter maladaptive thoughts |
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Term
| Humanistic/Existential model |
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Definition
-unidimensional
-emotional awareness, relationship with therapist, societal rules squash self and potential
Treatments: increase emotional autonomy |
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Term
| Environmental/Community/Cultural model |
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Definition
-unidimensional
-patriarchy, environment of isolation (disability) and dependency, SES, race/ethnicity, lack of resources
Treatment: provide resources, work towards equality |
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Term
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Definition
-unidimensional
-change in family causes change in self
Treatment: family therapy |
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Term
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Definition
-multidimensional
-looks at relationship between predisposition and stressors |
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Term
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Definition
-multidimensional
-cyclical pattern: genetic predisposition, behavioral tendencies to engage in risky behaviors leads to stressful experiences/predisposition to develop a disorder, ultimately cause disorder |
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Term
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Definition
-multidimensional
-the whole is different from, and greater than, the sum of its parts
-integrative, emergent properties (the whole that emerges may be qualitatively different from its parts) |
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Term
| Equifinality (multiple pathways) model |
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Definition
-multidimensional
-there are many ways to end up with the same disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| the same event can lead to different outcomes in different circumstances, depending on which other factors play a role |
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Term
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Definition
-multidimensional
-experience can change our brain structure and function
-brain structure and function can change experience
-psychopathy can change
the effect of a neurotransmitter varies with a person's previous psychosocial experience
-multiple causation is the rule, not the exception in explaining normal and abnormal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
-a broad, comprehensive system is best (address biological, psychological, social, cultural, ethical, spiritual, and developmental factors)
-multidimensional, integrative perspective is usually helpful in causation and treatment |
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Term
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Definition
-starting point for treatment/overall easier to treat
-easier transfer of knowledge
-communication between professionals
-to understand people with similar problems
-research
-insurance
-need diagnosis to make money |
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Term
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Definition
-reliability: is same across time/location
-validity: does it say what it's supposed to, is it useful?
explanation
etiology: cause of disorder
course of disorder: is it predictive/consistent
associated features: concurrent validity, what comes with disorder
treatment
-categorical vs. dimensional vs. prototypical
categorical: you have it or you don't
dimensional: diagnoses fall on a scale
prototypical: compare to a prediagnosed patient/case |
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Term
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Definition
-DSM
-Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
-International Classification of Diseases |
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Term
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Definition
-APA's classification system
-descriptive, atheoretical diagnostic tool, research-based, values include that impairment and subjective distress are not good
Criticisms
-reliable, but not valid
-has produced too many disorders
-pathologizes normal problems
-ignores individual differences
-biased by political influences and money
-overly medical/biological |
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Term
| Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) |
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Definition
-breaks down disorders into units on analysis and negative valence systems
-focus on symptoms and behavior, not diagnosis
-leaves a lot of categories out (such as personality, relationships, culture, experiences, etc)
-maybe too far towards biological reductionism
-believes that psych problems are medical problems (BIOLOGICAL) |
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Term
| International Classification of Diseases (ICD) |
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Definition
| -a lot of content overlaps with the DSM |
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Term
| classification vs. assessment |
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Definition
classification: narrower
-usually pertains to diagnosis
assessment: broader
-produces a comprehensive understanding
-integrates a wider range of considerations about the individual |
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Term
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Definition
Technical purpose: problem description, diagnosis, categorization, individuals as examples of applicable science laws
Understanding the person: being there, connection, meaning, culture/contexts, STORY
-"the process of collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understand another person"
-the person who conducts assessment must adopt a theoretical perspective regarding the nature of the disorders and the causal processes involved in the origins
Approaches
-Intuitive: vibes, senses, subjective to cognitive biases and errors
-Observation
-Interviews: structured or unstructured
-Formal testing: personality, objective, projective (ex: inkblot) |
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Term
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Definition
-extreme depression
-2 weeks long
-cognitive symptoms
-physical dysfunction
-anhedonia: lack of interest
-duration: 4-9 months of left untreated
-will naturally subside |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
-no mania/hypomania
-single episodes are rare, likely to be recurrent
-recurrent: usually about 4 episodes over lifetime with the duration of 4-5 months each |
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Term
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Definition
-milder symptoms
-2+ years long
-chronic, persistent
-onset: early 20s
-early onset: before 21 (greater chronicity, more continuous, likely to run in family)
-median duration: 5 years, but depends on co-morbity |
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Term
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Definition
-both major depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder
-dysthymia occurs first, consistently, then episode occurs
-severe psychopathic disorder
-poor course
-high recurrence rates |
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Term
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Definition
-62% of people who experience death have symptoms of depression
Pathological or complicated grief
-persistent intense symptoms of acute grief
-presence of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors reflecting excessive or distracting concerns about the circumstances/consequances of the death |
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Term
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Definition
Need at least 5
-depressed mood
-anhedonia: decreased interest
-significant weight loss/gain or increase/decrease in appetite
-insomnia
-psychomotor agitation (irritability, physical tics)
-fatigue, loss of energy
-feelings of worthlessness or guilt
-cognitions (lack of concentration, rumination, etc)
-recurrent thoughts of death |
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Term
| Biological causes of mood disorders |
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Definition
-familial and genetic influences: family studies/adoption studies/twin studies
-higher concordance with higher symptoms
-balance of various neurotransmitters and their interaction with symptoms of self-regulation are more important than level of any one neurotransmitter
-Dopamine: chronic stress reduces levels and produces depressive-like behaviors
-Endocrine stress: overactive HPA axis, neurohormones, elevated cortisol, suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis
-sleep and circadian rhythms: REM sleep, decreased slow wave sleep, sleep deprivation |
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Term
| Psychological causes of mood disorders |
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Definition
-stressful life events: context, meaning, timing
-effects of stress: poorer treatment response, delayed remission/recovery, trigger for relapse
-Reciprocal-gene environment model: stress triggers depression
-learned helplessness: lack of perceived control
-depressive attributional style: internal (I caused it, my fault), stable (it always happens), global (it happens everywhere in my world)
-sense of hopelessness: lack of control and belief that they will never regain control
-pessimism
-negative cognitive styles: negative schemas, automatic thoughts,
-types of cognitive errors: arbitrary inferences (look at negative side of things), overgeneralization
-cognitive vulnerability: pessimistic explanatory style, negative cognitions, hopelessness attributions |
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Term
| Social causes of mood disorders |
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Definition
-marriage, relationships
-gender differences (socialization)
-social support |
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Term
| Treatment of mood disorders |
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Definition
-changing chemistry of the brain: tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, SSRIs, ECT or TMS
-psych treatments: cognitive therapy, behavioral activation, interpersonal psychotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
-Depressive disorders: dysthymia, major depressive disorder
-Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder
-Bipolar and related disorders: Cyclothymia, Bipolar, Bipolar II |
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Term
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Definition
-a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity
-lasts at least a week
Symptoms
-inflated self-esteem
-pressure of speech/coherence
-distractibility
-increased involvement in goal-directed activities or psychomotor agitation
-excessive involvement in pleasurable activities having a high potential for negative consequences (ex: shopping spree)
-decreased need for sleep
-little logic
-treatments: mood stabilizers (lithium), antipsychotics, reduce triggers
-issues with treatment: patients enjoy the high, don't want to take meds, poor judgment, medication difficult to balance, poor side effects, can take several episodes to recognize need for treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Bipolar I
-one or more manic episodes or mixed (manic and depressive symptoms within a week) episodes
Bipolar II
-recurrent major depressive episodes accompanied by a least one hypomaniac episode
Rapid Cycling
-quick back and forth between mania and depression
-easier to treat with meds
-Has a strong genetic component: if a twin or both parents have Bipolar, you are 70% more likely to have it too |
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Term
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Definition
-based on disorder, tragedy, demographics
-methods: pills (over 50%), cutting (33%), jumping, hanging, shooting
-1/10 people who attempt suicide are successful
-1/100 adolescents who attempt suicide are successful |
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Term
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Definition
mental disorders: 80% greater risk with more than 1
-mood disorders: 50% of all people who commit suicide have one, 75% of adolescents who commit suicide have one
-impulse control disorders
-schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
-alcohol abuse and dependence
contagion: if you see someone else commit suicide, you are at increased risk of doing so yourself
choice: is there a choice? is it rational?
prediction: there is no way to accurately predict suicide |
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Term
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Definition
-older than 45
-male
-white
-living alone
-unemployed/retired
-poor physical health
-stress
-separated/divorced/widowed
-mood disorder, alcoholism, mental disorder
-suicidal plans/ideations
-previous attempts
-family member suicide
-poor resources
-hopelessness
-being a member of certain disorganized communities
-growing up in poverty
-being sexually abused
-being a member of certain professions (dentist, lawyer, veteran, veterinarian, doctor, psychologist, etc) |
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Term
| Suicide treatment options |
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Definition
-crisis intervention (acutely suicidal)
hotlines: short-term
-longer-term (chronically suicidal)
resolve underlying problems, screening and tailored treatment leads to a 75% drop in suicide rate |
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Term
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Definition
-a future-oriented state characterized by marked negative affect
-somatic symptoms of tension
-apprehension about future danger
-is adaptive at low levels
-often associated with pessimistic thoughts and feelings
-can refer to a symptom |
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Term
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Definition
-high levels of diffuse negative emotion
-a sense of uncontrollability
-a shift in attention to a primary self-focus or a state of self-preoccupation; worry about self |
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Term
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Definition
-neurotransmitters: GABA and serotonin
-brain circuits: GABA-benzodiazepine system, noradrenergic system, CRF system, behavioral inhibition system
-particularly active brain regions: limbic system, amygdala
-possible gastrointestinal problems |
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Term
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Definition
-present-oriented mood state with marked negative affect
-immediate fight or flight response to danger or threat
-strong avoidance/escapist tendencies
-involves abrupt activation of the sympathetic nervous system
-neural circuitry: fight or flight system |
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Term
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Definition
| abrupt, intense fear with physical symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
-more focused/intense than anxiety
-often triggered at an unwarranted time or place
-abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort
-includes 4 or more symptoms (ex: sweating, increased heart rate, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
-recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
-at least 1 month of persistent concern or worry about having additional panic attacks or their consequences
-significant behavioral change related to the attacks |
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Term
| treatment of panic attacks |
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Definition
-exposure therapy
-cognitive-behavioral therapy, cognitive intervention
-identify and cope with triggers
-manage stress |
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Term
| kinds of anxiety disorders |
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Definition
-panic disorder
-phobia
-social anxiety disorder
-agoraphobia
-generalized anxiety disorder
-related disorders: OCD and trauma-related disorders |
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Term
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Definition
-marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation which almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety and is actively avoided
-the fear is out of proportion to the danger prosed
-fear is persistent (>6 months)
-causes distress or impairment |
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Term
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Definition
-pathological shyness
-includes fear of public speaking |
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Term
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Definition
-fear of being in situations that could cause anxiety or panic
-possibly with co-morbid panic disorder |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
-excessive anxiety or worry occurring for many days at a time for at least 6 months
-difficult to control the worry
social factors
-stressful life events
-childhood adversity
-attachment or separation anxiety
psychological factors
-classical conditioning
-cognitive factors: perception of lack of control, misinterpretation of an external threat that makes them believe they're in imminent danger, biased information processing (over=sensitively focus attention on perceived threats)
biological factors
-genetic (moderate heritability)
-neurobiology: brain circuits, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, dopamine) |
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Term
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Definition
almost all depressed patients are anxious, but not all anxious patients are depressed
comorbidity
-of those with an anxiety disorder, 55% had a second anxiety or depression diagnosis (76% over lifetime, and 50% had a major depressive disorder diagnosis over lifetime)
-comorbidity predicts poor outcome and high relapse rate |
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Term
| treatment of anxiety disorders |
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Definition
psych treatments
-exposure: systematic desensitization, interoceptive exposure (oping by understanding self better), flooding
-relaxation and breathing techniques
-cognitive therapy
-psych treatments are more effective in the long term
medication
-anti-anxiety meds (are addictive)
-Buspar (targets serotonin)
-anti-depressants (SSRIs)
-DCS (facilitates extinction)
combinations of meds and psych interventions may be more effective than either alone |
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