Term
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Definition
| the formal study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders |
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| 4 Characteristics of A Mental Disorder |
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Definition
| Personal distress, disability, violation of social norms, or disfunction |
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| Two main challenges in the study of psychopathology |
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Definition
| Maintaining Objectivity, Reducing Stigma |
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| What are the "Four D's" in the DSM's definition of "Abnormal"? |
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Definition
1. Distress- the condition causes the individual stress.
2. Disability- the condition impairs functioning in some important areas of life.
3. Deviation- the condition causes behavior that violates the norms of a society/culture.
4. Dysfunction- Behavioral, psychological, and/or biological systems are impaired. |
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Definition
| possession by evil beings, requires a priest to preform an exorcism. |
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| Early Biological explanation of mental illness |
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Definition
| physical disturbance or imbalance, should be left to doctors. |
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Definition
| advocated for human treatment, treated mentally ill as sick rather than sub-human |
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| crusaded for better treatment of those with mental illness and opened 32 state hospitals |
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| biological approach: focuses on treated mental illness with pharmacology |
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| psychological approach: focuses on treated mental illness through psychosocial means |
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Definition
| the destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner |
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| pros to diagnosing mental illness |
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Definition
| developing a profession, standardized prescription option, getting people help, hope, validity, and not feeling 'alone', increased understanding of symptoms, facilitating communication between professionals |
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| cons to diagnosing mental illness |
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Definition
| overdiagnosing, too rigid, too general, not specific to the individual, no room for fluidity, bad side effects from treatment, stigma, being "labeled", incorrect assumption, shame, limiting |
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Term
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Definition
1. all diagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation
2. personality disorders and mental retardation
3. general medical conditions
4.psychosocial and environmental problems
5. global assessment of functioning scale |
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Definition
| the classification of disorders by symptoms and signs |
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Definition
| most people experience symptoms in a variety of domains/categories |
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Definition
mental disorders are illnesses caused by biological factors
treated with drugs |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic paradigm |
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Definition
focused on the power of the mind in human experience
treatments include free association, work with resistance, dream analysis, and analysis of transference |
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Term
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Definition
| people are inherently good; create a theraputic environment in which the client can use their own resources to improve self-understanding as well as alter self-concepts, behavior and attitudes toward others |
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Definition
combines thinking and learning perspectives; modify private events (thoughts, perceptions) to achieve symptom reduction
treatments include cognitive restructuring |
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Definition
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| Different Areas of focus within the biological paradigm |
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Definition
genetics
neurotransmitters
brain structure
endocrine system |
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| Methods for examining genetic influence |
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Definition
Family/pedigree studies
Twin studies
Adoption method
molecular genetics |
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Definition
| catch signals from other neurons |
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Definition
| carries nerve impulse down the length of the neuron |
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Definition
| shoot impulse to other neurons |
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Definition
| clients know how to help themselves, just need a supportive environment |
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Definition
| clients need to be critical of themselves, therapist acts as critical voice of "society" |
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Definition
| emphasis on language clients use, could be clue to unconscious |
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| main goal of psychoanalytic therapy |
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Definition
| Insight: bring the repressed source of feelings of anxiety into conscious awareness |
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Term
| 3 components of Client-centered therapy |
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Definition
unconditional positive regard
empathy
congruence |
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Definition
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Definition
| the acquisition or elimination of a response as a function of the environmental contingencies of reinforcement and punishment |
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Definition
| addition of pleasant stimulus |
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Definition
| removal of unpleasant stimulus |
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Definition
| the addition of something unpleasant in response to a particular behavior |
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Definition
| the removal of something desirable in response to a particular behavior |
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Definition
| learning through observation alone |
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| examples of cognitive distortions |
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Definition
Dichotomous thinking
Overgeneralization
Disqualifying the positive
Personalization (misinterpretation |
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Definition
| Diathesis increases risk but the stress may actually trigger the disorder's onset |
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| Factors that cut across all paradigms |
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Definition
| emotional, socio-cultural, interpersonal |
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Definition
| conceptual framework within which a scientist works |
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Definition
| study of the cause or origin of disease |
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Definition
| express whatever thoughts come to mind without censorship |
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Definition
| a patients responses to their analyst that may reflect attitudes to important people in their past |
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Definition
| proportion of varience in a trait or condition that can be explained by genes rather than evironments |
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Definition
| the extent to which a predisposition to a disease can be inherited |
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Definition
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Definition
| contains receptors to receive neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| oversimplifies human behavior |
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Definition
| behavior can be shaped using method of successive approximation |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| relaxation is paired with exposure to negative stimulus until the stimulus no longer has an effect (extinction) |
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Term
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Definition
| provide tokens that can be exchanged for reinforcers |
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Definition
| mental templates by which we recognize our worlds |
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Definition
| mental processes of perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, judging, encoding and reasoning |
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Term
| gene-environment interaction |
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Definition
| a person's sensitivity to an environmental event is influenced by genes (gene xyz may cause fear of snakes after snakebite, without gene xyz, no fear of snakes would occur) |
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Term
| reciprocal gene-environment interactions |
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Definition
| genes may predispose us to certain environments that then can increase our risk for developing certain disorder (pre-disposed to deviant behavior which could lead to jail time which later would produce alcohol dependency)(gene was alcohol dependency) |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency of measurement |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity of scores across repeated test administrations |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which test items are related to one another |
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Definition
| degree to which 2 independent observers agree |
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Definition
| how well a measure assesses what it is supposed to measure |
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Definition
| whether a measure adequately samples the domain of interest |
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Definition
| whether a measure is associated with another measure in an expected way |
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Definition
| whether a measure assesses a theorized construct |
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Definition
| extent to which a measure correlates with other measures of the same construct |
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Definition
| extent to which measure correlates with different constructs |
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Term
| objective personality tests |
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Definition
MMPI and PAI
uses empirically keyed approach
usually has some kind of grading scale |
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Term
| projective personality tests |
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Definition
inkblot test and thematic apperception test
doesnt have a "correct answer"
lacks strong reliability and validity |
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Term
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Definition
used to assess a person's current mental abilities
diagnose learning disabilites
cognitive abilitesin patients with dimentia
identifying intellectually gifted students |
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Term
| Behavioral Assessment Methods |
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Definition
observation
self-monitoring
ecological momentary assessment (phone app)
self-report inventories |
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Term
| Neurobiological tests can determine: |
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Definition
if a brain injury has taken place and where
general functioning of different brain regions |
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Term
| examples of psychophysiological measurements |
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Definition
heart rate
skin conductance
brain electrical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| comprehensive examination used to evaluate an individuals current or future psychological functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| conversation between a clinician and a patient that is focused on determining diagnosis, theory, causes for problems, and possible treatment options |
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Definition
| assesses mental functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| ambiguous stimuli are described by client and reflect unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| psychologist who studies teh structure and function of the brain related to specific psychological processes and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| study of bodily changes that accompany psychological events or a person's psychological characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| performing differently based on group membership rather than the construct being measured |
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Term
| Why do we need to study psychopathology scientifically? |
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Definition
1. Anecdotal accounts can suggest hypotheses, but cannot prove anything
2. Claims must be tested in well-designed research studies |
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Term
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Definition
1. provide a detailed description of a rare phenomena
2. disconfirm allegedly universal aspects of a particular theoretical proposition
3. generate new hypotheses |
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Term
| Limitations of a case study |
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Definition
1. Potential for confounds
2. they can disprove, but not prove |
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Term
| What are the 3 aspects of Mills Cannons |
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Definition
1. Variables must have a relationship
2. Cause must precede effect
3. Must rule out alternative explanations |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic pursuit of knowledge through observation |
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Term
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Definition
| statement expressing a judgment or opinion |
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Term
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Definition
| set of propositions to explain a class of phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
| includes a great amount of detail about a single person |
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Term
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Definition
| examines the relationship between two variables |
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Term
| single subject research designs |
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Definition
| alternate between control (baseline) and experimental |
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Term
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Definition
| therapeutic effect due to expectation |
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Term
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Definition
procedure to control for placebo effects
neither researcher nor participant know which group the participant is in |
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