Term
*Sexual Dysfunctions
*Gender Identity D/O
*Paraphilias |
|
Definition
Disruptions in sexual functioning
Strong and persistent id w/the opposite sex
*Causes sig. distress
Attraction to unusual sexual activities or objects |
|
|
Term
| Four Categories of sexual dysfunction |
|
Definition
1. Sexual desire d/o
2. Sexual arousal d/o
3. Orgasmic d/o
4. Sex pain d/o |
|
|
Term
| Hypoactive sexual desire d/o |
|
Definition
Deficient or absent sexual fantasies and urges
*AKA low sex drive
*Culturally based |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Person actively avoids nearly all genital contact w/another person |
|
|
Term
Sexual arousal d/o
*Females
*Males |
|
Definition
*Consistently inadequate vaginal lubrication for comfortable completion of sex
*Persistent failure to get/maintain an erection
***Make sure it is not a physio prob. |
|
|
Term
Orgasmic d/o
*Females
*Males |
|
Definition
*Absence of orgasm after sexual fun
*Persistent difficulty ejaculating
or
*Premature ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Pain during intercourse (males or females)
*Invol. spasms of the outer third of the vagina
(Prevents penetration) |
|
|
Term
Etiology of Sexual dysfunction
*Psychoanalytic |
|
Definition
| Underlying repressed conflicts |
|
|
Term
Etiology of sex dysfunction
Masters & Johnson's two tier model |
|
Definition
1. Historical causes
2. Current causes
Performance fears
Adoption of a spectator role |
|
|
Term
| Psych factors that can lead to poor sexual functioning (7) |
|
Definition
1. MDD or anxiety d/o
2. Focus on performance
3. Routine
4. Low self-esteem
5. Uncomfortable environ. for sex
6. Rigid attitudes about sex
7. Neg. thoughts of sex |
|
|
Term
| Physical factors leading to poor sex. functioning (9) |
|
Definition
1. Smoking
2. Alcohol
3. CVD
4. DM
5. Neuro. d/o
6. Low arousal
7. SSRIs
8. Anti-HTN
9. Other drugs |
|
|
Term
| Social and sex. hx factors leading to poor sex. functioning (4) |
|
Definition
1. Rape/sex abuse
2. Relationship probs
3. Long periods of no sex
4. Hx of hurried sex |
|
|
Term
Gender Id. d/o
*Formerly called
*Define
*May lead to |
|
Definition
*Transsexualism
*People feel that they're of the opp. sex
-Despite normal genitalia
-Persistent since childhood
*May wish to alter body
*Causes LOTS of distress
*Can be sexually attracted to males or females |
|
|
Term
| Controversy surrounding Gender Id. D/O |
|
Definition
May pathologize normals
Carries a stigma |
|
|
Term
Etiology of Gender D/O
*Genetic factors
*Neurobio factors
*Social/Psych factors |
|
Definition
*Some sxs might be heritable
*High levels of sex hormones in utero
*Reinforcement of cross gender behaviors |
|
|
Term
| 2 Possible Tx of Gender Id. d/o |
|
Definition
1. Sex reassignment surgery: Make them the
gender they feel they are.
Encouraged to live as the opp. gender for
at least 1 yr
2. Behavioral TX to alter gender id.
Shape more masculine behaviors
May be the only "treatment" option |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reliance on an inanimate obj. for sex. arousal
*Usually in males
Attraction is irresistible and invol.
Co-morbid w/other paraphilias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recurrent and intense sex. arousal from cross-
dressing
NO desire to be the opp. sex
Co-morbid w/other paraphilias
Esp. Masochism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sex. arousing urges, fantasies, or behaviors
involving prepubescent children
Offender must be at least 16 w/a 5+ yr. age
gap w/ victim
Victims usually known to pedophile
Usually does not include violence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subtype of pedophilia
Most common:
Brother-Sister
Less common, more troubling
Father-Daughter
Genetically adaptive
More likely to inherit recessive genes
This could be bad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sex. arousing fantasies/urges/behaviors involving
watching others who are naked or having sex
Almost always male
Usually no physical contact
Voyeuristic fantasies common: Not distressing=No dx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intense desire to obtain sex. gratification by
exposing one's genitals to unwilling strangers
Victims can be kids
Usually no physical contact
Desire to shock/alarm victim
Co-morbid w/
Voyeurism and Frotteurism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sex. oriented touching of a nonconsenting person
Eg. Rubbing genitals on someone, fondling boobs
Usually in crowded, public places |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intense and recurrent desire to obtain or increase
sexual gratification by causes pain or psych.
suffering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intense/recurrent desire to obtain or increase
sex. gratification through receiving pain/
humiliation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sex. arousal by oxygen deprivation |
|
|
Term
Small % or sadists do what to their partner?
You only get the dx if... |
|
Definition
Mutilate or murder
It causes sig. distress or impairment, or if the
partner was not willing |
|
|
Term
| What age is one considered old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aging and cognitive decline
Aging and depression |
|
Definition
It is a problem, but doesn't affect all
Most older ppl have less neg. emotion than younger
ppl
Older ppl do better at modulating their emotions |
|
|
Term
Social Selectivity and Aging
Aging and sex |
|
Definition
When we get older we focus our most important
relationship, not seeking out new friends
Sex. activity doesn't decrease from mid age to
late life for most |
|
|
Term
Ageism
Life circumstance changes |
|
Definition
Discrimination based on age
Even changes you know are going to happen req.
adjustment |
|
|
Term
What sleep problems are most common amongst an aging pop.?
How do medical probs change as we age? |
|
Definition
Insomnia +/- sleep apnea
More chronic less curable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prescribing mult. drugs to one pt.
-Can be dangerous due to interactions/side effects |
|
|
Term
| Things to keep in mind when doing research with an aging pop. (5) |
|
Definition
1. Diff. due purely to age
2. Similar to prob. in child research
3. Age effects
4. Cohort effects
5. Time-of-measurement effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Test diff't age groups at one pt. in time
Quick and cheaper
Doesn't tell us about change over time; relies on inference about the differences observed b/n the groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measures the same group at one time and again in the future
Long time and $$$$
Vulnerable to history effects
Attrition can be a problem (selective mortality) |
|
|
Term
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Decline in executive function
(***all in aging pop.) |
|
Definition
*Impairment of language use
*Impairment in complex coordinated movements
*Impaired recog. of familiar obj.
*Decreases in planning, strategizing, and monitoring |
|
|
Term
| Most common mental health problems late in life and define. |
|
Definition
1. Dementia: Deterioration of cog. function
2. Delirium: Mental confusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deterioration of cog. functioning tot he extent that it
interferes with social and job functioning.
Can be progressive, static, or remitting
Deficits may be detected before obvious
impairment
Prev. increases w/age |
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's Dementia DSM criteria |
|
Definition
1. Cog. deficits: Memory +1 of the following
a. Aphasia
b. Apraxia
c. Agnosia
d. Exec. functioning
2. Impairment w/social/occupational functioning
3. Gradual onset w/progressive decline |
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's Disease: Neuro |
|
Definition
Brain tissue irreversibly deteriorates
death w/in 12 yrs. |
|
|
Term
| AD usually begins w/ (3 Sxs)...w/progression Sxs become (4) |
|
Definition
Beginning:
1. Difficulty remembering recent events
2. Learning new material
3. Irritability
Progression
1. Language probs. worsen esp. word finding
2. Disoriented: eg. date, time, place, identity
3. Agitation
4. Depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Early onset/Later onset seem to have diff't
genes involved. |
|
|
Term
| Environmental factors for AD (2) |
|
Definition
1. Head trauma
2. Depression |
|
|
Term
| Two protecting factors against AD |
|
Definition
1. Strong baseline linguistic ability
2. Continued cognitive activities |
|
|
Term
Frontal-Temporal Dementia:
*Impairs what exec. functions
*Also impairs
*Spares
*Possible etiology |
|
Definition
*Planning, prob. solving, goal directed behavior
*Recognizing emotion
*Memory
*Neuronal degeneration of serotonergic areas |
|
|
Term
Vascular dementia
*Neurological impairment
*Etiology
*Risk Factors
*Most affected ethnicity |
|
Definition
*Weakness in limbs, abnormal reflexes
*Stroke: Clot impairs blood flow=cell death
*Smoking, high LDL, hi. cholesterol, high BP
*Blacks>Whites |
|
|
Term
What drugs can reverse AD?
What do drugs do for AD and examples of each. |
|
Definition
*None
*Some might protect against decline
*Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:
-Aricept, Reminyl
*Usually treat Sxs:
-eg. Antidepressants for MDD
-eg. Antipsychotics for Agitation |
|
|
Term
| Psych tx for Dementia (3) |
|
Definition
1. Support pt and family
2. Education
3. Early in AD help w/labeling, notes, calendars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Clouded state of consciousness
1. Wandering attn.
2. Fragmented thinking
3. Rambling/incoherent speech
4. Agitation at night/daytime drowsiness
5. Disorientation
6. Memory probs |
|
|
Term
Delirium:
*Onset
*Related to
*Why is detection important? |
|
Definition
*Rapid
*Underlying med. condition
*Untreated-->Further decline+death |
|
|
Term
5 Possible causes of delirium:
Most cases are caused by: |
|
Definition
1. Drug rxn
2. Metabolic/Nutritional imbalances
3. Infections/fevers
4. Neuro d/o
5. Stress esp. surgery
*Multiple issues |
|
|
Term
When a psych d/o happens later in life it can usually be correlated w/
*Examples |
|
Definition
The d/o earlier in life
*MDD and Anxiety d/o are usually recurrences
*Schizophrenia rarely appears first in late life |
|
|
Term
| What psych d/o is common as a late onset psych d/o (besides dementia) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Medical issues in dx psych d/o in an aging pop.
*eg. |
|
Definition
No dx if sxs can be explained by med. d/o or med.
side effect:
*eg.
1. Thyroid d/o
2. Addison's disease
3. Cushing's
4. Parkinson's
5. AD
6. Hypoglycemia
7. Anemia/nutritional issues |
|
|
Term
MDD in an aging pop.
*Often misdx as:
*Co-morbid w/
*What deficits seen in late life more often than early life?
*Important note about these Sxs |
|
Definition
*Dementia
*Alcohol abuse
*Cog. deficits
*May be both a cause and sx of MDD |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of MDD in late life |
|
Definition
1. Strokes/VD
2. Poor health
3. Death of spouse (most recover)
4. Social isolation
5. Retirement |
|
|
Term
Depression in late life is: (prev.)
3 successful treatments for MDD in late life:
Probs w/ these |
|
Definition
*Underdiagnosed
*SSRIs, CBT, IPT, ECT, therapy at home
-More sens. to Rx side effects
-Increase risk for MI and toxic rxns |
|
|
Term
Older adults are ___ more likely to commit suicide.
Men and suicide:
Women and suicide:
Major risk factor for suicide: |
|
Definition
*3x
*Rates increase w/age (80-84), esp. for whites
*Peaks at 50s, then declines
*MDD |
|
|
Term
Most common anxiety d/o for older adults:
Another anxiety d/o sometimes seen:
3 Possible causes
Treatment |
|
Definition
*GAD
*PTSD
*1. Poverty, 2. Medical issues, 3. Social isolation
*CBT, Benzodiazepines |
|
|
Term
Paranoid D/O
*Most common cause
*Also linked to
*Treatment |
|
Definition
*Brain disease (eg. Delirium, dementia)
*Hearing loss and isolation
*Support+CT, and antipsychotics |
|
|
Term
Substance abuse d/o and late life:
*Why should we worry? (3) |
|
Definition
1. Tolerance decreases w/age
2. Metabolize alcohol more slowly
3. Cog. deficits become more pronounced |
|
|
Term
Adjusting treatment for the elderly:
*Barriers (3)
*Innovative treatment |
|
Definition
1. Less likely to seek treatment
2. Less likely to be assessed and referred
3. $$$
*Behavioral gerontology
*Computer usage |
|
|
Term
| What childhood d/o are coded on Axis II? |
|
Definition
1. Pervasive developmental d/o
2. MR |
|
|
Term
Learning disabilities:
*Define:
*Rule out: |
|
Definition
*Inadequate dev. in a specific area of academic,
language, speech, or motor skills
*MR, ASD, physical d/o, education opportunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reading d/o
Probs w/word recognition and reading comprehension |
|
|
Term
| D/o of written expression |
|
Definition
Probs. writing including spelling, grammar, and
punctuation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Probs. counting, remember arithmetic facts, and
aligning numbers in columns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Difficulty expressing self in verbal speech
*Speaks in short phrases
*Forgets word meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Vocab is okay, but probs. articulating speech sounds
*Complete recovery w/speech tx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Frequent repetitions or prolongation of sounds
*Long pauses b/n words
*Repeating words
*Twitching/blinking
*80% recover by 16 y.o. |
|
|
Term
| Developmental Coordination D/o |
|
Definition
Impairment in motor coordination
eg. tying shoes, writing, catching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IQ<70
Deficits in adaptive functioning
*eg. self-care, communication, home living,
decision making, etc.
*Before age 18
*Focus on strengths in order to assess ability to
function |
|
|
Term
Mild MR: range+prevalence
Moderate MR: range+prev.
Severe MR: range+prev.
Profound MR: range+prev. |
|
Definition
*50-70, 85%
*35-50, 10%
*20-40, 3-4%
*Below 20, 1-2% |
|
|
Term
| Neurological factors linked to MR (8) |
|
Definition
1. Down's Syndrome: Trisomy of chromosome 21
2. Fragile X syndrome
3. Recessive-gene disease (PKU)
4. Maternal infections (1st trimester)
-HIV, rubella, syphilis
5. Encephalitis
6. Malnutrition
7. TBI
8. Pb or Hg poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Residential care
2. Behavioral treatments
*Language, social, motor skills training
*Steps teaching basic self-care
*Cog. treatments (Prob. solving) |
|
|
Term
| Pervasive Dev. D/o (4 eg.) |
|
Definition
1. ASD
2. Rett's d/o
3. Childhood disintegrative d/o
4. Asperger's d/o |
|
|
Term
ASD is marked by impairments in what 2 areas?
Examples of each: |
|
Definition
1. Social interactions
*Deficient nonverbal behaviors
*Poor peer relations
*Lack of social/emotional reciprocity
Communication
*Lack of spoken language
*Probs. initiating or sustaining convos
*Repetitious/idiosyncratic language
*Echolalia |
|
|
Term
| Ex. of repetitious or stereotyped behaviors in ASD |
|
Definition
1. Ab. preoccupation w/objects
2. Ritualized behaviors (rocking, hand flapping)
3. Stereotyped mannerisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Higher IQs +language before age 6= :)
Many can function fairly independently |
|
|
Term
| Bettleheim's psychoanalytic theory of ASD |
|
Definition
Rejecting unresponsive parents
Child then withdraws into their own world
NOT supported by data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brain size
*Normal at birth-->Larger
*Pruning may not be occuring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Excessive levels of activity
2. Distractability and probs. concentrating
3. Severe and persistent (6 mo) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Hyperactive
2. Inattentive
3. both |
|
|
Term
ADHD is often comorbid w/(not counting ODD, CD)
How long do sxs last? |
|
Definition
Anxiety and depression
Beyond childhood |
|
|
Term
Etiology of ADHD
*Genetic
*Neurobiological |
|
Definition
*High heritability
*Underactive frontal lobes
*Dec. cerebral blood flow
*Smaller frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, globulus
pallidus |
|
|
Term
Etiology of ADHD:
Peri/Pre-natal:
Environ. |
|
Definition
*Low Birth Wt.
*Mom uses tobacco/alcohol
*NOT sugar or food additives
*Nicotine
-Damage dopaminergic sys. |
|
|
Term
Etiology of ADHD
*Psych factors (3) |
|
Definition
1. Ineffective parenting+Neg. interactions
2. Psych+Genetics+Neurobio
3. Probably increases or maintains, but doesn't
CAUSE ADHD |
|
|
Term
Treatment of ADHD
*Goal
*How
*Side effects |
|
Definition
*Reduce disruptive behavior, improve attn. and conc.
*Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta, Strattera
*Wt. loss, loss of appetite, sleep issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Operant conditioning
*Parent training
*Classroom mgmt
*Classroom structure
-Short assignments
-Immediate feedback
-Task-focused
-Exercise breaks |
|
|
Term
| 2 ex. of Disruptive Behavior d/o |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pattern of behaviors that violate social norms and
rights of others
Aggression, cruelty towards ppl/animals, lying,
stealing, vandalism
All w/lack of remorse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Don't meet full criteria for CD
Argumentative, loses temper, lack of compliance,
deliberately aggravates others, hostile, spiteful,
vindictive, touchy, blames others
Most common in boys, but may be prev. in girls |
|
|
Term
Legal term for CD
Co-morbid w/(by gender)
Most common in: |
|
Definition
Juvenile delinquents
Substance abuse
Anxiety/Depression (esp. girls)
Boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Life course persistent
2. Adolescence-limited |
|
|
Term
| 6 Predictive factors for life course persistent CD |
|
Definition
1. Low verbal IQ
2. Parent w/ASPD
3. Temperament
4. Dysfunctional parent-child interactions
5. Poverty
6. Low social support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Poor verbal skills
2. Difficulty w/exec. functioning
3. Low IQ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Deficient moral dev., esp. remorse
2. Modeling/reinforcement of aggressive beh.
3. Harsh and inconsistent parenting
4. Lack of parental monitoring
5. Cog. bias (Hostile attribution bias) |
|
|
Term
CD:
*Peer influence
*Sociocultural factors |
|
Definition
*Acceptance or rejection by peers
*Affiliate w/deviant peers
*Poverty
*Urban |
|
|
Term
MDD in Children/Adolescents
Sxs common no matter the age (5) |
|
Definition
1. Depressed mood
2. Anhedonia
3. Fatigue
4. Probs. concen.
5. Suicide |
|
|
Term
| MDD sxs specific to children (5) |
|
Definition
1. Higher rates of suicide attempts and guilt
2. Lower rates of
*Early morning waking
*Early morning depression
*Loss of appetite
*Wt. loss |
|
|
Term
MDD is more common in:
Rates of childhood depression seem to be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Etiology of MDD in kids:
Family/Relationship factors (4) |
|
Definition
1. Parent who is depressed
2. Cold/hostile fam.
3. Parental criticism
4. Poor social skills
*These may be cause +/- effect |
|
|
Term
Anxiety and children:
Adults w/anxiety d/o report:
4 most common |
|
Definition
Feeling anxious as children
1. Specific phobias
2. GAD
3. Social phobia
4. OCD |
|
|
Term
Anxiety d/o specific to childhood:
+Special version |
|
Definition
1. Separation anxiety d/o
School phobia |
|
|
Term
| 3 Sxs of separation anxiety |
|
Definition
Extreme anxiety when separated from a parent
1. Throws tantrums/pleads to avoid separation
2. Trouble staying 1 room away from parent
3. Sxs last at least 4 weeks |
|
|
Term
| School phobia has two major foci of fears +elaborate |
|
Definition
1. Separation anxiety: Worry about parent safety
2. Fear of school: Begins later, more severe avoidance |
|
|
Term
Social phobia:
2 sxs +explain
Etiology (3) |
|
Definition
1. Extreme shyness/withdrawal
2. Maybe selective mutism
*Refusal to speak in unfamiliar situations
*Can be its own diagnosis
1. Overestimation of threat
2. Underestimation of coping ability
3. Poor social skills |
|
|
Term
PTSD
*3 common triggers
*3 Sx categories
*3 etiologies |
|
Definition
*1. physical/sexual abuse, 2. community violence,
3. natural disasters
*1. Flashbacks/nightmares/intrusive thoughts,
2. Avoidance, 3. Hyperarousal/vigilance
*1. Preexisting anxiety, 2. family stress/coping
styles, 3. Parental response to trauma |
|
|
Term
| 2 other d/o of childhood+examples |
|
Definition
1. Tic d/o
*Tourette's
*Chronic vocal/motor tics
2. Elimination d/o
*Encopresis
*Enuresis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Motor+Verbal tics
2. More common in males
3. Usually lifelong
4. Maybe related to OCD and ADHD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Part of humanistic therapies
3 Components:
1. Everyone has worth & dignity
2. Has rights and responsibilities
3. Is independent and self-directing |
|
|
Term
| Predominance of the subjective |
|
Definition
Part of humanistic therapies
*The individ. experience of awareness, purpose,
and choice is important
*Suspicious of objectivity
*Subjectivity=Authentic |
|
|
Term
| Emphasis on growth and humanistic |
|
Definition
*Humans are active organisms
*Humans have an inherent capacity for growth
*Capacity can be suppressed
*Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
|
|
Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
|
Definition
1. Basic Needs (survival)
2. Safety Needs (comfort)
3. Psych Needs
4. Self-Actualization
5. Peak Experiences |
|
|
Term
| Humanistic view of human nature |
|
Definition
Basic human nature is good
Distortions are possible |
|
|
Term
| Humanistic view of authentic human encounters |
|
Definition
Positive view
Full participation possible and healthy
Focus on here and now
Necessary for therapeutic change |
|
|
Term
| Humanistic and scientific method |
|
Definition
Fails to accurately capture complexity of human nature
Studies the parts not the whole
Excessive focus on overt behavior |
|
|
Term
| Big name in humanistic therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phenomenological view of therapy |
|
Definition
| Subjective views of the self and the world are most important |
|
|
Term
6 Parts of the Phenomenological view of devt. and
functioning |
|
Definition
1. Individ. is at the center of a changing world of
exp.
2.Perception=Reality
3. Behavior is an attempt to satisfy needs
4. Organisms react as org. wholes
5. Devt of the self is REALLY important
6. Actualizing tendency-->Fully Functioning
Person |
|
|
Term
Maladjustment according to humanists can result from
(2) |
|
Definition
1. Conditions of worth: Ppl provide pos. regard
conditionally
2. Incongruence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arises from:
*Person enacting a false self to get conditional
pos. regard
*Ppl not living authentically (not realizing their
behavior+consequences)
*Behavior doesn't =goals, beliefs
*Change beh. or self-image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Person accurately views own exp. w/o this being
a threat to self-concept
*Real self=Ideal self
*See self accurately and living consistently |
|
|
Term
According to Rogers:
*Who is responsible for improvement:
*Goal:
*Therapists job
*Overall theme: |
|
Definition
*Only the client can improve
*Removes distractions so self-actualization can
progress
*Unconditional Pos. Regard and empathy
*Nonevaluative; therapist reflects w/
-Clarification of feelings
-Paraphrase |
|
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Term
Humanistic therapy:
Necessary and sufficient conditions for change |
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Definition
1. 2 persons in psych. contact
2. Client=Incongruent, Therapist=Congruent
3. Therapist gives UCPR
4. Therapist is empathetic |
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Term
| 3 Probs w/Roger's therapy |
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Definition
1. Helpful, but not sufficient
2. Not everyone was as good
3. Is there really an innate tendency for healthy
growth |
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Term
Gestalt therapy:
*Basic premises:
*Leader |
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Definition
*Sense of a unified whole
*Fritz Perls |
|
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Term
| 3 Central themes in Gestalt therapy |
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Definition
1. Humans are unified
2. Indiv. continually seeks to complete the gestalt
3.Personality is composed of polarities
Denying one of these polarities=unhealthy
This is called dichotomies |
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Term
Ecological interdependence:
Accurate awareness
Responsibilities |
|
Definition
Gestalt Therapy:
*Ind. must define themselves as sep. from others
but still connect to them
*Key to healthy dev.: Honest assess. of self+others
*Accurate awareness+Willingness to live by it |
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Term
Neuroses:
In Adults:
Causes |
|
Definition
*Growth d/o usually beginning in childhood
*Ppl dev. a tendency to act out phony roles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Parents cause it by:
1. Under support: Pulled support b4 child was
ready
2. Critical dictation: Support contingent on
proper beh.
3. Spoiling: Child never frustrated |
|
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Term
| 6 Rules of Gestalt Therapy |
|
Definition
1. Comm. is in the present
2. Comm. is b/n equals
3. Use "I" language (accept responsibility)
4. Client is mindful
5. No gossip
6. Questions are discouraged (sneaking ways
of stating an opinion) |
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Term
Confrontation
Self-involving disclosures
Directed activities |
|
Definition
*Therapist actively pts. out apparent conflicts
that pt. to lack of awareness
*The therapist states own feelings and thoughts
(present)
*Therapist suggests beh. designed to incr. client
awareness |
|
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Term
| Client role in Gestalt therapy (2) |
|
Definition
1. Must actively change phony ways
2. Has power to change |
|
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Term
Gestalt treatment:
*Goal
*Therapist's job
*Ex. of directed activities |
|
Definition
*Use the self that attends therapy to red. phony self
*Active facilitator
*Two-chair, empty chair, "I take responsibility,"
Playing the projection, Exaggeration |
|
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Term
Existential Psych:
*Emphasis on:
*Key issue:
*Results in: |
|
Definition
*Individ's personal exp. in life w/a focus on
existential dilemma
*Inevitability of death
*Angst |
|
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Term
| Meaning and the choice to be in existential psych |
|
Definition
*Life has no meaning=you create it
*You assign your own meaning
*Do this by living authentically
*Meaningless can be powerful and neg. if you let it |
|
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Term
| Cause of psychopathology according to existential psych. |
|
Definition
Death and meaningless-->
*Despair: giving in to them
*Desperate avoidance: Distract yourself from
them |
|
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Term
| Treatment and existential psych (3) |
|
Definition
1. Meaning
2. Goals
3. Authentic existence |
|
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Term
| Existential psych and the choice of nothingness (2 extremes) |
|
Definition
1. Suicide
2. Inauthentic acts
*Lack of commitment to goals
*Lack of commitment to self-determined respon. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*Awareness of failure to fulfill your possibilities
*Inevitable for any self-aware person (unavoidable) |
|
|
Term
| Dasein and Existential psych |
|
Definition
1. Conveys a sense of exp. as an autonomous,
separate, evolving entity
2. Central task of life is to exp. dasein fully and
honestly |
|
|
Term
Behavior Tx focuses on:
Relies on the idea that: |
|
Definition
*Overt beh. and conscious mental processes
*Beh. can be learned and unlearned
-Operant conditioning |
|
|
Term
| Temporal emphasis w/Beh. Tx |
|
Definition
*Present Time
-Past is important for shaping cognitions and
beh.
-Insight does NOT= cure |
|
|
Term
| Beh. Tx and the treatment relationship |
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Definition
| Important but not sufficient |
|
|
Term
Beh. Tx places emphasis on:
*Why? |
|
Definition
The scientific method
*Focus on outcomes
*Want clients to do this too
*Attempt to incorporate feedback from research
into practice |
|
|
Term
Beh Tx:
*Techniques
*Cure comes from:
*How should the therapist behave? |
|
Definition
*Wide variety
*Defined goals
*Active and directive |
|
|
Term
The most common type of behavioral therapy:
What plays a very important role in treatment? |
|
Definition
CBT
Exposure: Face anxiety-provoking situation= :) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emphasis on description, not why
How, when, where, what
Occurs throughout treatment
Open discussion of therapist's theories
Freq. use of questionnaires and direct obs. |
|
|
Term
Exposure therapies:
*Often used to treat:
*Why?
*How does it progress?
*3 Ex. |
|
Definition
Anxiety d/o
Being repeatedly exposed w/o the aversive
outcome-->No more fear response
Typically gradual, following a hierarchy. Can be
imagined or in vivo
1. ERP
2. Flooding
3. Systematic desensitization |
|
|
Term
ERP:
*Often used to treat
*How does it progress
*Client's role
*What is not allowed |
|
Definition
*OCD
*Graduated, situations must provoke anxiety and
must be repeated until anxiety is gone
*Directly engage w/feared aspect
*Distraction or avoidance/accommodation beh. |
|
|
Term
Flooding:
*AKA
*Define:
*Caveat
*Potential problem |
|
Definition
*Implosion TX
*Exposure to anxiety-provoking sit. until anxiety
is gone
*Works, but clients don't want to do it
*Premature escape=Increased anxiety |
|
|
Term
Systematic desensitization:
*Often used to treat:
*Progression |
|
Definition
*Phobias and anxiety d/o
*Exposure therapy+relaxation training
-Can't relax and be anxious
-Counterconditioning |
|
|
Term
Operant conditioning techniques
*How does it work |
|
Definition
Modify beh. by manipulating consequences
-eg. attn from others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Empirical support
Really good for MDD, Anxiety, Children's beh. d/o |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic relationship and CTx |
|
Definition
Learning tool:
*Education
*Handouts, mini-lectures, readings
*Assignments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Written: Record of events, interpretations, and feelings
Behavioral: Perform certain beh. to examine validity
of a cognition |
|
|
Term
CTx:
*How long does it last
*How does it progress |
|
Definition
*Brief <15 sessions
*Planned, focused on goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meaning sys. of each indiv. is idiosyncratic |
|
|
Term
What did Ellis concen. on?
What did Beck concen. on?
Both believed... |
|
Definition
*Specific, but broad irrational thoughts
*Categories of cog. distortions
*Ppl have bad habits that they can learn to recog.
and correct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A: Activating Event
B: Belief
C: Consequence/Emotion |
|
|
Term
Basis of REBT
Rational according to REBT
REBT and hedonism |
|
Definition
Emotions caused by beliefs about events, not the
events
That which aids ppl in achieving their basic goals
and purposes
In the long run, more ST goals are accomplished
if you focus on the LT goal |
|
|
Term
| 3 of Ellis's 12 Basic Irrational Ideas |
|
Definition
1. Everyone wants to be loved or approved of by
everyone else
2. You should be completely competent, adequate,
and achieving in everything to be worthy
3. Certain ppl are bad and they should be punished
or blamed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. A: Activating Event
2. B: Belief
3. C: Consequence
4. D: Dispute
5. E: Effective new belief |
|
|
Term
Beck's Cog. Triad
How can we id distortions? |
|
Definition
Neg. views of the self, world, and future
Looking at readily accessible thoughts |
|
|
Term
| Beck's 3 specific kinds of beliefs: |
|
Definition
1. Expectations (future)
2. Evaluations (self and others)
3. Attributions (Causality and resp.) |
|
|
Term
| 8 Common thought distortions |
|
Definition
1. Black and White
2. Catastrophizing
3. Magnify/Minimize
4. Personalization
5. Generalization
6. Filtering: Focus only on the bad
7. Mind reading
8. Selective abstraction: Only focus on one thing |
|
|
Term
| Beck's 3 Cog. factors contributing to mood d/o |
|
Definition
1. Generalization: Sweeping gen. based on 1 event
2. Arbitrary inference: Draw a conc. w/o sufficient
info
3. Selective abstraction: Focus on one element, and
ignore the rest |
|
|
Term
| How does CTx typically work? |
|
Definition
| Our beliefs are hypotheses that need to be tested |
|
|
Term
Cog. restructuring:
Why?
3 Steps. |
|
Definition
*Cog.-->feelings, so changing illogical cog. can
-->more approp. emotional rxns
1. Id illogical thoughts
2. Challenge the thought
3. Replace the thought |
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