Term
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Definition
| Committed because the person believes it will be for the good of society. |
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Definition
| helps a person to assess how emotionally important a stimulus is |
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Definition
| triggered by a sudden change in persons relation to society. societies experiencing serious and economic changes can promote suicide. |
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Definition
| ocus on situation and execute appropriate plans |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| behavior activation therapy |
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Definition
Becks behavioral technique
People are given activity assignments to provide them with successful experiences and to allow them to think well of themselves
Seeks to increase participation in positiviely reinforcing activities so as to disrupt the spiral of depression withdrawal, and avoidance |
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Term
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Definition
| improves communication between couples. Its as effective in relieving depression as individuals cognitive therapy or antidepressant medication |
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Term
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Definition
formally manic depressive disorder.
Include a single episode of mania or a single mixed episode during the course of a person’s life. |
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Definition
milder form of bipolar disorder. Person must have experienced at least one depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
Cyclothymic Disorder: chronic mood disorder and the symptoms have to present |
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Definition
| extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement (MDD or mania) |
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Definition
Tendencies to process info in certain negative ways
People with depression are overly attentive to negative feedback about themselves and fail to notice positive feedback |
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Term
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Definition
aimed at altering maladaptive though patterns
Tries to help person with depression to change his opinions about the self
Helps the person look for evidence that contradicts the overgeneralization of worthlessness, such as abilities that he person is overlooking or discounting
Teaches the person to monitor private monologues and to identify thought patterns that contribute to depression
Then teaches person to challenge negative beliefs and to learn strategies that promote making realistic and positive assumptions
Emphasis on cognitive restructuring |
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Term
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Definition
main stress hormone and triggers the body to prepare for threats)
Links between high cortisol and depression |
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Definition
causes over secretion of corisol
Patients frequently experience depressive symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
chronic mood disorder and the symptoms have to present for at least two years
Frequent but mild symptoms of depression, alternating with mild symptoms of mania
Epidemiology and consequences
Rarer that MDD
Occur equally in men and women, but women experience more episodes of depression. Age of onset= 20s but seen more frequently in children and adolescents \
Risk of other medical conditions and they are severe. Patients with mood disorders who are hospitalized are twice and likely to die that patients without |
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Definition
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Definition
chronically depressed for most of the time for at least 2 years. Little pleasure from activities and have at least 2 other symptoms of depression
Different from MDD because of initial duration, type, and number of symptoms. Rarer, both are comorbid with other psychological problems |
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Term
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Definition
| committed by people who have few ties to family, society, or community. Social isolation. |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy ECT |
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Definition
used to treat MDD that has not responded to medication
entails deliberately inducting a momentary seizure and unconsciousness by passing a 70-130 volt current through the patient’s brain
most reliable treatment available for depression with psychotic features even though we don’t know why it works
risks of short term confusion and memory loss |
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Term
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Definition
because symptoms tend to be present for a period of time and then clear
two times more common in women than men
three times more common among the impoverished
related to a high risk of other health problems (cardiovascular disease) and leading cause of disability |
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Term
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Definition
| a family member’s critical or hostile comments toward or emotional overinvolvement with the person with depression |
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Term
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Definition
personality trait associated with frequent experiences of positive affect
Low extraversion predicts the onset of depression |
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Term
| family focused treatment FFT |
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Definition
family interventions. Aims to educate the family about the illness, enhance family communication, and develop problems solving skills
leads to lower rates of relapse when added to medication treatment
relieves symptoms of depression more than mania |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| help person retrieve previous memories |
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Term
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Definition
Suggests that cognitive processes explain only one type of depression (hopelessness depression)
Symptoms: decreased motiviation, sadness, suicidal, decreased energy, psychomotor retardation, sleep disturbances, poor concentration, and negative cognitions
Trigger is hopelessness:
Desirable outcomes will not occur
The person has no responses available to change this situation
Can be triggered by stable and global attributions about the causes of stressors
Can become hopeless though low self esteem or through the sometimes accurate recognition that life events will have severe negative consequences |
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Term
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Definition
biological system that manages the reactivity to stress
May be overly active during episodes of MDD
Triggers the release of corisol (main stress hormone and triggers the body to prepare for threats)
Links between high corisol and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| less extreme than mania. Does not involve significant impairment. It involves a change in functioning that does not cause serious problems |
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Definition
builds on the idea that depression is closely tied to interpersonal problems
Core of the therapy is to examine major interpersonal problems, such as role transitions, interpersonal conflicts, bereavement, and interpersonal isolation
Focus on one or tow issues, with the goal of helping the person identify his or her feelings about these issues, make important decisions, and make changes to resolve problems related to these issues
Brief= 16 sessions
Techniques: discussing interpersonal problems, exploring negative feelings and encouraging their expressions, improving both verbal and nonverbal communication, problem solving, and suggesting new and more satisifying modes of behavior
Treat MDD and prevents relapse and dysthymia
Less helpful than antidepressants with elderly |
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Term
| learned helplessness theory |
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Definition
ormulated to explain the behavior of dogs given electric shock
Dogs even inescapable shocks gave up and were more less likely to learn and avoidance shock even if given a way out
Sense of helplessness impairs performance even when aversive situations are controllable
The attributions (explainations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred) that the revised theory focused on
Internal (personal) vs external (environmental) causes
Stable (permanent) vs unstable (temporary) causes
Global (relevant to many life domains) vs specific (limited to one area) causes
People whose Attributional style leads then to believe that negative life events are due to internal, stable, and global causes are likely to become depressed
Predicts increases in depressive symptoms, but it is unclear whether attributional style predicts full diagnosis of MDD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug found to be effective in suicide prevention with people with Bi Polar disorder. |
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Term
| major depressive disorder MDD |
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Definition
requires depressive symptoms present for 2 weeks. Symptoms must include either depressed symptoms or loss of interest and pleasure
four of the following must also be present: symptoms must be present for most of day
sleeping to much or too little
psychomotor retardation or agitation
poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain
loss of energy
feelings of worthlessness
difficulity concentrating, thinking, or making decisions
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| state of intense elation or irritability accompanied by other symptoms shown. May become louder and make an incessant stream of remarks..remarks may be difficult to interpret and may shift from topic to topic reflecting flight of ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| finds no pleasure in any activity, does not feel better even temporarily with good things happen, and also experiences at least three other symptoms of depression, such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are wose in the morning than at other times of the day, waking at least 2 early, loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation, or guilt. (depression) |
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Term
| mindful based cognitive Therapy MBCT |
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Definition
focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression
Based on the assumption that a person becomes vulnerable to relapse because of repeated associations between sad mood and patterns of self devaluative hopeless thinking during major depressive episodes
Goal: to teach people to recognize then they start to become depressed and to try adopting what can be called a decentered perspective, viewing their thoughts merely as mental events rather than as a core aspects of the self or as accurate reflections of reality |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by severe symptoms of both mania and depression with the same week |
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Term
| monoamine oxidase inhibitors. MAO |
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Definition
| least used because of life threating side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Two types only depressive and manic (bipolar disorder) involve disturbances in emotion from extreme sadness and disengagement of depression to the extreme elation and irritability of mania. |
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Term
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Definition
| distress and worry. involved with depression and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative views of the self, the world, and the future |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality trait that involves the tendency to react to events with greater than average negative affect. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| happiness and contentment Involved with depression |
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Term
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Definition
| onset within 4 weeks of postpartum (MDD or mania) |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on situation and execute appropriate plans |
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Term
| psycho educational approaches |
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Definition
helps people learn about the symptoms of the disorder, expected time course of symptoms, the biological and psychological triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies
Can help reduce relapse |
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Term
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Definition
| delusions and hallucinations (MDD or mania) |
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Term
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Definition
| if the person has experienced at least four episodes with the past year (bipolar I and II disorders) |
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Term
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Definition
| hanges could help explain why people seem less motivated to pursue rewards during depression and overly focused on possible rewards during mania |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| seasonal affective disorder |
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Definition
| if episodes happen regularly at a particular time of the year |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI's |
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Definition
most common but reports of suicide associated with SSRIs mostly during early stages or increase of dosage
a lot of the time medication doesn’t work
side effects
relapse common after withdrawn
continuing treatment after remission decreases recurrence
antidepressants work more quickly than therapy
acute depression: antidepressants work equally as well as CT in some studies and with severe depression |
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Term
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Definition
| help regulate norepinephrine and dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
sweaty palms, fast heart rate
Involved with anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of harming oneself often as a cry for help, the don't always want to die but to make one feel guilted into something like love or forgiveness |
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Term
| suicide prevention centers |
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Definition
| aim to provide 24 hour phone hotline support to people in suicidal cases |
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Term
| tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Major precursor of serotonin
Low levels of G-proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a significant reduction in the amount of speech…don’t talk much |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of interest in or a reported lessening of the experience of pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
the amount of expected or anticipated pleasure from future events or activities
Schizophrenic people appear to have a deficit in anticipatory pleasure, but not consummatory |
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Term
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Definition
ower dopamine levels
Side effect: Parkinson’s disease= due to low levels of dopamine
Block a postsynaptic dopamine receptor (D2 receptor) |
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Term
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Definition
| severe impairment in social relationships. Want to spend time alone, not with people |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities, including school or work, self care, hobbies, or social activities |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts from 1 day to 1 month and often brought on by extreme stress, such as bereavement |
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Term
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Definition
may gesture repeatedly, using peculiar and sometimes complex sequences of finger, hand, and arm movements, which often seem purposeful
unusual increase in overall level of activity |
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Term
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Definition
| people adopt unusual postures and maintain them for long periods of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| catatonic symptoms… person may alternate between catatonic immobility and wild excitement, but one of these symptoms may predominate. Negative symptoms are also likely present |
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Term
| cognitive enhancement therapy |
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Definition
reatments that seek to enhance basic cognitive functions such as verbal leaning ability
more effective than EST in improving cognitive abilities in problem solving , attention, social cognition, and social adjustment
more read for employment
residential treatment |
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Term
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Definition
the amount of pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of something pleasurable
Ex: the amount of pleasure you experience as you are eating a good meal |
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Term
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Definition
troubled by persistent delusions of persecution or by delusional jealousy, the unfounded conviction that a souse or lover is unfaithful, delusion of being followed, delusions of erotomania (believes that one is loved by someone else usually a stranger with higher status), somatic delusion (believing that some internal organ is malfunctioning)
only delusions, no hallucinations so not paranoid schizophrenia
less bizarre delusions |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence |
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Term
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Definition
(Kraepelin and Bleuler)
Subtypes
Dementia paranoids
Catatonia
Hebephrenia
All subtypes had common core: early onset (praecox) and progressive, inevitable intellectual deterioration (dementia)
Bleuler thought disorder didn’t have to have early onset and didn’t lead to dementia so term was not appropriate
Proposed schizophrenia (split mind)
Defined by symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
may go inexplicable bouts of agitation, dress in unsual clothes, act in a childlike or silly manner, hoard food, or collect garbage
have difficulty performing tasks
other symptoms |
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Term
| disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| manifested that speech is disorganized and difficult for listener to follow. Person may have flat affect or experience constant shifts of emotion, breaking into inexplicable fits of laughter and crying. The person’s behavior is also generally disorganized and not goal directed |
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Term
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Definition
| : problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so that listener can understand |
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Term
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Definition
| disorganized speech and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Schizophrenia because of high levels of dopamine
Antipsychotic drugs lower dopamine levels
Side effect: Parkinson’s disease= due to low levels of dopamine
Block a postsynaptic dopamine receptor (D2 receptor)
Came from ampthetamine psychosis
Amphetamine can produce a state that resembles paranoid schizo
Worsen symptoms of schizo
Cause the release of norepinephrine and dopamine into synaptic cleft and prevent inactivation
Psychosis-inducing effects of amphetamines are a result of increasing activity of dopamine rather than of norepinephrine because antipsychotics are effecting in treating amphetamine psychosis |
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Term
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Definition
patients that returned to high EE families had higher rate of relapse
families with negative emotions |
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Term
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Definition
lack of outward expression of emotion. Person may stare vacantly, muscles of face are motionless, eyes are lifeless
Peron many talk in a flat and toneless voice and may not look at person talking |
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Term
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Definition
| : person has an exaggerated sense of his importance, power, knowledge, or identity…person thinks he can move the wind with hands |
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Term
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Definition
sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment
more auditory and visual
reports of hearing own thoughts spoken by another voice
hear voices of arguing
may be a problem in connection between the frontal lobe that enable the production of speech and the temporal lobe areas that enable understanding of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| he incorporates unimportant events within a delusional framework and reads personal significance into the trivial activities of others |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional responses are out of context…may rapidly shift emotions |
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Term
| loose associations (derailment) |
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Definition
| person may be more successful in communicating with a listener but has difficulty sticking to one topic |
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Term
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Definition
consist of behavior deficits
Symptoms tend to endure beyond an acute episode and have profound effects on lives
Important to distinguish symptoms due to schizophrenia and another factor |
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Term
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Definition
| : presence of prominent delusions, such as delusions of persecutions, grandose delusions, or ideas of reference. Vivid auditory hallucinations may accompany the delusions. Speech is not organized, and flat affect is not typically present even though a person may be somewhat stilted, formal, and intense with others |
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Term
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Definition
| comprise excesses and distortions…acute episodes are characterized by this |
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Term
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Definition
important
Plays a role in behavior
Failure to show frontal activation is related to the severity of negative symptoms and thus parallels to work on dopamine underactivity in to frontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| used hen a person no longer meets the full criteria for schizophrenia but still shows some signs of illness |
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Term
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Definition
| comprises a mixture of symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders |
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Term
| second generation antipsychotic drugs |
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Definition
Clozapine (clozaril)
Greater gains in reducing positive and disorganize symptoms
Less treatment dropout
Reduces relapse
Produces fewer motor side effects
Impact on serotonin receptors
Side effects
Impair functioning of immune system by lowering number of white blood cells (agranulocytosis)
Seizures
Dizziness, fatigue, drooling, weight gain
Realized that second generation drugs are not greater than first |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that during the course of their developing illness, people with schizo may drift into poor neighborhoods because their illness impairs their earning power and cannot afford to live elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
designed to teach people with schizo how to successfully manage a wide variety of interpersonal situations-discussing their medications with their psychiatrist, ordering meals in a restaurant, filling out job applications, interviewing for jobs, saying no to drug dealers, and reading bus schedules
Involves role playing and other group exercises |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that stressors associated with SES may cause or contribute to the development of schizo |
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Term
| undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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Definition
| applied to people meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia but not for any of the three main subtypes |
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Term
| What is personality disorder |
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Definition
|
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Term
| why are personality disorders diagnosed on Axis II of DSM |
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Definition
| Axis II is for assessing personality disorders and intellectual disabilities. These disorders are usually life-long problems that first arise in childhood |
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Term
| What are the three clusters of personality |
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Definition
| Eccentric , Erratic, fearful |
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Term
| Which personality disorders are the most severe |
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Definition
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Term
| Which personality disorders are most frequently seen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the defining symptoms of Borderline PD |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What Axis I disorders frequently co-occur with BPD? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What therapy has been found to be effective for BPD? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who introduced Dialectical Behavior Disorder |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does linehan explain the development of DBD |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some of the basic goals/methods of DBT? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Cleckley describe psychopathy as a personality trait? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What were some of the “positive” characteristics of psychopathy, according to Cleckley |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of environmental factors have been found to be associated with APD? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of biological characteristics have been associated with APD? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How effective are treatments for APD? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Most promising therapies for reducing suicide. |
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Definition
| Cognitive Behavioral Approaches. |
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Term
|
Definition
profound sadness and/or an ability to experience pleasure
view things in a negative light and don’t have hope
physical symptoms: fatigue, low energy, aches and pains…can convince person that they have a medial condition even though there is no physical cause
problems falling asleep or sleep too much
loss of appetite or eating too much
social withdrawal and suicide thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
Potential for depression is created early in childhood, during the oral period
May cause the person to become excessively dependent on other people for the maintenance of self-esteem
After the loss of a loved one, the mourner is angry that he is left alone and also feels guilt. Anger is directed inward =self blame and depression |
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Term
|
Definition
People develop depression because their thinking is negative
Depression is associated with Negative Triad
Negative views of the self, the world, and the future
Children with depression acquired a negative schemata through experiences such as loss of parent, social rejection, or depressive attitude of parent
Underlying set of beliefs that operate outside of a parents awareness to shape the way a person makes sense of his or her experiences
Activated whenever the person encounters situations similar to those that originally caused the schema to form
Cause cognitive biases:
Tendencies to process info in certain negative ways
People with depression are overly attentive to negative feedback about themselves and fail to notice positive feedback |
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Term
|
Definition
| Learned helplessness Theory: Hopelessness theory |
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Term
|
Definition
characterized by disturbances n thought, emotion, and behavior-disordered thinking, in which ideas are not logically related; faulty perception and attention; a lack of emotional expressiveness or, at times, inappropriate expressions; and disturbances in movement and behavior, such as a disheveled appearance
May withdraw from people and from everyday reality, often into a life of odd belief (delusions) and hallucinations
Effects men slightly more than women
1% = lifetime prevalence
Comorbid with substance abuse
Sometimes begins in childhood, but usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
problem solving, planning, and making associates between thinking and feeling
problems with that is associated to disorganized speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Borderline |
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Term
|
Definition
| Avoidant, Dependent, Compulsive. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Avoidant, Dependent, Compulsive. |
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