Cluster A

(Disorders and Category)

Person who seems odd or eccentric

Disorders: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal

Cluster B

(disorders and category)

Dramatic and Erratic

Disorders: Antisocial, Boderline, Histronic, and Narcissitic

Cluster C

(disorders and category)

Anxious or Fearful

Dirsorders: Avoidant, Dependant, Obsessive Compulsive

hositility, jealously, suspision someone wants to harm them, unjustified doubts about relationship.

At risk prisioners and refugees

Common in men more than women.

early adult hood or adolescence

Cognitive or perceptual disotortions: ideas of refernce, odd beliefs, magical thinking, odd dress and speech, have few or no close friends, excessive anxiety when around others, paranoid fears of others.

3-5% of population, more common in males.

before age 15 it starts to occur, Conduct disorder includes: tr

uancy, lying, theft, arson, running away from home and/or destruction of property, blatant disregard for others rights, violent towards other with lack of remorse, impulsive and aggressive.

More prevalant in men, 30% people in prisions

No treatment right now, prevention of behaviors at young age

implusive, distortions on sense of self (has highs and lows), also have intense emotions ( kill themseleves,etc) innapropriate anger.

Women make up 75% of people with BPD and make up 20% of psych hospitals.

High Rates of suicidal behavior and substance abuse, possible childhood trauma, doesnt understand emotions.

Fear of social situtations where they could be rejected, disapproved, and have extreme sensativity to critism.

Equal in Male and Females and highly Comorbid with social phobias, dependant PD and Boderline PD. (Treatment like those for Social Phobias)

Preoccuppied w/ orderliness, control of work, personal life, emotions, details to organization. Often reluctant to share work with others unless they are going to do it their way.

Slightly more common in males. But highly comorbid with other disorders.

Little evidence found to treatment

Lack of self confidence, olack of sense of autonomy, view that other are more powerful, difficulty making decisions, disagrees with others, seeks reassurance, will get in a new relationship as soon as one ends.

Slightly more common in Females and treatment is to build interpersonal self, assertiveness skills and possibly even social training.

Many do not seek treatment because they might not want relationships or dont know how to go about getting relationships.

Treatment: education of social relationships, social skills training, cognitive therapy

Psychopathy: Superficial charm, grandoise sense of worth, manipulative, lack of remorse and prone to boredom and needs lots of stimulation. Not in DSM-IV

(ASPD) Behaviors vs. Personality traits ^

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

(Cluster B)

Weekly individual sessions,

Weekly group skills training in emotionregulation, interpersonal skills, Rules and consequences for self-mutilation, suicidal behavior, Emphasis on problem solving, 

INTENSIVE therapy package, but quite successful

(Not one single symptom defines the disorder)

(Acute and Episodic, but may seem impaired all the time)

 Disturbances in thought and perception, emotions, language Lifetime: 1% of people have it, tend to occur earlier in males (20's) than females)late 30's)

Comorbid w/ depression, anxiety and substance abuse

Positive Symptoms

(Schizophrenia)

Behavioral excesses or things added to persons behavior, normal things people dont do or do less of.

Examples: Disorganized Speech (Incoherence, jumpled phrases, Neologism (made up words, indecisiveness constantly changing topics, lude associations. Clanging (Stringing words together) words repeated often). Positive Delusions: Control, grandeur, altered perception. Positive Hallucinations: Hearing voices, seeing people.

Negative Symptoms

(Schizophrenia)

Avolition: Lack of energy and inhibition

Alogia: Reducation in speech

Anhedonia: inability to expierence pleasure

Associaitity: severe impairment in social relationships

Disorganized Behavior

(Schizophrenia)

Disorganized: Disorganized speech or flat or inappropriate affect. A general disruption in behavior.

Catatonic: prolonged motor immobility that alternates with periods of excited motorskills.

Paranoid: presence of prominent delusions including

persecution and grandiosity. C

ognitive skills and affect usually intact.  

Undifferentiated:symptoms that don’t fit one of above patterns

Dopamine Theory

(Schizo)

Genetic Influences

(Schizo)

Misconceptions

Schizo

Cognitive Disorders

(Disorders and Definitions)

Primary feature is impairment in cognitive abilities. (long term, reasoning, seeing/hearing, paying attention, etc) usually attributed to brain damage or dysfunction (tends to develop later in life.)

Delirium, dementia and Amnestic

Delirium

(Symptoms and Treatment)

Temporary confusion and disorientation, develops rapidly over several hours or days, appear confused, disoriented and inattentive, usually have memory and language deficits.

Prevelant in older adults, is acute, usually have full recovery with in several weeks. Treatment is antipsychotic drugs and pyschsocial interventions ( reassurance, person in planning, and provide safe enviroment)

Dementia

(Stages)

Caused by blockage or damage to blood vessels, Second leading cause of dementia next to Alzheimer’s, 

Onset is often sudden (e.g., stroke)

HIV: Causes neurological impairments and dementia, Cognitive slowness, impaired attention, and forgetfulness, Apathy and social withdrawal

Head Trauma: Accidents are leading cause, Memory loss is the most common symptoms

Substance Use

Loss of decision-making ability, Inflexibility in adapting to changes, disorientation in familiar surroundings, problems learning new material, Difficulty concentrating, Loss of short- and long-term memory, Difficulty putting a sequence of events in correct order, Problems using complex language and comprehending others’ complex language, Depression, Anxiety and Psychosis.

Development of tics (involuntary movement) in the fingers, feet, face, or trunk, Increased clumsiness, Loss of coordination and balance, Slurred speech, Jaw clenching or teeth grinding, Difficulty swallowing or eating, Continual muscular contractions, Stumbling or falling, Decreased concentration, Forgetfulness and memory decline, Poor judgment, Difficulty making decisions or answering questions, Difficulty driving, Hostility/irritability, Lack of energy, Ongoing disinterest in life (lack of pleasure or joy), Bipolar disorder (manic-depression) in some Huntington's patients.

Lifestyle factors – Drug use, diet, exercise, stress

Risk for certain conditions vary by ethnicity and social economic statusCultural factors:

Psychosocial factors: Educational attainment, Coping skills, 

Social support

Drugs can slow prgression, but so far they have not been able to stop it.

Psychosocial treatment: teach compensatory skills, focus on caregivers needs and help understand. pleasant activities to keep mind off of it.

Neurological Processes of Cognitive Disorders

neurotoxins: effect several places of brain (slcohol and PBB) Examples

(Protien fibers destroyed)

Dissociative Disorder

When an induividual is plcaed in Psych ward before they have commited a crime.

1) Persona has to be mentally ill. 2) capable of hurting themselves or others. 3)unable to take care of themselves or home.

Right to Treatment: no one can be denied treatment

Right to the least restrictive alternative: in least confining and limiting setting.

Right to refuse treatment.

Neurofibrillary tangles, Amyloid plaques, eurobiological Findings:

Brains of Alzheimer's:patients tend to atrophy,

Some indication of genetic