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| set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect and test the theory. |
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| Recognizes that biological, psychological and social factors all contribute to abnormal behavior. |
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| Looks for biological abnormalities that might cause abnormal behavior (I.E. brain diseases, brain injuries,or genetic disorders) |
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| general paresis (general paralysis). |
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| a severe physical and mental disorder |
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| The abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early childhood experience. |
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| Characterized by unusual physical symptoms in the absence of physical impairment |
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| Characterized by psychological conflicts that were unconsciously converted into physical symptoms |
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| Refers specifically to Freud's theorizin; the broader term psychodynamic theory includes not only Freudian theory but also revisions of his followers. |
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| Present at birth. It houses the biological drives such as hunger and two psychological drives: Sex and Agression. |
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| The impulses of the id seek immediate gratification adn create discomfort or unrest until they are satisfied. |
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| Part of the personality that must deal with the realities of the world as it attempts to fulfill id impulses as well as perform other functions. |
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| Roughly equivalent to your conscience. It contains societal standards of behavior, particularly rules that children learn from trying to be like their parents. |
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| conflict between the superego and the ego |
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| conflict between the ego and id |
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| unconsious self deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety producing memories, emotions, and impulses |
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| Insistence that an experience, memoriy, or need did not occur or does not exist |
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| Feelings or actions are transferred from one person or object to another that is less thretening |
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| Attributing one's own feelings or thoughts to other people |
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| Intellectually justifying a feeling or event. |
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| Converting painful or unacceptably feeling into the opposite. |
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| Suppressing threatening material from consciousness but without denial. |
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| Diverting id impulses into constructive and acceptable outlets. |
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| Pavlov's theory of learning through association. Involves four key components. There is an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), a stimulus that produces the unconditioned response (salvation), A conditioned stimulus (the bell) is a neutral stimulus that when repeadetly paired with an unconditioned stimulus produeces a conditioned response (salvation). |
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| When a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulis. Eventially the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response. |
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| Skinners Theory. Learned behavior is a function of its consequences |
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| When the onset of a stimulus increases the frequency of behavior (i.e. you get paid for your work). |
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| When the cessation of a stimulus increases the frequency of the behavior. (i.e. you get up to turn off your alarm). |
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| When the onset of a stimulus decreases the frequency of behavior ( you spend less money after your parents scold you.) |
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| Human behavior is the product of free will, we control, choose, and are responsible for our actions. |
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| Embraces multiple influences of behavior |
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| the whole is more than the sum of its parts |
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| understands problems by focusingf on smaller and smaller units, viewing the smallest possible unit as the true or ultimate cause. |
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| Equalfinality/ multiple pathways |
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| The view that there are many routes to the same destination. The same disorder has several causes |
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| the same event can lead to different outcomes |
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| causality opereates in both directions |
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| predispostion toward developing a disorder (i.e.- inheritied tendency toward depression). |
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| Developmental Psychopathology |
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| Emphasizes the importance of developmental norms- age graded averages to understanding influences on abnormal behavior. |
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| behavior that precedes the onset of a disorder. |
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| A disorder may also have a predictable cause or prognosis for the future. |
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| events or circumstancfes that are correlated with an increased likelihood or risk of a disorder and potentially contriblute to causing the disorder. |
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| Billions of tiny nerve cells that from the basic building blocks of the brain |
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| A small gap filled with fluid |
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| Chemical substances contained in the vesicles of the axon terminal. |
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| Or reabsoprtion captures some neurotransmitters int he synapse and returns the chemical substances to the axon terminal |
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| Chemicals that can influence communication among many neurons by affecting the functioning of neurotransmitters |
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| controls various bodily functions involved insustaining life (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure) |
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| Serves in various functions in regulating stages of sleep |
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| Serves as a control center in helping to coordinate physical movements. |
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| Site of most sensory emotional and cognitive processes |
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| regulation of emotion and basic learning processes |
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| plays a role in sensation but its most important functions are behavioral ones. Controls biological urges such as eating drinking and sexual activity |
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One brain hemisphere serves a specialized role as the site of specific cognitive and emotional activities.
Left hemisphere- language
Right hemisphere- spatial organization and analysis |
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| Four connected chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid and they become enlarged in some psychological and neurological disorders |
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| site of control and integration of sophisticated memory sensory and motor functions. |
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| collection of glands found at various locations throughout the body. |
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| chemical substances that affect the functioning of distant body systems and sometimes act as neuromodulators |
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| Autonomic nervous systems |
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| regulates the functions of various body organs such as the heart and stomach |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| controls actvities with increased arousal and energy expenditrure |
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| controls the slowing of arousal and energy conservation |
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| ultramicroscopic units of DNA that carry information about heredity |
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| chainlike structures found in nucleus of cells. Humans normally have 23 pairs |
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| studies genetic incluences onthe evolution and abnormal behavior |
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| individials actual genetic structure |
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| expression of a given genotype |
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| Influences by more than one gene |
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| Identical twisn. One egg is fertilized by one sperm |
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| Fraternal Twins. Two Eggs. Two Sperm. |
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| Used to determine how alike twins are. |
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| gene environment interaction |
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| widely accepted idea that a combination of a genetic risk and enviromental stress causes emotional disorders. |
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| gene environemnt correlation |
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| people's experience is often correlated with their genetic make up |
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| application of the principles of evolution to our understanding of the animal and human mind |
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| process through which successful inherited adaptations to environmental problems become more common over successive generations of offspring |
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| Special and selective bonds with caregivers |
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| insecure/anxious attachments |
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| uncertain or ambivalent parent-child relationships that are a prodcut of inconsistent and unrepsonsive parents during the first few years of life. |
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| the hierarchial ordering of a social group into more and less privelaged members. |
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| characteristic styles of relating to the world |
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| internal feeling states are essential to human experience and to our underswtanding of mental disorders |
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| learning through imitation |
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| perceived causes that is people's beliefs about cause and effect. |
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| an itergrated sense of individuality. wholeness, and continutity. |
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| internal rules for guiding appropriate behavior. |
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| periods of time marked by age and or social tasks during which children and dults face commin emotional and social challenges. |
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| emotional and practical assistance from others |
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| expectations regarding the appropriate behavior of males and females |
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| Use of psychological techniques amd the therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change. |
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| Use of different treatments for different disorders. |
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| Chipping a hole through the sufferer's skull with a crude stone tool. Used to let the evil spirits escape. |
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| reducing the dysfunctional symptoms of a disorder but not eliminating its root cause |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy |
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| involves the deliberately inducing a seizure by passing electricitiy through the brain |
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| electrodes are places on the belft and right temples and current goes to both hemispheres |
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| electrodes are places on one side of brain |
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| Loss of memory of past events |
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| surgical destruction of a specific region of the brain. |
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| Use of medications to treat psychological disturbances |
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| chemical substances that affect psychological state. |
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| release of previously unexpressed feelings, pent up emotion. |
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| Method used by freus where he told his patients to speak freely about that ever thoughts crossed their mind. |
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| bringing formerly unconscious material into conscious awarenes |
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| The suggestion of hidden meanings to patients accounts on their life |
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| Process whereby patients transfer their feelings about some key figure in their life onto the shadowy figure of the analyst |
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| Cognitve behavior therapy |
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| Involves using various research based techniques to help troubled clients learn new ways of thinking, acting and feeling |
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| view that the appropriate focus of psychological study is the observeable behavior |
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| Systematic desensitzation |
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| A treatments for overcoming fears and phobias developed by Joseph Wolpe. Involves learing relaxation skills,developing a fear hierarchy, and systematic exposure to imagined, feared elements while simultaneously maintaing relaxation |
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| use of classical conditioning to create, not elminate an unpleasant response |
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| Operany conditioning techniqure that directly changes rewards and punishment for identified behaviors |
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| relationship between a behavior and its consequences |
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| Desired and undesired behaviors are clearly identified, contingencies are defined, behaviors are carefully monitored and rewards adn punishments are given accroding to the rules. |
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| teach clients new ways of behaving that are both desirable and likely to be rewarded in everyday life |
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| teach clients to be direct about their feeligs and wishes |
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| Designed to challenge irrational beliefs about ones selof and the world. Developed by albert ellis as a treatment for anxiety and depression |
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| Therapy designed by aaron beck specifically as a treatment for depression. Involved challenging negative cognitive distoritions through a technique called cognitive empiricism |
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| Approach that assumes taht ther most essential human quality is the ability to make choices and freely act on them. Promoted as a third force to counteract the views of psychodynamic and behavioral approaches. |
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| emotional understanding. Putting yourself in someone's shoes and conveying your understanding of the person's feelings and perspectives |
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| Bond between a therapist and client |
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| statistical procedure taht allows researchers to combine the results from different studies in a standardized way |
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| improvement in a condition produced by a placebo (sometimes a subsititutional change). |
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| investigations where neither the physican nor the patient know whether the pill is real or a placebo |
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| tires to improve the environment in order to prevent new cases of a mental disorder from developing |
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| focuses on the early detection of emotional problems in the hope of rpeventing them form becoming more serious and difficult to treat |
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| Intervention occurs after the illness has been identified |
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