Term
Cultural Relativism
Basics |
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Definition
different definitions
no universal standards or rules |
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Term
Cultural Relativism
Problems |
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Definition
| societal norms have historically been manipulated |
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Definition
| rare behaviors are abnormal |
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Term
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Definition
what is rare?
rare behaviors aren't always problematic |
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Definition
behaviors are abnormal only if the individual suffers distress and wishes to get rid of the behavior
avoids the problem of using societal norms |
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Definition
ack of insight
behaviors that endanger others? |
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Definition
| Behaviors are abnormal that result from mental illness or disease |
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Term
Mental Illness
Assumptions |
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Definition
| abnormality is a clear, identifiable categorically different phenomenon state of being that differs from "health" |
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Term
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Definition
not all abnormal behaviors result from an identifiable disease
there are many causes for mental illness
sometimes the line is hard to distinguish |
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Term
| Modern Perspective reflects interplay of 4 dimensions: |
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Definition
Dysfunction
Distress
Deviance
Dangerousness |
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Term
| Integrated Perspective taken together= |
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Definition
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Definition
| Similar to physical disease, breakdown of some systems of the body. |
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Definition
| Divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental disorders as the result of environmental influence, maladaptive thinking. |
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Term
| Theories of abnormal behaviors |
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Definition
Biological theories
Supernatural theories
Psychological theories |
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Term
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Definition
Prehistoric/Stone age (supernatural beliefs)
Ancient China |
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Term
| Prehistoric/Stone age (supernatural beliefs) |
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Definition
Spirit possession
Trephination |
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Term
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Definition
Nei Ching (text of internal medicine)
Yin and Yang (a biological theory) |
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Term
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Definition
Primarily “natural” theories (biological theories)
Kahun Papyrus (Egypt)
Hysteria (the wandering uterus!) (Greece) |
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Term
| Hippocrates & Early Greek Physicians |
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Definition
Rejected supernatural explanations
Prescribed treatments similar to those we use today, especially behavioral activation. |
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Definition
| social punishment, control** |
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Term
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Definition
| Not a great time to be mentally ill… |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Modern Mental-Health Care |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
terminal
Ph.D
Research
Limited prescription privileges in some states |
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Term
| Marriage & Family Therapists |
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Definition
M.A.
Specialize in Families, Couples, Children |
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Term
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Definition
M.A.
M.S.
-Often work for government agencies |
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Term
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Definition
degree in nursing
-Specialization in treatment of severe psychopathology
-Often work in inpatient settings |
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Term
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Definition
PsyD
-4 year, Professional Therapy Degree |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical
Cognitive
evelopmental
Neuroscience
Social |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal processes/disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| normal (and Abnormal) Information Processing |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal (and Abnormal) development/ learning processes |
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Term
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Definition
Brain
Biological processes |
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Term
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Definition
group dynamics/processes
situational influences on behaviors |
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Term
| Abnormal Psychology also equals= |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon, as well as gathering & interpreting information about that phenomenon. |
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Term
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Definition
Facts
Stable
Mutually Exclusive
Created Equal |
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Term
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Definition
never have a single hypothesis
constantly evolving thing
do not involve the same things that were learned 15 years ago |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
classic conflict
Assumes mutual exclusivity, single cause |
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Term
Diathesis Stress
Nature vs Nurture |
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Definition
| Vulnerability & Stress= disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Biological (genes, biochemistry, brain anomalies)
Social (maladaptive upbringing, chronic stress)
Psychological (unconscious, conflicts, poor skills, maladaptive cognitions) |
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Term
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Definition
Biological (onset of a disease, exposure to toxins)
Social (traumatic event, major loss)
Psychological (perceived loss of control, violation of trust) |
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Term
| Feeling _____ for yourself can cause your _______________ to change |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ ___________ causes people to have some disorders |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mother having flu in the second trimester,
but combined with genetic possibility of having the disease |
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Term
| Main Modern Theoretical Perspectives |
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Definition
Biological Approaches
Psychological Approaches
Sociocultural Approaches |
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Term
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Definition
Brain Dysfunction/Structural Abnormalities
Biochemical Imbalances
Neurotransmitter
Endocrine/hormones
Genetic Abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
Behavioral
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Emotion-Focused |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormalities in the structure of the brain cause mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
imbalances in neurotransmitters or hormones or poor functioning of receptors for neurotransmitters causes mental disorders
activities of those regions & NTs activated send hormones |
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Term
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Definition
an accumulation of disordered genes leads to mental disorders
what genes code for |
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Term
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Definition
| pole through his head fully changing him as a person |
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Term
| Structural Damage & Brain Disfunction |
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Definition
blunt trauma (auto accidents, dynamite etc.)
diseases that deteriorate the brain
26correlated with problematic psychological functioning |
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Term
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Definition
TBI that caused suicide
multiple hits in football or any sport that he played. |
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Term
Biochemicals?
There a re 2 |
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Definition
Neurotransmitters
Endocrine System |
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Term
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Definition
1Cmessengers 1D that carry impulses from one neuron to another.
100+ |
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Term
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Definition
Serotonin (5-ht)
Dopamine
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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Term
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Definition
(5-ht)
Aggression, impulsivity, sleep 26 every damn thing
Substance abuse drugs mimic serotonin and thus cause addiction |
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Term
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Definition
Substances & Parkinsons
L-dopa helps treat Parkinson patients, initial treatments that will stop tremors for a while |
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Term
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Definition
Produced mainly in brainstem
Cocaine & amphetamines
automatic functions |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters
Tranquilizers
sedative action |
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Term
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Definition
1) neurotransmitters in the synapses.
reuptake (SSRIs)
degradation (MAOIs)
2) Too few, insensitive, desensitized neurotransmitter receptors. |
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Term
| SSRI allows more ___________ to stay in the synaptic gap |
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Definition
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Term
| SSRI allows more ___________ to stay in the synaptic gap |
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Definition
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Term
| SSRI allows more ___________ to stay in the synaptic gap |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glands that produce hormones released directly into the blood system… |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the genetics of personality & abnormality. |
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Term
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Definition
in individual genes are common
in chromosome structure & number cause multi-faceted disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Gene that causes breast cancer
Contains between 1200-1500 genes
Including… HOXB, BRCA1, SLC6A4 |
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Term
Why is genetics so complicated?
Because it includes : |
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Definition
Polygenic
Epigenetics
Homeobox
Mutations |
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Term
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Definition
identical twins
100% of genes shared |
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Term
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Definition
identify individuals with a disorder
including mental illness. Likely hood of having the same condition |
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Term
| Concordance Rate in Twins |
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Definition
the probability that both twins have a disorder if one twin has the disorder.
Determine the contribution of genetics to disorders by considering the differences between MZ vs. DZ twins. |
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Term
| Higher chance of getting twins if you are in ___ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
“The Talking Cure”
Freud, A. Freud, |
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Term
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Definition
Scientific testing of theories
Thorndike, Skinner, Bandura |
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Term
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Definition
Scientific testing & explanation of maintenance of disorders
Seligman, Abraham, Beck |
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Term
| Humanistic & Existential Theory |
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Definition
Client-Centered
Rogers, Maslow, Perls, Heidegger, Kierkegaard |
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Term
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Definition
| All behavior, thoughts, & emotions are influenced to a large extent by unconscious processes. |
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Term
| Psychodynamic theory is the brain child of ___________ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychoanalysis refers to: |
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Definition
a theory
a method of investigating the mind
a form of treatment
Unconscious & subconscious
Looking for psychic energy, locked up in unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| libido & aggressive drive |
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Term
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Definition
Karen Horney
1) Emphasis on sexual drives & anatomy… to the exclusion of environmental and cultural influences.
2) Male as the prototypic human being.
3) Generalizing from tiny sample. |
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Term
| Psychodynamics & The Flat Earth Model |
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Definition
Difficult/impossible to test fundamental assumptions
Treatment is long-term, intensive, unaffordable
MUCH less empirical support than other psychological therapies |
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Term
| Humanistic & Existential philosophy |
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Definition
| assume humans have an innate capacity for goodness & for living a full life. |
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Term
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Definition
A “reaction” to the pessimism of Freud
In therapy: Reflection vs. Interpretation of unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
Self-actualization
Client-Centered Therapy
Helping people find their full potential
Relevant to the clients lives. |
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Term
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Definition
Hierarchy of Needs
Reaching full potential at the top**
Once needs are satisfied they will help people, completely different than freud. |
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Term
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Definition
what is the purpose of existing
Fritz Perls, Martin Heidegger, & Soren Kierkegaard |
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Term
| Social & Interpersonal Theories |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
understanding roles
Mr. Interpersonal
Split with Freud
Argued that the primary motivation of humans is to belong to & participate in social groups |
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Term
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Definition
russian physiologist studying salivary glands
Pavlov was the conditioned response causing the dog to salivate
Cell phones- noise causing the people to thin, Cool new information |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconditioned response + unconditioned stimulus= conditioned reponse |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally produces a desired response. |
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Term
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Definition
| the shaping of behaviors by providing rewards for desired behaviors & punishments for undesired behaviors |
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Term
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
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Definition
| pairing behaviors with reward/punishment every time. |
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Term
| oPartial Reinforcement Schedule – |
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Definition
| pairing reward/punishment only sometimes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the elimination of a learned behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally produces a desired response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| previously neutral stimulus paired with US |
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Term
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Definition
| previously neutral stimulus paired with US |
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Term
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Definition
| when the child stops being bad in the store once he gets the treat. |
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Term
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Definition
the reason that we exist
Fritz Perls, Martin Heidegger, & Soren Kierkegaard |
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Term
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Definition
A “reaction” to the pessimism of Freud
In therapy: Reflection vs. Interpretation of unconscious
Carl Rogers |
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Term
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Definition
| the consistency of a test in measuring what it is supposed to measure. |
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Term
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Definition
| the accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of gathering information about symptoms and causes of symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| a label attached to a set of symptoms that tend to occur with one another. (syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes you can define where normality ends & psychopathology begins. |
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Term
| Problems with unstructured interviews? |
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Definition
Leave out questions that you should be asking.
Relying on just one mode of assessment
Need more than one source
Could be biased |
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Term
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Definition
Need the opportunity to take us down every path rather than just one.
Diagnostic interviews will reduce the number of disorders thought the person has |
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Term
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Definition
| series of questions, concrete criteria |
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Term
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Definition
Why we like them:
Quick & easy to administer
Provide normative information to aid in diagnosis.
Allow for efficient symptom monitoring that can be shared with clients. |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding all possibilities between all diagnosis, but there could be many different diagnosis. Process of determining a large set of options |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding all possibilities between all diagnosis, but there could be many different diagnosis. Process of determining a large set of options |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding all possibilities between all diagnosis, but there could be many different diagnosis. Process of determining a large set of options |
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Term
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Definition
§ Biological (onset of a disease, exposure to toxins)
§ Social (traumatic event, major loss)
§ Psychological (perceived loss of control, violation of trust) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vulnerability + Stress = Disorder*** |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main areas of biological theory |
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Definition
Brain Dysfunction/Structural Abnormalities
Biochemical Imbalances
Neurotransmitter
Endocrine/hormones
Genetic Abnormalities |
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Term
| •3 potential meanings for psychoanalysis. |
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Definition
Theory, treatment, and process of investigating
His way of describing the mind
Way of investigating the mind
Treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Looking out for a family as a whole
The family is a complex system working to maintain homeostasis.
Psychological disorders of an individual are an indication of a dysfunctional family system.
Treatment implications: FAMILY Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
Look beyond family, to larger society for sources of psychopathology.
Large scale societal stressors (massive reorganization)
Chronically stressful circumstances (poverty)
Implicit & explicit rules |
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Term
Social Structure Theory
Treatment |
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Definition
Large scale prevention interventions
Ex. Tobacco Free Florida |
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Term
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Definition
Focused on the tangible.
Things you can prove, disprove, etc
Argues associations, reinforcements & punishments produce normal and abnormal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the shaping of behaviors by providing rewards for desired behaviors & punishments for undesired behaviors |
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Term
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
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Definition
| pairing behaviors with reward/punishment every time. |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement Schedule |
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Definition
| pairing reward/punishment only sometimes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the elimination of a learned behavior |
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Term
| Better to give the child a treat ________, than _____ ___ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Albert Ellis & Aaron Beck |
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Definition
| Most negative emotions & maladaptive behaviors are the result of one or more dysfunctional global assumptions. |
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Term
Albert Ellis & Aaron Beck
Thinking Errors |
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Definition
Should Statements
Dichotomous Thinking
Mind Reading (logical flaw)
Catastrophizing
Fortune Telling
Labeling |
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Term
| Emotion-Focused Approaches |
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Definition
Combine Cognitive & Behavioral techniques with mindfulness practices.
examples:
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| how people can shift their mind/thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| brand name for third wave |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of gathering information about symptoms and causes of symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| a label attached to a set of symptoms that tend to occur with one another. (syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
Criteria Sets for further study
Guides research, future editions. |
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Term
| DSM 4 binge eating is in ______________ __ |
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Definition
appendix B
and in DSM 5 binge eating will be in the big portion and no longer in the appendix |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnosis required for the limited mental illness coverage available. |
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Term
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Definition
I) Clinical Disorders
II) Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation
III) General Medical Conditions
IV) Psychosocial & Environmental Problems
V) Global Assessment of Functioning |
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Term
| Global Assessment of function |
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Definition
| how you are actually doing ( 0 – 100 ) |
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Term
| “Culture-Bound Syndromes” |
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Definition
Ataque de nervious (Latin American & Latin Mediterranean Countries)
Uncontrollable shouting, attacks of crying, trembling, heat in the chest rising into the head, verbal or physical aggression etc.
Koro (Malaysia, China, Thailand)
Episodes of sudden & intense anxiety that the penis (or vulva & nipples) will recede into the body and cause death.
Tajin Kyofusho (Japan)
Intense fear that one’s body displeases, embarrasses or is offensive to other people.
Alocentric concerns, shame on the family |
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Term
| Anorexia, binge eating/purging |
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Definition
| cultural bound syndromes but because they are US |
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Term
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Definition
| Either an apple or an orange. |
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Term
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Definition
| ever changing, when is the apple no longer good to eat |
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Term
| David Rosenhan’s Pseudopatient Experiment (1973) |
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Definition
| Where people said they were mentally unstable and put themselves in an institution and once they were in the institution, they said there was nothing wrong |
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Term
| Physiological & Neurological Factors |
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Definition
| Physical Examination, Drugs, Cognitive functioning, Intellectual Ability |
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Term
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Definition
| A determination of which of several possible disorders is/are the most appropriate diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
Social resources (logistics)
Sociocultural background (differential diagnosis)
Acculturation (therapy) |
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Term
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Definition
| how peoples expectations are going to influence their certain kind of treatments |
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Term
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Definition
test produces similar results when give at two points in time
Ex. Average should be the same each semester |
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Term
| Alternate Form Reliability |
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Definition
two versions of the same test produce similar results.
Ex. Like what we take in class |
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Term
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Definition
| different parts of the same test produce similar results |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more raters of judges who administer and score a test come to a similar conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| test asses all important aspects of a phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| test predicts the behavior it is supposed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| test yields the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts or feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| test measures what it is supposed to measure, not something else. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rotating things, they have trouble imaging. Tumor or something else wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Strengths & weakness, diagnose MR & brain damage, classroom/organization placement |
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Term
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Definition
68.3% average range of people IQ***
Stronger short term memory range in higher IQ
Brain damage, Mensa, MR- IQ tests are used for
IQ tests to rule out certain conditions
Any kind of adversity can cause depression |
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Term
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Definition
Beck Depression Inventory
2 of the 21 items below:
Unhappiness
Do not feel unhappy
I feel unhappy
I am unhappy
I am so unhappy that I can’t stand it
2. Changes in Activity Levels |
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Term
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Definition
AKA Minnesota Muliphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPO )
500+ true/false questions
Developed empirically
10 main clinical scales derived including paranoia, social introversion, anxiety etc
4 validity scales |
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Term
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Definition
Roschach Inkblot Test-projected test that brings out subconscious matter (hesitant to reveal). Freudian way of what is going on inside your head.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The sentence competition test
Draw a person test |
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Term
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Definition
Oral- 0-18ms excessive dependence mistrust; bad habits related to the mouth
Anal- 18-3 years type A, stubborn, orderly, controlling
Phallic- 3 -6 yrs Oedipus & Electra complexes, penis envy
Latent 6yrs-puberty hormones
Genital- puberty- adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| inventing an acceptable motive to explain unacceptable |
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Term
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Definition
| retreating to a behavior of an earlier developmental age to prevent stress of satisfying current needs |
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Term
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Definition
| a later divergence of the ID, the storehouse of rules and regulations for conduct |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the ID (that splits off as we get older) that operates by the reality principle, seeking to gratify drives remaining consistent with societal rules |
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Term
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Definition
| operates by the pleasure principle, to immediately satisfy drives |
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Term
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Definition
| first person to get the disorder |
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