Term
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Definition
| A group of over 200 diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth |
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Term
| Common types of cells that become malignant |
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Definition
| Skin, hair, bone marrow, mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 conditions for cell division |
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Definition
1. Need for more cells
2. Adequate space
3. Sufficient nutrients to support growth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 5 stages of the cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
reproductive resting stage
*no cell division
*performs normal functions |
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Definition
Cell is getting ready for division
*takes on extra nutrients to make and store energy
*Growing extra cellular membranes
*Increases cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
DNA synthesis is taking place
*Very susceptible to carcinogens |
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Definition
| makes important proteins used in actual division and normal physiologic function after division is complete |
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Term
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Definition
Mitosis stage
*Actual division of cell
*Process is tightly controlled by certain process |
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Term
| Characteristics of normal cells |
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Definition
Limited cell division
specific morphology
small nuclear space
specific differentiated function |
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Term
| Characteristics of normal cells cont'd |
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Definition
Undergo apoptosis
Tight adherence
Nonmigratory
orderly and well-regulated growth
Contact inhibited
Euploid |
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Term
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Definition
When cell growth or function is changed
*Benign
*Malignant |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells growing in wrong place or at wrong time |
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Term
| Benign cell characteristics |
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Definition
Continuous or inappropriate growth
Specific morphology
Small nucleus
Specific function |
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Term
| More benign cell characteristics |
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Definition
Tight adherence
Nonmigratory
orderly growth
Euploid |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal with no useful purpose and is harmful |
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Term
| Malignant cell characteristics |
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Definition
Rapid division
Large nucleus
Loose adherence
Migratory |
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Term
| More malignant cell characteristics |
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Definition
Invasion
Anaplasia
Loss of differentiation
Aneuploid
Non-contact inhibited |
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Term
| 4 Steps in Development of CA |
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Definition
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
irreversible event
*alters gene structure
*caused by carcinogens
*can lead to cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Enhances growth of initiated cell
*Example: hormones, drugs, chemicals
**Some things promote and initiate (tobacco) |
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Term
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Definition
| time between initiation and tumor formation |
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Term
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Definition
Development of primary tumor
*Tumor must be at least 1 cm
*Develops own blood supply
*Continued differentiation from original initiated cell |
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Term
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Definition
extension of primary tumor
*Blood stream penetration
*Release of tumor cells
*Invasion of tissue |
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Term
| 3 Routes for Metastatic Spread |
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Definition
Local seeding
Blood borne
Lymphatic Spread |
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Term
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Definition
-Can take years for carcinogens
-Depends on several tumor and client factors
-Oncogene activation
-Based on extrinsic and intrinsic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| regulators of normal cell growth |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that directed early embryonic development |
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Term
| When are oncogenes turned off? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are oncogenes controlled by? |
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Definition
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Term
| If suppressor genes mutate... |
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Definition
| Proto-oncogenes are activated and become oncogenes |
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Term
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Definition
Complete: initiates and promotes
Incomplete: one or the other
*about 80% of CA is related to extrinsic factors |
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Term
| Four Types of Extrinsic Factors |
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Definition
Chemical
Physical
Viral
Dietary |
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Term
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Definition
Role of immune system
Age
Genetic Predisposition |
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Term
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Definition
Health Hx
Physical Exam
Biopsy (Needle, incision, excision)
Diagnostic Tests |
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Term
| Classifcation of CA types |
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Definition
Anatomic Site
Histologic Analysis "Grading"
Extent of Disease "Staging" |
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Term
| Grading of Malignant Tumors |
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Definition
Gx-grade cannot be assessed
G1- Well-differentiated (Low grade)
G2- Moderately differentiate (Medium grade)
G3- Poorly differentiated (High grade)
G4- Undifferentiated (High grade) |
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Term
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Definition
TNM
T= Primary Tumor (Tx-T4)
N= Regional Lymph Node (Nx-N3)
M= Distant Metastasis (Mx-M1) |
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Term
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Definition
Prolong survival time
Improve quality of life
Cure, control, palliation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Removal of Diseased Tissue
Prophylaxis
Cure
Determination of Therapy
Reconstruction |
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Term
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Definition
Avoidance of known carcinogens
Modifying associated factors
Removal of 'at risk' issues
Chemoprevention
Vaccination |
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Term
| Secondary Prevention of CA |
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Definition
Mammogram
Colonoscopy
Fecal Occult Blood Test
PSA Test
Regular Health exam |
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Term
| Biologic Response Modifiers |
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Definition
Interferons
Interleukins
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Supportive Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Help protect non-cancerous cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Attack tumor cells be changing own body's cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Colony-stimulating factors (Epogen, Procrit)
Helps build more RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
Oral
Intravenous
Intra-arterial
Isolated Limb Perfusion
Implanted wafer |
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Term
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Definition
Intracavity (intraperitoneal)
Intraventricular
Intrathecal
Intravesical |
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Term
| Administration Techniques |
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Definition
P.I.C. Lines (Short-term therapy)
Vascular Access Devices (VADs) |
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Term
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Definition
Inserted into major vein of upper chest
Used for intensive therapy
Hickmann
Implanted infusion ports
*Also called port-a-cath |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*infiltration of chemo drugs
**Prevention is KEY!
Most are resolved if under 0.5 mL
Some drugs have antidotes |
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Term
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Definition
OSHA-chemo drugs should be provided by skilled nurse or pharm.
Exposure routes: inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion |
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Term
| Safety Equipment for Chemo drugs |
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Definition
| gloves, special gown, mask |
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