Colitis

Look for splotchiness of the bowel wall

Duodenal Atresia

Noticeable on radiographs as the "double bubble" because the lumen of the duodenum does not exist resulting in complete obstruction of the GI track at the duodenum.

Hypertropic Pylorus Stenosis

a congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal leading out of the stomach is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter.

Hirschsprung's Disease

Hirschsprung's disease is an absence of neurons (Meissner's and Auerbach's autonomic plexus) in the bowel wall, typically in the sigmoid colon, and is also known as congenital megacolon.

Colitis

In the LPO position.

recognize loss of colon haustration and mucosal edema, which may be referred to as the “lead pipe” sign.

Esophageal Varices

Due to cirhossis, more blood may be pooling through the veins and will appear dilated.

Esophageal varices are best demonstrated in a recumbent position because gravity causes poor visualization in an erect position.

Inguinal Hernia

A hernia is a protrusion of a loop of bowel through a small opening, usually in the abdominal wall.

Hiatal Hernia

a weakness of the esophageal hiatus that permits some portions of the stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity.

May be associated with GERD

Schatzki's ring as demonstrated in the case of a sliding hiatal hernia(a portion of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction are both situated above the diaphragm)

Intussusception

a segment of bowel, constricted by peristalsis, telescopes into a distal segment and is driven further into the distal bowel by peristalsis

Radiographically the area of intussusception may appear as a “coiled spring.”

Arrow at the ileocecal junction

Mechanical Bowel Obstruction

cecal volvulus

twisting of bowel at the cecum, its where the barium stops.

Paralytic Ileus

a failure of normal peristalsis that may result from a variety of factors. The most common causes are surgery, especially that requiring manipulation of the bowel (postoperative ileus), and intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal infection.

Note the dilated bowel loops extending through the large intestine.

Achalasia is a neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus that results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter of the distal esophagus to relax, leading to dysphagia.

Radiographically the condition manifests as a dilated esophagus with little or no peristalsis. The distal esophagus itself is often described as having a “beaked” appearance.

Zenkers Diverticulum

a pulsion type found at the pharyngoesophageal junction at the upper end of the esophagus

pulsion diverticulum

     Involves the mucosa only and results from a motility disorder of the esophagus that allows the mucosa to herniate outwardly. This type of diverticulum appears radiographically as a rounded projection with a narrow neck and occurs more frequently in the upper and lower thirds of the esophagus.

Colonic Diverticula

Diverticulosis, the presence of diverticula without inflammation, is seen in all parts of the colon, most frequently in the sigmoid colon

benign, esophageal leiomyoma.

a CT scan with contrast demonstrates an increased thickening of the esophageal wall and distortion of the lumen (arrow), compatible with a gastroesophageal junction malignancy. Also seen are (1) a large metastatic lesion in the superior portion of the liver and (2) the aorta.

Colonic polyps are small masses of tissue arising from the bowel wall to project INWARD into the lumen.

Abdominal Polyps demonstrated with a barium study.

Stone in the calyx (?) of the right kidney

MRI of kidneys

A percutaneous nephrostogram is an antegrade study in which the contrast medium is injected directly into the renal pelvis

May be used to place a nephrostomy tube.

right renal calculus with a left ureteral stent properly placed to allow drainage of urine.

Agenesis of the left kidney accompanied by a large, functioning right kidney.

A supernumerary kidney, note the presence of the third kidney in the lower right quadrant.

Hypoplasia is a rare anomaly of size involving a kidney that is developed less than normally in size but contains normal nephrons. Usually hypoplasia is associated with hyperplasia of the other kidney. It requires renal arteriography to differentiate congenital hypertrophic changes from a kidney that is atrophic because of acquired vascular disease.

Atropic (decreased in size) right kidney on CT

Horseshoe kidney

the lower poles of the kidneys are joined across the midline by a band of soft tissue, causing a rotation anomaly on one or both sides.

Horseshoe kidneys on a MRI

Cross fused renal ectopy

retrograde pyelogram demonstrating the left ureter crossing midline to connect with the lower pelvis of an anomalous right kidney.

Ectopic Kidney

 A kidney that is out of its normal position, usually lower than normal.

Polycystic kidney disease visible as multiple masses in the kidneys in this CT scan

Medullary sponge kidney is a congenital dilatation of the renal tubules leading to urinary stasis and increased levels of calcium phosphate (nephrocalcinosis).

visible abnormality is the dilatation of the medullary and papillary portions of the collecting ducts, usually bilaterally.

Hydronephrosis of the right kidney due to pregnancy

Chronic Pyelonephritis

overall reduction in kidney size, readily seen on intravenous urography below. (Right kidney is small and has a scarred surface on this 25-year-old woman with recurrent urinary tract infections)

Vesicoureteral reflux

Medical jaundice is caused when there is too much bile in the system and is the general cause of jaundice in infants.

Surgical jaundice occurs when there is a blockage of the biliary canal caused by stones or other masses.

Which of the following statements are true of colon cancer?

1.) The majority of adenocarcinomas of the colon occur in the rectosigmoid area.

2.) The appearance of the "apple core" lesion is indicative of colon cancer.

3.)Adenomatous polyps can develop into adenocarcinoma of the colon.

A: 1 and 2               B: 1 and 3

C: 2 and 3               D: 1,2, and 3

Which of the following statements are true regarding the anatomy and function of the urinary system?

1.) The amount of urine formed in a typical day is about 1 to 1.5L

2.) Urine is formed and excreted in the nephron, the microscopic unit of the kidney.

3.) The left kidney lies lower than the right because of the spleen's presence above it.

A: 1 and 2            B: 1 and 3

C: 2 and 3            D: 1, 2, and 3

Urinary system disorders may be suggested by an abnormal:

1.) BUN blood level

2.) creatine blood level

3.) coloration of urine

A: 1 and 2         B: 1 and 3

C: 2 and 3         D: 1,2, and 3

Which of the following statements are true of urinary system anomalies?

1.) Crossed ectopy exists when one kidney lies across midline, fused to the other.

2.) Nephroptosis and a pelvic kidney are identical conditions.

3.) Ureteroceles are ureteral dilations near the ureter's termination.

A: 1 and 2           B: 1 and 3

C: 2 and 3           D: 1,2, and 3

Arterial and venous renal blood flow for a patient who has received a kidney transplant is best assessed by which of the following imaging modalities?

A: Computed tomography B: conventional urography

C: Doppler sonography     D: MRI

Which of the following conditions can make the kidneys appear smaller than normal?

1.) atrophy following obstruction

2.) chronic pyelonephritis

3.) hypoplasia

A: 1 and 2          B: 1 and 3

C: 2 and 3          D: 1,2, and 3

Which of the following procedures may be performed to image a non functioning kidney?

1. CT

2. IVU

3. renal sonogram

A: 1 and 2        B: 1 and

3 C: 2 and 3     D: 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following statements are true of renal calculi?

1.) Precipitation of solutes out of urine is the pathogenesis of renal calculi.

2.) Renal colic causes referred pain into the sub-scapular area or epigastrium.

3.) Stones tend to be asymptomatic until they move or cause an obstruction.

A: 1 and 2        B: 1 and 3

C: 2 and 3        D: 1,2, and 3

Which of the following statements are true of neoplastic diseases of the urinary system?

1.) Chronic inflammation from obstruction can result in adenocarcinoma.

2.) Wilms' tumor is generally associated with elderly patients in renal failure.

3.) Early excision of nephroblastoma has shown a very high cure rate.

A: 1 and 2 B: 1 and 3

C: 2 and 3 D: 1,2, and 3

Sonography

Nephroptosis or kidney prolapse. This abnormal condition can occur in lean or athletic individuals. When they are in an erect position, The kidney is mobile and may drop toward the pelvis.