Term
| what structures are part of the posterior abdominal wall? |
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Definition
| 5 lumbar vertebrae and their IV discs, posterior abdominal muscles (psoas, iliacus, quadratus lumborum), diaphragm, transversus abdomins muscle, aorta, IVC, autonomic nerves, lumbar plexus = ventral rami of lumbar nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| O: sides and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and IV discs; I: lesser trochanter of femur; A: flex thigh; N: ventral rami L2-L4 |
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Term
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Definition
| O: 12th rib and tips of transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, I: iliac crest, A: extends and laterally flexes vertebral column, N: ventral rami T12-L4 |
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Term
| what is the chief muscle of inspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the diaphragm do during inspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| diaphragm partitions which 2 cavities? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sternal: sternum and xiphoid process, costal: ribs and costal cartilages, lumbar: vertebrae L1-L4, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments |
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Term
| what are the crura of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| the "legs" that originate from L1-L4 |
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Term
| what are the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments? |
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Definition
| strong fascia that arch over psoas major and quadratrus lumborum muscles respectively |
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Term
| what is the central tendon of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| aponeurotic convergence of diaphragm's origins |
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Term
| what nerve provides motor to the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| what nerves convey sensory from diaphragm? |
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Definition
| mostly phrenic, some intercostal nerves peripherally |
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Term
| why is diaphragmatic pain sometimes felt in cervical/shoulder region? |
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Definition
| that is the origin of innervation from diaphragm's cervical nerves |
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Term
| of phrenic and vagus nerves, which courses anterior and which courses posterior to hilum of lungs? |
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Definition
| phrenic = anterior, vagus = posterior |
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Term
| what are diaphragmatic apertures? |
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Definition
| openings for passage of structures between thorax and abdomen |
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Term
| what is the caval opening? |
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Definition
| diaphragmatic aperture for inverior vena cava at T8 vertebra level |
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Term
| what is the esophogeal hiatus |
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Definition
| diaphragmatic aperture for esophagus and vagus nerves at T10 vertebra level |
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Term
| what is the aortic hiatus |
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Definition
| diaphragmatic aperture for aorta at T12 vertebra level; aorta passes between crura posterior to diaphragm so that blood flow is not affected by breathing |
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Term
| how do we describe location of kidneys (retroperitoneal vs. intraperitoneal and vertebral level) |
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Definition
| T12-L3 vertebral level with right kidney slightly inferior because of liver |
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Term
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Definition
| urinary organs that remove excess water, salts, and metabolites of proteins; convey waste products from blood to bladder via ureters |
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Term
| what is in the renal hilum from anterior to posterior? |
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Definition
| renal vein, renal arteries (branches from aorta), renal pelvis |
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Term
| describe draining of kidney into IVC |
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Definition
| right renal vein drains direclty into IVC, left renal vein courses over aorta before reaching IVC |
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Term
| what id the stuff at the superior pole of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| suprarenal glands = adrenal |
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Term
| what is the order of structors superior to inferior at the hilum of the kidney? |
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Definition
| renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis =>ureter |
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Term
| what is the name of the outer portion of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the inner portion of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| what geometric shape does the medulla consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are in the pyramids of the medulla? |
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Definition
| collecting tubules of hundreds of nephrons |
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Term
| what is the functional unit of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name for the tips of the medulla pyramids? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the calacies of the kidney? |
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Definition
| minor calyx, major calyx = collecting system for urine in kidney |
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Term
| what is the path of urine in the kidney |
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Definition
| through the pyramids, out the papilla, into minor calyx, into major calyx, into renal pelvis, into ureter |
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Term
| what are the names of the 2 layers of fat that surround the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| what separates the pararenal and perirenal fatty layers of the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the pararenal and perirenal fatty layers that surround the kidneys? |
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Definition
| they help protect and support the kidneys |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of kidney stones? |
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Definition
| calcium oxalate (most common), calcium phosphate, uric acid |
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Term
| how big must a kidney stone be to cause obstruction of a ureter? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens as a result of a kidney stone obstructing a ureter? |
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Definition
| dilation/stretching of upper ureter and renal pelvis, pain in lower abdomen and groin (renal colic), nausea/vomiting, blood in urine |
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Term
| what is the treatment for kidney stones? |
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Definition
| pain management, hydration, diet control, lithotripsy (sound waves to break up large stones) |
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Term
| how is polycystic kidney disease characterized? |
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Definition
| partial replacement of renal parenchyma by cysts on both kidneys |
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Term
| how does a person get polycystic kidney disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| when does polycystic kidney disease manifest? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does polycystic kidney disease present clinically? |
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Definition
| hypertension, hematuria (blood in urine), palpable renal masses, progression to renal failure |
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Term
| describe renal transplantation |
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Definition
| common surgery for chronic renal failure; some donor kidneys are placed in the iliac fossa and attached to exernal iliac vessels |
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Term
| what is the outermost part of the suprarenal glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two parts of the suprarenal glands? |
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Definition
| suprarenal cortex and suprarenal medulla |
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Term
| what does the cortex of the suprarenal gland do? |
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Definition
| produces androgens and corticosteroids for volume and blood pressure regulation |
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Term
| what does the medulla of the suprarenal gland do? |
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Definition
| secretes catecholamines (epinephrine or adrenaline) from chromaffin cells which activate the body to fight or flight |
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Term
| what are chromaffin cells |
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Definition
| postsynaptic sympathetic neurons |
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Term
| describe innervation to adrenal medulla |
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Definition
| preganglionic sympathetics synapse on chromaffin cells within the medulla; chromaffin cells are postganglionic neurons that release epinephrine into bloodstream to increase heart rate and contraction force |
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Term
| describe the blood supply to the suprarenal glands |
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Definition
| extremely well vascularized: superior suprarenal arteries from aorta, middle suprarenal arteries fom aorta, inferior suprarenal arteries from renal artery |
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Term
| how does venous blood drain from suprarenal arteries? |
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Definition
| single large suprarenal vein drains each gland; on the left side the left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein which then drains to IVC; on the right side the right suprarenal vein drains into the IVC |
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Term
| what is the path of the testicular arteries? |
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Definition
| arise from aorta near renal arteries, descend into scrotum to vascularize testicles |
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Term
| what is the path of the testicular veins? |
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Definition
| ascend from testicles and eventually drain into IVC on right side, renal vein on left |
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Term
| what is the path of the ovarian arteries? |
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Definition
| arise from aorta near renal arteries, descende to vascularize ovaries |
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Term
| what is the path of the ovarian veins? |
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Definition
| ascend from ovaries and drain into IVC on right side and renal vein on left side |
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Term
| what is the path of the abdominal aorta? |
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Definition
| traverses the diaphragm at T12, celiac artery at T12, superior mesenteric artery at L1, renal arteries at L1, gonadal arteries at L1, inferior mesenteric artery at L3, bifurcates into Common Iliacs at L4 |
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