Term
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Definition
-Failure of myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus to develop resulting in inability to relax the lower esophageal sphincter
-Lack of ganglionic cells |
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Term
| Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? |
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Definition
-Will result in projectile, nonbilious vomiting shortly after feeding.
-Often a small knot can be felt next to costal margin |
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Term
| What induces the liver and what's the first form of it? |
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Definition
| -Fibroblast growth factors (1, 2, & 8) from the cardiac mesoderm induce the development of the hepatic diverticulum |
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Term
| What controls hepatocyte differentiation and what cell type? |
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Definition
-HNF-3Beta, GATA-4, & HEX (homeobox gene)
-From endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| -Get jaundice, clay colored stool, dark urine, and death around 1.5 years |
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Term
| What induces the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds? What are the transcription factors? |
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Definition
-Dorsal is by notochord
-Ventral is by hepatic (visceral) mesoderm
-Homeobox transcription factors Pdx-1 & ISL-1 |
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Term
| Which bud of the pancreas forms the unicate process? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Has a fairly common occurrence at 4%
-Distal dorsal & ventral pancreatic ducts don't anastamose
-Higher risk of pancreatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| -Will cause bilious vomiting with double bubble sign in radiography (stomach in duodenum) |
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Term
| Hyperplasia of islet cells of pancreas? |
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Definition
-Happens with diabetes mothers
-High glucose levels (crosses placenta) will cause fetus to produce extra insulin
-Results in higher birth weight and often hypoglycemia after birth |
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Term
| When does midgut loop form? When should it go back in? |
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Definition
-Around week 6, by week 11
-It is a herniation through the umbilical ring |
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Term
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Definition
-Intestines persist outside of umbilical ring after birth
-They are usually covered in peritoneal membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-Ventral abdominal wall, usually to the right of the umbilical ring, has a defect and the intestines escape out
-They are not covered in peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
-persistance of the vitelline duct forming an outpouching in the ilium
-Is usually within 2 feet of ileocecal valve, 2in long, occurs in 2% of population, and often has 2 kinds of ectopic tissue
-Ectopic gastric tissue can cause ulceration from parietal cells
-similar symptoms to appendicitis
-Often forms fistula to umbilicus |
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Term
| What does the gut look like in non-rotation? |
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Definition
-Happens when intestines only rotate 90 counterclockwise instead of the full 270.
-Leaves large on left and small on right
-Malrotation (similar) can cause constriction of blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
-When one part of the bowel telescopes into an adjacent segment leading to obstruction or ischemia
-one of the most common causes of obstruction in children under 2 |
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Term
| What partitions the cloaca? |
|
Definition
-The urorectal septum separates it into the rectum and urogenital sinus
-It joins with the cloacal membrane separating it into anal and urogenital membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka colonic aganglionosis
-Crest cells fail to migrate all the way down the colon
-Results in no ganglia in a portion, usually sigmoid or rectum causing it to permanently constrict creating a "megacolon" behind the constriction
-Often associated with mutations of RET proto-onco gene
-Often get gushing of fecal material upon rectal digital examination |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Rectovesical; rectum and bladder
-Rectovaginal
-Rectourethral
-Clinically we look for meconium in urine or vagina |
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Term
| What comes from endoderm in the liver? |
|
Definition
-The hepatocytes and the epithelium of the biliary tree (inside and out)
-The rest is visceral mesenchyme |
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Term
| Anal and anorectal agenesis? |
|
Definition
-Rectum ends as a blind sac
-Anal is below and anorectal is above puborectalis muscle
-Caused by abnormal formation of the urorectal septum
-Often associated with fistulas |
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Term
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Definition
| -Anal membrane fails to perforate |
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Term
|
Definition
-Anus and rectum aren't connected
-Often caused by recanalization error |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-meconium sometimes becomes thickened and congested in the ilium
-early sign of CF |
|
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Term
| What are the derivatives of the ventral mesentery? |
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Definition
| -The lesser omentum, the visceral peritoneum of the liver, and the falciform liver. |
|
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Term
| How does the spleen form? Is it peritoneal? |
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Definition
-From the dorsal mesoderm (dorsal mesogastrium cells; So it is not ectoderm!)
-It splits the dorsal mesoderm there into the splenorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments
-It is peritonealized |
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Term
| Where will the spleen drain into? |
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Definition
| -Portal system (it and all primary retroperitoneal structures such as the anus and lower rectum drain into the IVC) |
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Term
| What gives the vas defs in males? |
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Definition
-The mesonephric duct
-It degenerates in females |
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Term
| What forms the kidney, what is the signaling, and what are the cell types? |
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Definition
The ureteric bud is induced to form and bifurcate into the metanephrogenic blastema by GDNF signaling by the blastema to Ret receptors on the bud
-The metanephrogenic blastema will become the filter portion of the kidney (nephrons)
-The ureteric bud becomes the collecting portion
-It is all from intermediate mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| -Patent allantois giving urachal fistula |
|
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Term
| Where is the bladder derived from? What cell types? |
|
Definition
-From part of the urogenital sinus and the allantois
-It is endoderm except for the trigone which is mesoderm where the mesonephric ducts became incorporated |
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Term
|
Definition
-Severe oligohydramnios, such as in bilateral renal agenisis
-Causes pulmonary hypoplasia because of pressure, which is what results in the death
-Also gives deformed limbs, wrinkly skin, and abnormal facial features |
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Term
| Ureteropelvic junction obstruction? |
|
Definition
| -UPJ is the most common obstruction problem and sometimes leads to multicystic dysplastic kidney from dilated major calyxes |
|
|
Term
| Childhood polycystic kidney disease chromosome? |
|
Definition
-Associated with short arm of 6
-Causes huge spongey kidneys with dilated collecting parts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Most common childhood malignancy
-It is of the kidney |
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|
Term
| When does the metanephros start to form and when is it functional? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -It is open to the outside in the ventral body wall |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Omphalocele
-Ant. diaphragmatic hernia
-Sternal cleft
-Ectopia cordis
-Intracardiac defec |
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