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| beats per minute or breaths per minute |
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| cubic centimeter (also mL) |
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| dorsal/ventral; animal will be in ventral recumbency for x-ray |
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| ventral/dorsal; animal will be in dorsal recumbency for x-ray |
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hematocrit
%fluid vs. cells in your blood |
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mucus membrane
*check mucus membrane for capillary refill time |
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| nothing by mouth; no food or water |
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aka OVH; ovariohysterectomy
*removal of ovaries and uterus |
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| every 8 hours or as needed |
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| posterior anterior; animal is in ventral recumbency with legs extended |
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| Most commonly used form of electrical stimulation |
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| When do we need to use heat in PT? |
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~ To increase circulation
~ Smooth muscle |
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| A device used to support an injured limb? |
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| Orthotic (Splints, casts) |
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| A device designed to replace a limb? |
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| What is caused by stress induced boarding? |
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| This condition can happen if hypovolemia shock and septic contractions? |
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| Excess of Endocrine and Pot belly |
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| Bone's exposed though through skin |
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| Bone broken into 2 fragments; break in continuity of none/cartilage with mini. displacement/disruption of the norm. structure |
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| line of break forms a right angle w/ the axis of the bone. |
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| broken into several prieces |
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| hairline frac. are tiny cracks on the bone |
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| extends partially through the bone, no displacement |
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| Bone breakage occurs diagonal to the axis |
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| TX of DZ uses immiticide and ivermectin |
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| Self limiting in cats, 7-10 days. dogs requires antibiotics |
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| pleural tetany, late gestation |
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| Eclampsia Calcium Deficiency |
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| feline Dz: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, |
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| Circulatory anomaly in the liver in cats diverse the blood flow from the liver |
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| DZ can have an acute/chronic onset many are idiopathic. ELISA test |
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| Destoying RBC found in dogs 2-8 yrs |
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| Common in prepubescent bitches |
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| Medabolic Acidosis distortion of the renal tubules |
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| water deprivation test; tx lasts a whole life-time |
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| disease secondary to regurgitation |
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| Idiopathic dz of cyclic V/D w/ loss hematemesis |
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| DZ occurs w/ impared pumping of the heart |
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Liver dz
billiruben build up |
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Dexamethasone
sone=steroid |
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| dz results w/ build up of amonia in the body |
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| Systemic DZ pathogenic microbes |
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| Endocrine disorder in cats |
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| catspurebred opendmouth breathing |
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| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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| medium/old age dogs, not in cats, pu/pd, pyoderma over use of steroids |
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| Weak cardiac weakness atrial fibrillation |
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| slowest to fastest admission route |
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| Oral, rectal intraocular nasal, SQ, IM, IV |
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| What are preliminary study tests done on for drug development? |
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| Computer models or simple organisims such as bacteria. |
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# 2 Safety/ effectivness evaluation
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| At what point of drug development are preclinical studies done? |
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What are the series of tests for safety and efficancy during drug development done on?
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| Ability or tendency to produce cancer |
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| Capacity to cause birth defects. |
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| This begins in the drug development after the FDA has approved application. This will occur on the target species for safety and efficiency on a particular species. |
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| During drug development, this determines the dose at which the drug induces tissue or organ damage which can result in permanent injury/death |
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| Dose of a test drug that causes a defined effect in 50% of the animals that take it. |
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| Dose of a test drug that kills 50% of the animals that take it. |
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| Dose that provides the desired effects with minimal or no signs of toxicity. |
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LD-50/ ED-50
"margin of safety" |
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| New Animal Drug Application |
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| Third step of drug development: |
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| Postmarketing Surveillance stage |
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| Fourth stage of drug development. |
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| During the fourth stage of drug development where is the drug listed? |
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| A list of animal drug products published and updated monthly by the drug: |
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| When a drug is purchased directly from the company that manufactures it. |
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| Distributors/ wholesalers |
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| Agencies that purchase the drug from the manufacturer and resell it to veterinarians. |
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| Selling drugs that are no longer under patent protection |
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| Ability to produce similair blood levels after administration as the original patented drug. |
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| Drug concentration in the body that produces the desired affect in the animal with minimnal or no sign of toxicity. |
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1-Route of Administration
2-Drug Dose
3-Dosage Interval |
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| Three major drug factors involved in staying with in a drugs therapeutic range. |
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| Drugs that are given through the GI tract (orally) PO |
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Drugs that are given by a route other than through the GI tract.
Paraentero
"excluding the instestines" |
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| Supplied in sterile vials. Some in powder form that must be reconstituted. Should be dated and refrigerated if necessary Some vials are single dose and some are ultiple dose. May need to be used in a certain amount of time. Some are light sensitive. |
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| Route allowing for fastest onset of action. |
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| A concentrated mass injected all at one time IV to acheive high concentration of drug immediately. |
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| Diluted drug administered over a 30-60 minute period through an IV catheter. |
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| Drug added to large volume of fluid administered continuously over a long period of time. |
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Aqueous solution
Aqueous suspension
Oily suspension
Injectable pellets |
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| Different forms of injectables for IM injection. |
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| Repository or Depot Preparation |
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| When a drug is placed in a substance that prolongs absorption. |
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| Given in the connective tissue beneath the dermis. Slowest route of injection. However still faster then oral administration. |
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| Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through diffusion from the alveoli to the capillaries. |
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Applied to surface of the skin or mucous membranes.
Must first disolve and then penetrate the skin by diffusion. |
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| Medication is delivered directly to the GI tract. Does not have to be sterile. Liquid, pill, or capsule. |
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| The amount of drug given at one time to achieve the desired effect. |
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| Initial dose given to get the concentration up to therapeutic range. |
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| Dose given to maintain therapeutic range. |
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| Total amount of drug given in a 24 hour period. |
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| The amount of drug per animals body weight. |
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| Frequency in which the drug is given to maintain therapeutic range. SID, BID, TID, QID, EOD. |
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Dosage interval AND dosage together.
ex: 10mg/kg BID |
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Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Route/Technique
Right Patient
Right Documentation |
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| The Six R's in drug administration safety. |
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| How many times should you check a label before administering a drug? |
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| The movement of drug molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentraion until both sides have the same concentration. Does NOT require energy. Drug used must disolve in the cell membrane for this to occur. |
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| Can disolve in the phospholipid structure of cell membrane and pass through easier than drugs that are hydrophilic. |
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| Usually disolve in water and injected IM so that it can diffuse through the fluid to reach the capillaries. |
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| Have a positive or negative charge. Usually hydrophilic in form. |
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| Have a neutral charge. Usually lipophilic in form. Can pass through cell membrane easily. |
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| Passive diffusion that requires a special carrier molecule which helps the drug cross the cell membrane. |
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| Requires a special carrier molecule AND energy because the drug molecules move against the concentration gradient. |
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| Engulfing fluids into the cell by surrounding the particles and forming a vesicle. |
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| Engulfing solids into the cell by surrounding the particle and forming a vesicle. Reserved for particles that are too large to pass through cell membrane. |
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| The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the fluids of the body that will carry it to the site(s) of action. Drug and patient factors will affect this. |
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| The degree in which the drug is absorbed and reaches the circulation. Higher in IV and IM drugs. |
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pH and Ionization
(alkaline) |
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Ionized drugs are absorbed more readily in areas of higher what?
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pH and Ionization
(acidic) |
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| Non-ionized drugs are absorbed in areas of lower what? |
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| Drug molecules can change from being ionized to non-ionized as they travel from one body compartment to another. |
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Age
Health
Metabolic rate
Genetic factors
Sex |
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| Five patient factors that can affect absorption. |
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| Physiological movement of drugs from the systemic circulation to the tissues. |
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Membrane permeability
Tissue perfusion
Protein binding
Volume of distribution |
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| Factors that affect drug distribution |
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| Blood brain barrier. (BBB) The capillaries do not have fenestrations. So only the most lipophilic drugs can enter the CNS |
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| Large molecules cannot pass through fenestrations in the capillaries. What is the exception to membrane permeability. |
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| Fat tissue has lower levels of drugs due to a lack of? Drugs stored in fat will delay onset of results. |
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| Some drug molecules bind to proteins in the blood that are too large to pass through the capillaries and become trapped in circulation. This is called? |
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| How well a drug is distributed thoughout the body based on the concentration of the drug in the blood. Assumes that the drug concentration in the blood is equal to the drug concentration dispersed throughout the rest of the body. |
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| The larger the volume of drug distribution, the _______the drug concentration in the blood after distribution. |
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The chemical alteration of drug molecules by the body cells of patients to a metabolite.
a.k.a. biotransformation. Occurs mainly in the liver. |
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| When some drugs change the absorption of other drugs. |
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| Competition for Plasma Proteins |
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| Two drugs that both bound to plasma proteins, with one drug having a higher affinity for binding, will leave excess of the other drug in circulation. Could lead to toxic levels. |
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| When some drugs affect the kidneys which causes a decrese in excretion of other drugs. Example is diuretics. |
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| When the same enzyme may be needed to metabolize two drugs that are being given at the same time. |
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| Decreased responce to a drug |
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Metabolic: drug is metabolized more rapidly with chronic use.
Cellular: decreased cellular receptors with repeated use. |
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| The two types of tolerance to a drug. |
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Removal of a drug from the body.
a.k.a. elimination
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| When drugs are eliminated through the glomerular filtration, tubular excretion, and tubular reabsorption, they are excrete through the? |
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| When drugs are eliminated via passive diffusion from the blood into the liver cells. They go through the? |
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| Perio after the aministration of a rug in which the animal can be sent to slaughter. Calculated based on rug half life. |
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| Time required for the amount of rug in the boy to be reduced by half of its orginal level. |
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| Some drugs form a chemicle bond with specific cell components on target cells calle? These are 3D proteins that may be located in the cell membrane, the cytoplasm or nucleus. |
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| Binds to cell receptors to cause an action |
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| Drug that inhibits or blocks the responce of a cell. |
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| Name of the drug based on its chemical make up. Provides scientific and technicle information. |
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| Official identifying name of a drug. Non-proprietary name. |
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| Name given by the drug company. Proprietary name, trade name. |
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| The preperation, mixing, assembling, packaging, and/ or labeling of a drug based on a prescription drug order from a veterinarian for a specific patient. |
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United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
on a drug label means it meets the standards described in the compendium. |
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| Official compendium describes thye source, appearence, properties, standards of purity, and other requierments of the most important pure drugs. |
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Drugs Name(generic and trade
Drug concentration & quanity
Name and adress of manufacturer
Manufacturer's control or lot #
Expiration date
Otherm if warranted
-Withdrawl times
-controlled substance status |
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| Drug packaging requirements. |
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1) Veterinarian name, adress, phone #, and DEA # if necessary.
2) Client name and adress, patient name and species.
3) Drug name, strength, & quanity to be dispensed
4) Instructions for giving drug to patient.
Number of refills
Veterinary signature
Date of perscription |
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| Writteb perscription requierments on label. |
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| Seasonal Poly-estrus; Short day breeder |
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| How long does an alpaca and llamas spend browsing and grazing? |
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