Term
|
Definition
| a pre-treatment baseline condition (A) followed by a condition treatment (B) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an initial baseline phase (A) until steady state responding is obtained, an intervention phase in which the treatment condition (B) is implemented until the behavior has changed and steady responding is obtained, and a return to baseline conditions (A) by withdrawing the independent variable to see whether responding "reverses" to levels observed in initial baseline phase |
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Term
|
Definition
| an initial baseline phase (1) until stead state responding is obtained, (2) an initial ntervention phase in which the treatment variable (B) is implemented until the behavior has changed and steady responding is obtained, (3) a return to baseline conditions (A) by withdrawing the independent variable to see whether responding "reverses" to levels observed in initial baseline phase, and (4) a second intervention phase (B) see whether initial treatment effects are replicated |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus, object, or event whose reinforcing effectiveness depends on the same motivating operation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| See anecdotal observation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event |
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Term
| acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) |
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Definition
| An evidence-based behavior therapy focusing on general well-being, defined as making reliable contact with high-priority positive reinforcers. |
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Term
| Accuracy (of measurement) |
|
Definition
| the extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature |
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Term
| Adapted alternating treatments design |
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Definition
| A variation of the multielement design for comparing the efficiency of instructional procedures. The comparison phase of the design features the alternating application of two (usually) or more different teaching methods, each method applied to different but equivalent sets of instructional items. All items are topographically different members of the same response or skill class, such as reading printed words, defining vocabulary terms, spelling words, answering math problems, and stating history facts. |
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Term
| Add-in component analysis |
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Definition
| A method for conducting a component analysis in which components are assessed individually or in combination before the complete treatment package is presented. The add-in method can identify suf-ficient components. Sequence and floor or ceiling effects may mask the effects of components added in toward the end of the analysis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behavior(time-filling or interim activities) |
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Term
| Affirmation of the Consequent |
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Definition
| a 3-step form of reasoning that begins with a true antecedent - consequent (if A then B) statement and proceeds as follows: (1) if A is true, then B is true; (2) B is found to be true; (3) therefore, A is true. Although other factors could be responsible for the truthfulness of A, a sound experiment affirms several if-A-then-B possibilities, each one reducing the likelihood of factors other than the independent variable being responsible for the observed changes in behavior |
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Term
| Alternating Treatment Designs |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Alternative Schedule (alt) |
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Definition
| Provides reinforcement when the response requirements of any of two or more simultaneously available component schedules are met. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client |
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Term
|
Definition
| An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occur-ring prior to a behavior of interest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An antecedent intervention, implemented independently of occurrences of the problem behavior, that usually has clients engage in some effortful form of aerobic activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| A behavior change strategy that manipulates antecedent stimuli based on (a) motivating operations (evocative and abative effects), (b) stimulus control (differential availability of reinforcement), and (c) contingency-independent interventions |
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Term
| Antecedent Stimulus Class |
|
Definition
| a set of stimuli that share a common relationship, evoke the same operant behavior or elicit the same responding behavior |
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Term
| Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) |
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Definition
| the science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior |
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Term
| arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARR) |
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Definition
| Forming new stimulus classes with little or no reinforced practice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimuli to which people respond in interlocked ways, not because of physical similarity, but because social-verbal reinforcement contingencies teach people to respond to them in this way. |
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Term
|
Definition
| antecedents that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under |
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Term
|
Definition
| an outcome or result that appears to exist behavior of the way it is measured bu in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred |
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Term
|
Definition
| a data path that shows an increasing trend in the response measure over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| anyone who functions as an Sd evoking verbal behavior. different audiences may control different verbal behavior about the same topic because of a differential reinforcement history |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves two interlocking levels of verbal behavior emitted in one utterance. One level is a primary response (e.g., |
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Term
|
Definition
| Provide structure among verbal operants in terms of order, agreement, grouping, and composition of larger units of verbal behavior such as sentences ( |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves supplemental control by an MO related to some aspect of the speaker |
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Term
|
Definition
| Controlled by some nonverbal feature of the primary response or its controlling variables. This behavior is reinforced by listeners who provide generalized reinforcement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to identify cir-cumstances in which behavior is evoked, shaped, maintained, or weakened by environmental variables occurring without direct manipulation by other people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation by others (i.e. a response product serves as a punisher independent of the social environment) |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (i.e. scratching an insect bite relieves the itch) |
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|
Term
| Automaticy (of reinforcement) |
|
Definition
| refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to "work" |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| a contingency in which a response prevents or postpone the presentation of a stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| a design that begins with the treatment condition. After steady state responding has been obtained during the initial treatment phase (B) the treatment variable is withdrawn (A) to see whether responding changes in the absence of the independent variable. The treatment variable is then reintroduced (B) in an attempt to recapture the level of responding obtained during the first treatment phase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Preferred items, activities, or privileges that participants obtain by exchanging earned tokens in a token economy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who then receives reinforcement for completing the chain. When the learner shows com-petence in performing the final step in the chain, the trainer performs all but the last two behaviors in the chain, the learner emits the final two steps to complete the chain, and reinforcement is delivered. This sequence is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently. |
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Term
| Backwards Chaining with Leaps Ahead |
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Definition
| A backward chaining procedure in which some steps in the task analysis are skipped; used to increase the efficiency of teaching long behavior chains when there is evidence that the skipped steps are in the learner |
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Term
|
Definition
| A simple and versatile graphic format for summarizing behavioral data; shares most of the line graph |
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present; data obtained during baseline are the basis for determining the effects of the independent variable; a control condition that does not necessarily mean the absence of instruction or treatment, only the absence of a specific independent variable of experimental interest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the experimental reasoning inherent in single-subject experimental design (prediction, verification, and replication) |
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Term
|
Definition
| That portion of an organism |
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Term
| Behavior Analyst Certification Board |
|
Definition
| Consolidates, updates, and replaces the BACB |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a Sd for the next response in the chain. reinforcement for the last response in a chain maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous responses in the chain. |
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Term
| Behavior Chain Interruption Strategy |
|
Definition
| An intervention that relies on the participant |
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Term
| Behavior Chain with a Limited Hold |
|
Definition
| a contingency that specifies a time interval by which a behavior chain must be completed for reinforcement to be delivered |
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Term
|
Definition
| A technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| provides descriptions of specific skills (usually in hierarchical order) and the conditions under which each skill should be observed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behavior changes. Effective behavior traps share four essential features: (a) They are |
|
|
Term
| behavior-altering effect (of a motivating operation) |
|
Definition
| Either (a) an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event, called an evocative effect; or (b) a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event, called an abative effect. For example, the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced with food, such as opening the fridge, is evoked (increased) or abated (decreased) by food deprivation or food ingestion, respectively. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A form of assessment that includes indirect and direct procedures such as interviews, checklists, and tests to identify and define the specific target behavior. In addition to identifying behavior(s) to change, comprehensive behavioral assessment can uncover functional relations between variables; it provides context on the resources, assets, significant others, compet-ing contingencies, maintenance and generalization factors, and reinforcers (or punishers) that can be combined to improve the efficiency of an intervention. |
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Term
|
Definition
| See contingency contract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus control |
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Term
|
Definition
| An insensitivity to external stimuli occurring when private events interfere with well-being behaviors on which high-priority positive reinforcers are contingent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Describes the resistance to change in a behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the philosophy of the science of behavior |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation (IOA) |
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Term
| bidirectional naming (BiN) |
|
Definition
| A higher-order verbal cusp consisting of the fusing together of the speaker and listener repertoires in bidirectional relations (Horne & Lowe, 1996). A new word acquired as listener can generate a tact without further training, and a new word acquired as a tact can generate a listener relation without further training (these effects are consistent with emergent symmetry and mutual entailment). |
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Term
|
Definition
| A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predeter-mined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior. |
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|
Term
| brief functional analysis |
|
Definition
| An analysis in which only one or two 5-to 10-min sessions are conducted for each condition. A convincing demonstration of func-tion may be achieved by either alternating a condition that produces problem behavior with one that does not or conducting a contingency reversal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of comparing the data produced by a measurement system to a known standard or true value and, when sources of error are found, using that information to correct or improve the measurement system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| If-then relationships (e.g., if A, then B; if B, then C) that are a central feature of understanding and doing science. With respect to stimulus relations. Can define the structure of a stimulus class or define the behavior function through which stimuli in a class are transformed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the change in rate of responding over time, based on count per unit of time, expressed as a factor by which responding is accelerating or decelerating, used in Standard Celeration Charts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a unit of time (week, day, etc) in which celeration is plotted on a Standard Celeration Chart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the response requirement for 2+ basic schedules must meet in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered, and Sd is used with each component |
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Term
|
Definition
| Various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses to form new performances. |
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|
Term
| Changing Criterion Design |
|
Definition
| a design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criterion for reinforcement or punishment, Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A new member is added to a demonstrated stimulus equiva-lence class as the result of teaching a new conditional discrimination. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Independent equivalence classes are combined as the result of teaching a new but interrelated conditional discrimination. |
|
|
Term
| class-specific reinforcement |
|
Definition
| A match-to-sample procedure in which not only is the correct comparison choice conditional on the sample stimulus, but the type of consequence delivered is, too; class-specific consequences themselves become members of the equivalence classes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| coined by Pryor (1999), used to shape behavior using conditioned reinforcement in the form of auditory stimulus, a handheld device produces a click should when pressed, the trainer pairs other forms of reinforcement with the click sounds so that the sound becomes a CR |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with point-to-point correspondence, but without formal similarity. There is also a history of generalized reinforcement. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A relation involving two stimuli that both participate in mutual entailment with some common third stimulus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a design to identify the active elements of a treatment conditions, the relative contributions of different variables in a treatment package, and/or the necessary and sufficient components of an intervention, compare levels of responding across successive phases in which the intervention is implemented with 1+ components left out |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2+ elements (CRF, FR, FI, VR, VI, DRH, DRL, and extinction, can occur successively or simultaneously, with or without and SD, can either meet one component or all components |
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|
Term
| compound verbal discrimination |
|
Definition
| Involves two or more verbal SDs (convergent multiple control) that each independently evoke behavior, but when they both occur in the same antecedent configuration, a different SD is generated, and a more specific behavior is evoked. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus class whose members share a common set of features. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex example of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimulus and discrimination between classes of stimuli |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An experimental design in which participants are presented with two or more response options; each option is associated with a distinctive discriminative stimulus and leads to a different set of treatment procedures. |
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|
Term
| Concurrent Schedule (conc) |
|
Definition
| 2+ contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for 2+ behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance; computed by calculating (a) the proportion of occurrences of behavior that were preceded by a specific antecedent variable, and (b) the proportion of occurrences of problem behavior that were followed by a specific consequence |
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Term
|
Definition
| the value-altering affect depends on a learning history |
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|
Term
| Conditioned Negative Reinforcer |
|
Definition
| a previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with 1+ negative reinforcers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a previously neutral stimulus that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with 1+ punisher (aka secondary or learned punisher) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a learner stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits, each person's repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his/her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with 1+ reinforcer (aka secondary or learned reinforcer) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with a unconditioned stimulus or another CS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes a situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization for release of such information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or person interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially |
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Term
|
Definition
| an uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the DV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus that follows a behavior of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a mutual agreement upon document between parties that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of specific behavior(s) and access to specific reinforcer(s) |
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Term
|
Definition
| exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for 2 topographically different responses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure for implementing timeout in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period |
|
|
Term
| Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) |
|
Definition
| each occurrence of the target behavior is reinforced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change |
|
|
Term
| Contrived Mediating Stimulus |
|
Definition
| any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a verbal operant that is evoked by a nonverbal Sd that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period of time in which a count of the number of responses emitted was recorded |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis, steeper slope=greater response rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a device that automatically draws cumulative graphs that shows the rate of response in real time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the results for measurements, usually in quantifiable form; measures of some quantifiable dimension of a behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Level and trend of behavior between successive data points |
|
|
Term
| Delayed Multiple Baseline Design |
|
Definition
| initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one behavior/setting/subject and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion |
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|
Term
| Dependent Group Contingency |
|
Definition
| when the reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a select group of members within the larger group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some measure of a socially significant behavior, measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time |
|
|
Term
| Descriptive Functional Behavior Assessment |
|
Definition
| direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy-nilly, accidental fashion |
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|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension and placing all other responses in the class on extinction |
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|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) |
|
Definition
| reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior |
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|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement for Diminished Rates (DRD) |
|
Definition
| reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals |
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|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement for High Rates (DRH) |
|
Definition
| reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement for Incompatible Behavior (DRI) |
|
Definition
| reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior |
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|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement for Low Rates (DRL) |
|
Definition
| reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum IRT or (b) in contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion, not meant to eliminate the behavior |
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|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaivor (DRO) |
|
Definition
| reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times (ie momentary DRO) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time |
|
|
Term
| descriptive functional behavior assessment |
|
Definition
| Direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy-nilly, accidental fashion. |
|
|
Term
| differential reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) (i.e., frequency, topography, duration, latency, or magnitude) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction. |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) |
|
Definition
| A proce-dure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement for Diminished Rates (DRD) |
|
Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement for High Rates (DRH) |
|
Definition
| A schedule of rein-forcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement for Incompatible Behavior (DRI) |
|
Definition
| A pro-cedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement for Low Rates (DRL) |
|
Definition
| A schedule of reinforce-ment in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT), or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion. |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaivor (DRO) |
|
Definition
| A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Statements describing corrective, disciplinary, and revocation actions, depending on the circumstances for violations of a professional; see the BACB Compliance Code |
|
|
Term
| Discontinuous Measurement |
|
Definition
| conducted in a matter such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response, each discrete response occurs when an opportunity to respond exists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevent the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
|
|
Term
| Discriminative Stimulus (Sd) |
|
Definition
| a stimulus in the presence of which response of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of response have occurred and not been reinforced |
|
|
Term
| discriminative stimulus for punishment |
|
Definition
| A stimulus in the pres-ence of which a given behavior has been punished and in the absence of which that behavior has not been punished; as a result of this history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responding jointly to two stimuli on the basis of their differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents the subject and the observer(s) from detecting the presence or absences of the treatment variable, used to eliminate confounding of results by expectations, differential treatment by others, and observer bias |
|
|
Term
| DRI/DRA Reversal Technique |
|
Definition
| demonstrates the effects of reinforcement, uses DRI or DRA as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition, shows more of a contingent relationship rather than a present or absent relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| demonstrates the effects of reinforcement, uses DRO as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition, shows more of a contingent relationship rather than a present or absent relationship |
|
|
Term
| drop-out component analysis |
|
Definition
| A method for conducting a component analysis in which the investigator presents the treatment package and then sys-tematically removes components. If the treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with formal similarity, and a history of generalized reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The total time that behavior occurs; measured by elapsed time from the onset of a response to its end point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An elementary verbal operant involving a vocal response that is evoked by a vocal verbal SD that has formal similarity between an auditory verbal stim-ulus and an auditory verbal response product, and a history of generalized reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an assessment that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior, obtains data across multiple settings and persons |
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Term
| elementary verbal operants |
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Definition
| taxonomy of five different types of speaker behavior (i.e., expressive language) distinguished by their antecedent controlling variables and related history of consequences: mand, tact, intraverbal, duplic, and codic. |
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Term
| emergent stimulus relations |
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Definition
| stimulus relations that are not taught directly but emerge as an indirect function of related instruction or experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| the objective observation of the phenomena of interest, objective observations are "independent of the individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions of the scientists...results are objective in that they are open to anyone's observation and do not depend on the subjective belief of the individual scientist" |
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Term
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Definition
| An intervention that provides noncontingent access to preferred sources of reinforcement (e.g., toys, games, social and recreation activities). This noncontingent access to preferred reinforcers arranges a com-petition between the enriched environment and the stimulation provided by the problem behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannon occur in the absence of environment |
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Term
| environmental enrichment (EE) |
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Definition
| An antecedent intervention that provides noncontingent access to preferred sources of reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| A scale in which equal distances on the axis represent equal absolute amounts of the variable plotted on the axis |
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Term
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Definition
| A probe for the emergence of untrained stimulus |
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Term
| equivalence-class formation |
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Definition
| The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of techniques for gradually transferring stimu-lus control with a minimum of errors. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a response terminates an ongoing stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors that are maintained by negative reinforcement are not followed by termination of the aversive stimulus |
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Term
| Establishing Operation (EO) |
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Definition
| A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer |
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Term
| Ethical Codes of Behavior |
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Definition
| Documents generated or adopted by professional organizations that provide clear guidelines for their members when deciding a course of proper action in conducting their professional duties |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors, practices, and decisions that address such basic and fundamental questions as: what's the right thing to do? what's worth doing? what does it mean to be a good behavior analytic practitioner? |
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Term
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Definition
| obtaining a tally or count of the number of times a behavior occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation |
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Term
| Exact Count-Per-Interval IOA |
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Definition
| the percentage of total intervals in which 2 observers record the same count |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for building new arbitrary conditional discriminations based on the robust finding that learners will select a novel comparison stimulus over a known one in the presence of a novel sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior, the person is removed physically from the current environment for a specified period |
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Term
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Definition
| a carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest under 2+ different conditions in which only one factor at a time differs from one condition to another |
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Term
| Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) |
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Definition
| a natural science approach to the study of behavior as a subject matter in its own right founded my B.F. Skinner |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 meanings (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relation (i.e. when a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by manipulating a specific aspect of the environment AND (b) the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the IV by presenting it, withdrawing it, and/or varying its value, and also eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular type and sequence of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence and absence (or different values) of the IV can be made |
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Term
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Definition
| a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon in claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon (i.e. intelligence) |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which study's findings have generality to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior, leads to a decrease in frequency of the behavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented |
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Term
| extinction-induced variability |
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Definition
| Phenomenon in which diverse and novel forms of behavior are sometimes observed during the extinction process. |
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Term
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Definition
| any aspect of the experimental setting that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variations |
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Term
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Definition
| transferring stimulus control in which features of an antecedent stimulus controlling a behavior are gradually changed to a new stimulus while maintaining the current behavior, stimulus features can be faded in or out |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli that share common physical forms or structures or common relative relations |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement |
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Term
| Fixed-Interval DRO (FI-DRO) |
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Definition
| reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of fixed duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during each interval |
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Term
| Fixed-Momentary DRO (FM-DRO) |
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Definition
| reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by a fixed amount of time, and delivered contingent on the problem behavior no occurring at those moments |
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Term
|
Definition
| delivery of non-contingent stimuli in which a time interval remains the same from one delivery to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| when the controlling antecedent and the response or response product (a) share the same sense mode and (b) physically resemble each other |
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Term
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Definition
| A method for teaching behavior chains that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the first behavior in the task analysis; the trainer completes the remaining steps in the chain. When the learner shows competence in performing the first step in the chain, he is then taught to perform the first two behaviors in the chain, with the training completing the chain. This process is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intentional, willful, and deceitful behavior; such behavior can cause harm to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space, can be emitted at any time, discrete, requires minimal time to complete, and can produce a wide range of response rates (i.e. the # of words read during a 1-min counting period) |
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Term
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Definition
| when responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| How often a behavior occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement is delivered at the end of the session if the total number of response emitted during the session does not exceed a criterion limit |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the MO, stimulus, and response relations; caused by reinforcement, punishment, an extinction procedure, or a recovery from punishment procedure; results from the pairing and un-pairing of antecedent stimuli |
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Term
| function-based definition |
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Definition
| Designates responses as members of the targeted response class solely in terms of their common effect on the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1.denotes demonstrations of functional relations between environmental variables and behavior 2. entails experimentally arranging antecedents and consequences representing those in the person |
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Term
| Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) |
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Definition
| method of assessment for obtaining information about the purposes (functions) a problem behavior serves for a person; results are used to guide the design of an intervention for decreasing the problem behavior and increasing appropriate behavior. |
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Term
| Functional Communication Training (FCT) |
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Definition
| an antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behavior is taught as a replacement behavior for problem behavior usually evoked by an EO; involved DRA |
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Term
|
Definition
| describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in the experiment in which a specific change in one event (the dependent variable) can be produced by manipulating another event (the independent variable), and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variables); |
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Term
|
Definition
| Serving the same function or purpose; different topographies of behavior are functionally equivalent if they produce the same consequences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in the generalization setting(s) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A generic term for a variety of behavioral processes and behavior change outcomes. |
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Term
| Generalization Across Subjects |
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Definition
| changes in the behavior of people not directly treated by an intervention as a function of treatment contingencies applied to other people |
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Term
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Definition
| any measurement of a learner's performance of a target behavior in a setting and/or stimulus situation in which direct training has not been provided |
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Term
|
Definition
| any place or stimulus situation that differs in some meaningful way from the instructional setting in which performance of the target behavior is desired |
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Term
| Generalized Behavior Change |
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Definition
| a behavior change that has not been taught directly; takes 1+ of response maintenance, stimulus/setting generalization, and response generalization |
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Term
| generalized conditioned reinforcer |
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Definition
| A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a learner imitates a wide variety of unprompted, untrained, non-reinforced modeled behaviors in different settings and situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral effect whereby previously acquired speaker and listener skills enable or accelerate the acquisition of other speaker and listener skills, without dependence on direct teaching or a history of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| a tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares all of the relevant or defining features associated with the original stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| An interdependent group contingency in which a group is divided into two or more teams that compete against each other and/or a specified criterion. The team with fewest marks at the end of the game earns a reinforcer. Each team is also told that it can earn a reinforcer if it has fewer than a specified number of marks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A visual format for displaying data; reveals relations among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of (a) a person within the group, (b) a select group of members within the larger group, or (c) each member of the group meeting a performance criterion |
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Term
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Definition
| when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term punishers are minimized |
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Term
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Definition
| a multiple-component treatment package for reducing unwanted habits; includes self-awareness training (identify triggers and responses), competing response training, and motivation techniques (either self or socially mediated) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentation of a stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| aka dependent group contingency |
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Term
|
Definition
| A nested stimulus relation in which a category, subsuming multiple stimuli, is itself a member of a higher-order category subsuming multiple stimuli. |
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Term
| High-Probability (high-p) Request Sequence |
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Definition
| an antecedent intervention in which 2-5 easy tasks with a known history of learner compliance are presented in quick succession immediately before presenting the target task (interspersing) |
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Term
| high-probability instructional sequence (high-p) |
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Definition
| A procedure for improving compliance and diminishing escape-maintained problem behaviors. |
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Term
| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS). |
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Term
| higher-order operant class |
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Definition
| Behavior defined in terms of general relations between antecedents and responses, rather than in terms of specific stimuli and responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire |
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Term
|
Definition
| a presumed unobserved process or entity (id, ego, super ego) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavior that (a) is occasioned by another person |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic, research-based set of procedures for teaching a nonimitative learner to imitate models of novel behaviors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a response that is evoked by both an MO and a nonverbal stimulus (part mand, part tact) |
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Term
| Independent Group Contingency |
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Definition
| reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on that person's meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group |
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Term
|
Definition
| The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment |
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Term
| Indirect Functional Assessment |
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Definition
| structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires used to obtain information from people who are familiar with the person exhibiting the problem behavior; used to identify conditions or events in the natural environment that correlate with the problem behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest; considered less valid than direct b/c it inters about relations between the data obtained and the actual behavior of interest |
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Term
| Indiscriminable Contingency |
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Definition
| a contingency that makes it difficult for the learner to discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement (intermittent reinforcement and delayed rewards) |
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Term
|
Definition
| then the potential recipient of services or participant in a research study gives his explicit permission before any assessment or treatment is provided; full disclosure of effects and side effects must be provided; to give consent the person must (a) demonstrate the capacity to decide, (b) do so voluntarily, and (c) have adequate knowledge of all salient aspects of the treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| The environment where instruction occurs; includes all aspects of the environment, planned and unplanned, that may influence the learner |
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Term
| Interdependent Group Contingency |
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Definition
| reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group |
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Term
| intermittent schedule of reinforcement (INT) |
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Definition
| A contingency of rein-forcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcemen |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in the behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables |
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|
Term
| interobserver agreement (IOA) |
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Definition
| the degree to which two or more inde-pendent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A measure of temporal locus, defined as the elapsed time between two successive responses. |
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Term
| interrupted chain procedure |
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Definition
| A procedural variation of the behavior chain interruption strategy, entails arranging the environment such that the learner is unable to continue the chain at a predetermined point until responding to a prompt |
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Term
|
Definition
| A procedure for implementing DRL in which the total session is divided into equal intervals and reinforcement is provided at the end of each interval in which the number of responses during the interval is equal to or below a criterion limit |
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Term
|
Definition
| an index of agreement between observers for data obtained by interval recording or time sampling measurement; compare the 2 observers recordings of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in each observation interval and dividing the number of intervals of agreement by the total number of intervals and multiplying by 100 |
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Term
| interview-informed synthesized contingency analysis |
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Definition
| A variation of functional analysis designed to increase efficiency. In the test condition, multi-ple contingencies are implemented simultaneously (e.g., attention and escape) when the problem behavior is demonstrated. In the control condition, those same contingencies are presented noncontingently and continuously. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that does not have point-to-point correspon-dence with that verbal stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Some verbal stimuli only supplement other more critical antecedents, but nonetheless they play a causal role in evoking behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase |
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Term
| Lag Reinforcement Schedule |
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Definition
| reinforcement is contingent on a response being different in some specified way from the previous response (Lag 1) or a specified number of previous responses (Lag 2+) |
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Term
| latency-based functional analysis |
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Definition
| an analysis in which each session is terminated as soon as a problem behavior occurs |
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Term
| least-to-most response prompts |
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Definition
| A technique of transferring stimulus control in which the practitioner gives the participant an opportunity to perform the response with the least amount of assistance on each trial |
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Term
|
Definition
| the value on the vertical axis around which a series of behavioral measures converge |
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Term
|
Definition
| a component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level (gets harder the higher you get up but the reinforcers are better) |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement is available ONLY during a finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval, reinforcement is withheld until the next interval |
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Term
|
Definition
| Based on a Cartesian plane, a two-dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines. Any point within the plane represents a spe-cific relation between the two dimensions described by the intersecting lines. It is the most common graphic format for displaying data in applied behavior analysis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| someone who provides reinforcement for verbal behavior, may also serve as an audience |
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Term
|
Definition
| the average rate of responding during a smaller period of time within a larger period of which an overall response rate has been given |
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Term
|
Definition
| The force or intensity with which a response is emitted; provides important quantitative parameters used in defining and verifying the occurrence of some response classes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (a) extent to which the learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention has been terminated and (b) a condition in which treatment has been discontinued or partially withdrawn |
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Term
|
Definition
| An elementary verbal operant involving a response of any form that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a self-directed behavior change technique in which the person forces himself to perform an undesired behavior repeatedly, which sometimes decreases the future frequency of the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative |
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Term
| Mean Count-Per-Interval IOA |
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Definition
| the average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by 2 observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times, more conservative measure than total count IOA |
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|
Term
| Mean Duration-Per-Occurrence IOA |
|
Definition
| calculated by average percentage of agreement of the durations, more conservative and meaningful assessment |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of applying quantitative labels to describe and dif-ferentiate objects and natural events. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nonrandom measurement error; a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event. |
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|
Term
| measurement by permanent product |
|
Definition
| A method of measuring behavior after it has occurred by recording the effects that the behavior produced on the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner", dimensions exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, if not all |
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Term
| Metaphorical (Tact) Extension |
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Definition
| a tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares some, but not all, of the relevant features of the original stimulus |
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Term
| Methodological Behaviorism |
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Definition
| a philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science |
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Term
| Metonymical (Tact) Extension |
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Definition
| a tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares none of the relevant features of the original stimulus configuration, but some irrelevant yet related feature has acquired stimulus control |
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Term
|
Definition
| consisting of 2+ basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; no Sd is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time |
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Term
|
Definition
| A behavior change strategy in which learners acquire new skills by imitating demonstrations of the skills by live or symbolic models. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors is recorded at precisely specified time intervals |
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|
Term
| most-to-least response prompts |
|
Definition
| A technique of transferring stimulus con-trol in which the practitioner physically guides the participant through the entire performance sequence, and then gradually reduces the level of assistance in successive trials. |
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|
Term
| motivating operation (MO) |
|
Definition
| An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the cur-rent frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event |
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|
Term
| motor imitation (relating to sign language) |
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Definition
| A type of duplic verbal behavior in which the form of a motor response is under the functional control of a visual verbal SD that has formal similarity between a verbal stimulus and a verbal response product, and a history of generalized reinforcement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An experimental design in which two or more condi-tions (one of which may be a no-treatment control condition) are presented in rapidly alternating succession (e.g., on alternating sessions or days) independent of the level of responding; differences in responding between or among con-ditions are attributed to the effects of the conditions. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An experimental design that begins with the con-current measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, fol-lowed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior(s). After maximum change has been noted in the first behavior, the treatment variable is applied in sequential fashion to each of the other behaviors in the design. Experimental control is demonstrated if each behavior shows similar changes when, and only when, the treatment variable is introduced. |
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|
Term
| Multiple Control (of Verbal Behavior) |
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Definition
| 2 Types: 1) Convergent multiple control: when a single verbal response is a function of more than 1 variable and what is said has more than one antecedent source of control; 2) Divergent multiple control: when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than one response |
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|
Term
| multiple-exemplar training |
|
Definition
| instruction that provides the learner with prac-tice with a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, and response topographies to ensure the acquisition of desired stimulus control response forms; used to promote both setting/situation generalization and response gen-eralization. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a variation of the multiple baseline design; features intermittent measures, or probes, during baseline; used to evaluate the effects of instruction on skill sequence in which it is unlikely that the subject can improve performance on later steps in the sequence before learning prior steps |
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Term
|
Definition
| consisting of 2+ basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; a Sd is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time |
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|
Term
| Multiple Treatment Interference |
|
Definition
| the effects of one treatment on a subject's behavior being confounded by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study |
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Term
| multiple treatment reversal design |
|
Definition
| ny experimental design that uses the experimental methods and logic of the reversal tactic to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A bidirectional stimulus relation in which one direction (e.g., if A, then B) is directly learned and the other (if B, then A) is derived. |
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|
Term
| Naturally Existing Contingency |
|
Definition
| any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) that operates independent of the behavior analyst's or practitioner's efforts; includes socially mediated contingencies contrived by other people and already in effect in the relevant setting |
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|
Term
| Non-contingent Reinforcement (NCR) Reversal Technique |
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Definition
| uses NCR as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition; this shows that if the behavior changes it is b/c of the contingency not the contact with the reinforcement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A response behavior followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus) that results in similar responses occurring less often. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, and which leads to an increase in the future occur-rence of similar responses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus set that must be held in common across a minimum of two conditional discriminations to provide a basis for all equiv-alence properties. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Derived stimulus relations in which stimuli are related on some basis other than |
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|
Term
| noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) |
|
Definition
| A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed-time (FT) or variable-time (VT) schedules completely independent of behavior; often used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behavior. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior, the person remains within the setting, but does not have access to reinforcement, for a specified period. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the philosophy, principle, and belief that people with disabilities should, to the maximum extent possible, be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability; use progressively more typical settings and procedures to help them be as normal as possible |
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Term
|
Definition
| A measure produced by an observation and measurement system. Observed values serve as the data that the researcher and others will interpret to form conclusions about an investigation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a mea-surement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error; often entails a shift in the observer |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nfluence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observer |
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Term
|
Definition
| the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when the most salient component of a compound stimulus arrangement controls responding and interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by the more relevant stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an experimental design to discover the differential effects of a range of values of an IV |
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|
Term
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Definition
| The practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations, experimen-tally or conceptually, before considering more complex or abstract explanations. |
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Term
| partial-interval recording |
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Definition
| A time sampling method for measuring behav-ior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time inter-vals (typically from 5 to 10 seconds). The observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variation of time-out from positive reinforcement in which contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior, the participant remains in the time-in setting, but his view of the setting is restricted by a panel or cubicle, or a select space is arranged to serve as the time-out area |
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Term
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Definition
| an attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned |
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Term
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Definition
| the history of the natural evolution of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior that, when learned, produces corresponding modifications or co-variation in other untrained behaviors |
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Term
| planned activity check (PLACHECK) |
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Definition
| A variation of momentary time sampling in which the observer records whether each person in a group is engaged in the target behavior at specific points in time; provides a measure of |
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Term
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Definition
| a time-out procedure in which social reinforcers are withheld for a brief period contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior |
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Term
| Point-to-Point Corresponding |
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Definition
| a relation between the stimulus and the response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response |
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Term
| Positive Practice Over-correction |
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Definition
| contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior, the learner is required to repeat a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, a specified number of times |
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Term
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Definition
| A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A response followed immediately by the presenta-tion of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| the absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement; common during FI and FR |
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Term
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Definition
| improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained |
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Term
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Definition
| A philosophical position asserting that the truth value of a state-ment is determined by how well it promotes effective action; pragmatism is a primary criterion by which behavior analysts judge the value of their findings. |
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Term
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Definition
| An instructional approach that involves (a) pinpointing the skills to be learned; (b) measuring the initial frequency or rate per minute at which the student can perform those skills; (c) setting an aim, or goal, for the child |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement; one of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. Sometimes called |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement describing a functional relation between behavior and 1+ of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time |
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Term
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Definition
| Covert events typically accessible only to the person expe-riencing them. A) behavior B) behavior that takes place within the skin is distinguished from other (public) behavior only by its inaccessibility c) influenced by the same kinds of variables as publicly accessible behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which procedures in all phases and condi-tions of an experiment, including baseline, are implemented correctly. |
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Term
| Programming Common Stimuli |
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Definition
| used to promote setting/situation generalization by making the instructional setting similar to the generalization setting: 1) identify salient stimuli that characterize the generalization setting; 2)incorporate those stimuli into the instructional setting |
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Term
| Progressive Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| things each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the individual's behavior (PR and PI) |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for transferring stimulus control from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli that starts with simultaneous presentation of the natural stimulus and the response prompt |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus change that decreases the future occurrence of behav-ior that immediately precedes it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic principle of behavior describing a response |
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Term
| range-bound changing criterion design |
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Definition
| A variation of the changing criterion design in which each intervention sub-phase includes a lower and an upper criterion within which the participant is expected to perform. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fundamental measure of how often behavior occurs expressed as count per standard unit of time (e.g., per minute, per hour, per day) and calculated by dividing the number of responses recorded by the number of standard units of time in which observations were conducted |
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Term
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Definition
| A scale in which equal distances on a graph |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules; common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behav-ior being measured. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits; both UR and CR; protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance and economy of the organism, and promote reproduction |
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Term
| Reflexive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-R) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement; like a warning stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of stimulus-to-stimulus relation in which the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic principle of behavior describing a response |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a variety of direct, empirical methods for presenting one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and measuring their effectiveness as reinforcers. |
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Term
| Relevance of Behavior Rule |
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Definition
| only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment should be targeted for change |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly throughout time, one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived |
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Term
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Definition
| (a) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity, (b) repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a NS is presented with an US until the NS becomes a CS that elicits the CR |
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Term
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Definition
| The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US); the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior, to prevent completion of the targeted behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The response-contingent loss of a specific number of positive reinforcers (e.g., a fine) that decreases the frequency of similar responses in the future; a form of negative punishment |
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Term
| Response-Deprivation Hypothesis |
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Definition
| A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior rep-resents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement. (See also Premack principle.) |
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Term
| Restitutional Over-correction |
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Definition
| A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the damage or return the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior |
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Term
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Definition
| restricting probelem behavior. three kinds 1. personal 2. protective equipment 3. self |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased and to the three-phase procedure that produces the effect: (1) A target behavior is reinforced, (2) the target behavior is placed on extinction and reinforcement provided for an alternative behavior, and (3) both responses are placed on extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by |
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Term
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Definition
| A comparison prior to conducting a behavioral assessment or intervention of the potential harm to the client (or others) versus the benefits likely to result from the procedures. |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior governed by rules; enables human behavior to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbably but potentially significant consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; also refers to a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a rein-forcer |
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Term
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Definition
| A two-dimensional graph that shows the relative distribution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the x-and y-axes. Data points on a scatterplot are not connected. |
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Term
| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| A rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement; a description of a contingency of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing a contingency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval; it results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena (as evidenced by description, prediction, and control) that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as its requirement for believability, parsimony as a value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience |
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Term
| Selection by Consequences |
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Definition
| The fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; the basic tenet is that all forms of (operant) behavior, from sim-ple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Contingency contract that a person makes with himself or herself, incorporating a self-selected task and reward as well as personal monitoring of task completions and self-delivery of the reward. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) a person's ability to "delay gratification" by emitting a response that will produce a better delayed reward over a response that produces a smaller but immediate reward (i.e. impluse control) |
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Term
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Definition
| a person compares his performance of a target behavior with a predetermined goal or standard |
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Term
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Definition
| self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that function as rules or response prompts for a desired behavior; can be used in chains of behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the personal application of behavior change tactics that produce a desired change in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes; each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Responding is under stimulus control of a single antecedent stimulus condition; described by the three-term contingency: SD SRS SR+. |
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Term
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Definition
| a wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the IV on the behavior of individual subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced. |
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Term
| Solistic (Tact) Extension |
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Definition
| a verbal response evoked by a stimulus property that is only indirectly related to the proper relation |
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Term
| Split-Middle Line of Progress |
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Definition
| a line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data; drawn through the intersections of the vertical and horizontal middles of each hald of the charted data and then adjusted up or down so that half of all the data points fall on or above and half fall on or below the line |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its prereinforcement level or stopped entirely |
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Term
| Standard Celeration Chart |
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Definition
| a multiply-divide chart with 6 base-10 (or x10, divide by 10) cycles on the vertical axis that can accommodate response rates as low as 1 per 24 hours to as high as 1,000 per min |
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Term
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Definition
| repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influences on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition |
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Term
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Definition
| An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (e.g., size, color), temporal (e.g., antecedent or consequent), and/ or functional (e.g., discriminative stimulus) dimensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of accurate responding to untrained and non-reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations |
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Term
| Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing |
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Definition
| when 2 stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| the sequence of new response classes that emerge during the shaping process as the result of differential reinforcement; each successive response class is closer in form to the terminal behavior than the response class it replaces. |
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Term
| Surrogate Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMO-S) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| treats fears, anxieties, and phobias and involves substituting one response, generally muscle relaxation, for the unwanted behavior- fear and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| An experiment in which the researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned rein-forcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like the mix schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The response class selected for intervention; can be defined either functionally or topographically. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and across teaching sessions; promote setting/situation generalization by reducing the likelihood that (a) a single or small group of non-critical stimuli will acquire exclusive control over the target behavior and (b) the learner's performance of the target behavior will be impeded or "thrown off" should he encounter any of the "loose" stimuli n the generalization setting |
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Term
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Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events; often measured in latency and IRT |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequenc |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for transferring stimulus control from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli that begins with the simultane-ous presentation of the natural stimulus and response prompt. After several correct responses, a delay is introduced between the stimulus and the response prompt until the student emits the unprompted correct response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement of the presence or absence of behavior within specific time intervals. It is most useful with continuous and high-rate behav-iors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavior change system consisting of a list of target behaviors, with tokens (points or small objects) participants earn for emitting the target behaviors, and a menu of backup reinforcers (i.e., preferred items, activities, or privileges) for which participants exchange earned tokens. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical form or shape of a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variation of forward chaining in which the learner receives training on each behavior in the chain during each session. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to dimensions of procedural arrangements when teaching multiple conditional discriminations. |
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Term
| transformation of function |
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Definition
| Occurs when teaching a new function for one member of an established equivalence class results in the same function holding for all members of the class. |
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Term
| Transitive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-T) |
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Definition
| an environmental variable that, as a result of learning history, establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or abates) the behavior that has been reinforced by other stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the study. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are adminis-tered inadvertently along with the planned treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral intervention consisting of multiple components |
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Term
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Definition
| The overall direction taken by a data path. It is described in terms of direction (increasing, decreasing, or zero trend), degree (gradual or steep), and the extent of variability of data points |
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Term
| trial-based functional analysis |
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Definition
| An analysis in which a series of trials is interspersed among classroom activities. Each trial consists of two 1-minute components: (a) the establishing operation and contingency for problem behavior (test condition), and (b) continuous access to the reinforcer (control condition) |
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Term
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Definition
| for discrete trial data based on comparing the observers' count (0 or 1) on a trial-by-trial, or item-by-item, basis |
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Term
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Definition
| An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a false positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a false negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when, in the case of a two-step chain, the second behavior in the chain (R2) produces reinforcement in the presence of the prior SD (S2), but (R2) also produces reinforcement when that SD is not present. |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 kinds: 1) the occurrence alone of a stimulus that acquires its function by being paired with an already effective stimulus; 2) the occurrence of the stimulus in the absence as well as in the presence of the effective stimulus. Both undo the results of pairing. |
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Term
| Validity (of measurement) |
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Definition
| the extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevance tot the target behavior of interest and to the reason(s) for measuring it |
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Term
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Definition
| the frequency and extent to which multiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforce-ment for the first correct response following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| a schedule for the delivery of noncontingent stimuli in which the interval of time from one delivery to the next randomly varies around a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 3 components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs; accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged hat the IV not been introduced; reduces the probability that some uncontrolled variable was responsible for the observed change in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavior change strategy in which the participant views a video of a model performing the target behavior and then imitates the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic approach for interpreting the results of behav-ioral research and treatment programs that entails visual inspection of graphed data for level, trend, and variability within and between experimental conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 15 seconds). At the end of each interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the entire interval; tends to underestimate the overall percentage of the observation period in which the target behavior actually occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used by some authors as a synonym for A-B-A-B design; also used to describe experiments in which an effective treatment is sequentially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavior changes. |
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