behavioral contrast

The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

conditioned punisher

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher.

discriminative stimulus for punishment

A stimulus condition in the presence of which a response has a lower probability of occurrence than it does in its absence as a result of response-contingent punishment delivery in the presence of the stimulus.

generalized conditioned punisher

A stimulus change that, as a result of having been paired with many other punishers, functions as punishment under most conditions because it is free from the control of motivating conditions for specific types of punishment.

negative punishment

 A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions; sometimes called Type II Punishment.

overcorrection

A behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior directly or logically related to fixing the damage caused by the behavior. Forms of overcorrection are restitutional overcorrection and positive practice overcorrection.

positive practice overcorrection

A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior, the learner is required to repeated a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, a specified number of times; entails an educative component.

positive punishment

 A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior; sometimes called Type I Punishment.

punisher

 A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

punishment

 A basic principle of behavior describing a response–consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases future occurrences of that type of behavior.(See also negative punishment and positive punishment.)

recovery from punishment

 The occurrence of a previously punished type of response without its punishing consequence; analogous to the extinction of previously reinforced behavior and has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment.

response blocking

A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior.

response interruption and redirection (RIRD)

- A procedural variation of response blocking that involves interrupting stereotypic behavior at its onset and redirecting the individual to complete high-probability behaviors instead.

restitutional overcorrection

A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the damage or return the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior.

unconditioned punisher

 A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned punishers are products of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny), meaning that all members of a species are more or less susceptible to punishment by the presentation of unconditioned punishers (also called primary or unlearned