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| a plant or plantlike organism of any of several phyla, divisions, or classes of chiefly aquatic usually chlorophyll-containing nonvascular organisms of polyphyletic origin that usually include the green, yellow-green, brown, and red algae in the eukaryotes and especially formerly the cyanobacteria in the prokaryotes |
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| alternation of generations |
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| life cycle in which there i both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae |
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| protist grade characterized by the presence of pseudopodia |
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| use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electionns at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains |
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| structures that are similar because of convergent evolution, not because of common ancestry |
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| flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary |
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| generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes; in many cases the offspring are genetically identical to the parent |
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| method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." in prokaryotes, does not involve mitosis; single-cell eukaryotes use mitosis as part of this |
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| two-part latinized name of a species, consisting of the genus and the specific epithet |
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| informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants |
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| relatively brief time in geologic history when large, hard-bodied forms of animals with most of the major body plans known today appeared in the fossil record. about 535-525 mya |
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| sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces; the sporangium of a bryophyte |
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| organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules. |
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| organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon |
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| short cellular appendage containing microtubules; motile cilium is specialized for locomotion and i primary cilium is usually nonmotile and plays a sensory and signalin role |
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| type of protist that moves by means of cilia |
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| taxon of green algae; organisms most closely related to embryophytes (land plants) |
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| group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendents |
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| approach to systematics in which common descent is the primary criterion used to classify organism by placing them into groups called clades |
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| diagram used in cladistics which shows ancestral relations between organisms, to represent the evolutionary tree of life |
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| the taxonomic category above the level of order |
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| member of the largest gymnosperm phylum; most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs |
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| in angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species |
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| waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants |
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| unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica |
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| member of a grpoup of mostly unicellular photosynthetic algae with two flagell situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell |
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| taxonomic category above the kingdom level; three: archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
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| mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm |
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| in angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization; endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds |
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| thick-coated, resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions |
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| organism that lives in an environment whose condistion are so extreeme that few other species can survive there; include extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles |
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| organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation of oxygen is not present |
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| taxonomic category above genus |
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| long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion; prokaryotes and eurkaryotes differ in both structure and function |
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| in an angiosperm, short stem with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction |
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| mature ovary of a flower; protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal |
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| orgaisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicelluar haploid form that produces gametes by mytosis; gametes unite and develop into sporophytes |
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| vascular plant that bears naked seeds--seeds no enclosed in specialized chambers |
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| structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |
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| first stage of food processing in animals: the act of eating |
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| species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seek to determine |
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| small, herbaceous nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Hepatophyta |
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| organism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product; all known methanogens are in domain archaea |
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| method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates |
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| conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3); biologically: carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants |
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| taxonomic category above family |
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| in flowers, the portion of carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop |
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| structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte |
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| species or group of species from a evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contain the group of species being studied; selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but as closely related as any study-group members are to each other |
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| the simplest of competing theories be preferred to the more complex |
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| extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material formed primarily form the weland moss Sphagnum |
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| organielle containing enzymes that transrer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide |
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| vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport surgar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant |
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| organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide |
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| organism that uses light to generate ATP but must obtain carbon in organic form |
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| evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
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| the autotrophic component of the plankton community |
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| one of a family of closely ralted organeells that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts; found in cells of photosynthetic organisms |
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| in seed plants, a structure consisting of male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall |
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| microorganisms that are generally classified as unicellular eukaryotes; key role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem |
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| inofrmal name for a member of the phylum pterophyta, which includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives |
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| adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat |
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| inforform a paraphyletic group that includes lycophyta (club mosses and relatives) and pterophyta (ferns and relatives) |
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| modified leaf in angriosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens |
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| type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents |
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| evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade |
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| shared primitive character |
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| character, shared by member of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade |
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| life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the porophyte by meiosis; can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual (gametophyte) |
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| pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flowe, consisting of an anther and a filament |
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| ecological relationship between organism of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact |
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| oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus |
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| named taxonomic unit at any give level of classification |
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| scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life |
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| plats with vascular tissue; include all living plant species except moss, liverworts and hornworts |
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| vasuclar plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells tha conduct most of the water and mineral upward from the roots to the rest of the plant |
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| scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
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