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| member of a clade of tetrapods named for a key derived character, the amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including the fluid-filled amnion that protects the embryo; mammals, birds, reptiles |
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| segmented ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages; insects, spiders, millipedes, and crabs |
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| characterizing a body form with a central longitudinal plane that divides the body into two equal but opposite halves |
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| in a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into th anus in deuterotstomes and the mouth protostomes |
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| fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall |
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| in animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are intgrated into functional whole -- the living animal |
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| model of community organization in which mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plan or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator numbers |
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| animals that mainly eat other animals |
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| maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K |
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| an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior end of the body |
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| flagellated feeding cell found in sponges; called a collar cell, has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum |
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| circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid |
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| body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm |
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| group of individuals of the same age in a population |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits, but the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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| all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction |
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| concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population |
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| digestive tube that runs between a mouth and an anus; also called an alimentary canal |
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| member of a subphylum of mosly aquatic arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfishes, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles |
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| study of statistics relation to births and deaths in populations |
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| referring to any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density |
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| type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early |
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| a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue |
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| pattern of spacing among individuals withing the boundaries of the geographic population |
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| natural or human-caused event that changes a biological community and usually removes organism from it. disturbances, such as fires and storms, play a pivotal role in structuring many biological communities |
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| specdies with substantially higher abundance or biomass than other species in a community; exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species |
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| sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in tis environment |
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| outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye |
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| referring to organism with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism; usually used to maintain a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment |
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| concept that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain |
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| hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles |
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| growth of a population in an ideal unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time |
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| interconnected feeing relationships in an ecosystem |
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| clusters of nerve cell bodies in a centralized nervous system |
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| in animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula |
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| interaction in which an organism eats parts of a plant or alga |
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| individual that function as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs |
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| ecology: measure of how different parts of a landscape are from one another |
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| individualistic hypothesis |
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| gradient of environmental factors; organisms in a community fall in regions where they find their required abiotic factors |
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| integrated; assembled group of species fit together; species in a community cooperate to make the environment what the others need |
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| interspecific competition |
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| competition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are short in supply |
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| how much a population can grow between successive time periods |
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| ttempts to establish and explain the factors that affect the species richness of natural communities |
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| reproduction in which adults produce offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction |
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| species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche |
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| life history in which relatively few offspring are produced and each offspring has a good chance of survival; somtimes called density dependent selection |
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| free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult animal in morphology, nutrition, and habitat |
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| traits that affect an organism;s schedule of reproduction and survival |
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| middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skelton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures |
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| developmental transformation that turns an animals larva into a juvenile, which resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature |
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| longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body |
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| referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mother's body |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host |
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| ancestral subkingdom of animals; macroscopic and have differentiated cells, but unlike "true animals" (Eumetazoa), they do not have true tissues |
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| asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs |
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| in chordate embryos, one of the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicate to the outside, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates |
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| structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes |
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| localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring |
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| muscular region of the body that extends beyond the anus; skeletal support and musculature that improves the locomotion of many aquatic chordate species |
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| interaction between species in which one species , the predator, eats the other, the prey |
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| type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other |
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| characterizing a body that is shaped like a pie or barrel (lacking a left side and a right side) and that can be divided into equal but opposite halves by any plane through its central axis |
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| species in a community are loosely associated; if one is removed another species fills the niche of the removed one |
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| proportional abundance of different species in a community |
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| division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches all coexisting species |
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| species in a community are tightly associated; each species is essential to the function |
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| divides a metazoan body into a series of semi-repetitive segments |
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| permanently attached; not free to move about |
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| type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents |
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| number of species in a biological community |
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| plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality |
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| behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species |
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| vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; include mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles |
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| model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the trophic cascade model |
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| different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling |
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| member of the subphylum Urocyhordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone |
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| (ZPG) period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal |
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