Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: stimulation of D1 rececptors (dilation of blood vessels in kidney), direct alpha and beta agonist, indirect sympathomimetic
Indication: shock, selected pts with CHF
Adverse Effects: must be given I.V. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: beta2 receptor agonist
Indication: premature labor to relaz uterus (unlabeled), bronchodilation (labeled)
Adverse Effects: tachycardia (beta1 interaction) in both mother and fetus, monitor HR; tremor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: stimulates beta1 receptor, also beta2 and alpha; INOTROPIC increases contractility and cardiac output
Indication: cardiac failure (esp. acute emergencies); laboratory "stress test"; must be given iv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: alpha2 agonist, ciliary body activation increases outflow of aqueous humor
Indications: lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma or ocular HTN
Adverse Effects: sedation (esp. kids), CNS depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: alpha2 receptor agonist, acts in CNS brainstem to decrease SNS activity to heart and vessels
Indications: HTN, neuropathic pain, other related CNS
Adverse Effects: HYPOtension, sedation, dry mouth; withdrawal: tachycardia, HTN, angina, MI |
|
|
Term
| methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: direct agonist for beta>alpha, STRONG indirect effect on noradrenergic in periphery and CNS
Indication: ADHD, narcolepsy
Adverse Effects: tolerance develops, potential for abuse; cardiac arrhythmias, angina, stroke, psychosis, convulsions |
|
|
Term
| ephedrine, pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: agonist of beta>alpha, STRONG indirect effect on noradrenergic in peripheral and CNS
Indication: decongestant (OTC) due to alpha action-> vasoconstriction-> relieve swelling; (nonmedical) weight loss and strength training dietary
Adverse Effects: increase BP and stroke, cardiac arrhythmia and MI, CNS stimulation and seizures |
|
|
Term
amphetamine, methamphetamine (Adderall, phentermine, ephedrine)
(normal dosing?_ |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: agonist beta>alpha, STRONG indirect effect on noradrenergic in peripheral and CNS
Indications: narcolepsy, appetite suppression, ADHD
Adverse Effects: tolerance, abuse; cardiac arrhythmias, angina, stroke, psychosis, convulsions; greater than or prolonged --> palpitation, dizziness, vasomotor disturbance, agitation, confusion
Dosing: 10-30mg is normal dose |
|
|
Term
| phenylephrine (neo-synephrine, Sudafed-PE) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: direct alpha1 agonist, other indirect pathway
Indications: decongestant (OTC), HYPOtension (vascular failure in shock), mydriatic in ophthalmic procedures, symptomatic relief of eye redness, hemorrhoids
Adverse Effects: bradycardia due to vagal reflex in response to increase BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: potent agonist at alpha and beta1/beta2 receptors
Indication: treatment of anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest; adjunct with local anesthetics, OTC bronchodilator (primatine mist)
Adverse Effects: excessive cardiac stimulation (non-receptor-selective) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, indirect sympathomimetic
Mechanism: indirect sympathomimetic effect
Adverse Effects: Wine and Cheese syndrome (causative agent), hypertensive crisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonistic
Mechanism: selective inhibitor of NET, thus enhances NE levels
Indication: ADD
Adverse Effects: surprisingly little CV (dec. sympathetic outflow while potentiating NE effects centrally) |
|
|
Term
| imipramine (tricyclic antidepressants) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonistic
Mechanism: non-selective uptake inhibitors (serotonin and NE), other non-selective depending on molecule
Indication: depression, enuresis in kids (bed wetting)
Adverse Effects: tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, increased risk of sudden cardiac death; dry mouth and constipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonistic
Mechanism: signaling, decrease update for recycling, results in vasoconstriction
Indication: local anesthetic in surgery of nasal mucosa or lacrimal ducts
Adverse Effects: systemic effects - inhibition of NET (inc. BP and heart rate, potential state for sroke, cardiac arrhythmias, MI an sudden death); central inhibition of NET and DA/5HT transporters (euphoria, increased alertness, arousal) |
|
|
Term
entacapone
****specifics needed for problems |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonistic
Mechanism: block COMT, co-administer with levodopa/carbidopa --> increase conc. of those
Indication: adjunct therapy for Parkinson's
Adverse Effects: problems assoc. with increased dopamine |
|
|
Term
| iproniazid (phenelzine, selegiline, rasagiline) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonistic
Mechanism: inhibits MAO, increasing catecholamines
Indications: depression, adjunct therapy for Parkinson's
Adverse Effects: increased tyramine levels, serotonin syndrome with SSRIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, antagonistic
Mechanism: specific irreversible blocker of VMAT results in depleted NE storage
Indication: HTN though rare today
Contraindications:
Adverse Effects: orthostate HYPOtension, increased GI activity, CNS - sedation, severe depression, suicide
Drug Interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, false transmitter
Mechanism: prodrug to methyl-NE, agonist at presynaptic alpha2, inhibits adrenergic neural outflow from brain stem, decreae NE release, reduce output of adrenergic signals to SNS
Indications: HTN (esp. pregnancy)
Adverse Effects: rare/serious, hepatotoxicity and hemolytic anemia
Drug Interactions: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: PDE inhibitors
Mechanism: PDE-5 inhibitors lead to increased intracavernosal cGMP, smooth muscle relax, vasodilation, erection
Indication: erectile dysfunction, types of pulmonary HTN (revatio)
Contraindication: with nitrates (severe HTN and syncope)
Adverse Effects: prolonged erection can lead to penile ischemia, visual disturbances (PDE-6 interaction, photoreceptor signal transduction, exception: tadalafil
Drug Interaction: nitrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, antagonistic
Mechanism: competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, depletes catecholamines everywhere
Indication: pheochromocytoma
Adverse Effects: sedation/depression, crystalluira, GI upset |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conveys high-speed signals along neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal's hormone secreting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone secreting organs (ductless); no tubes, secrete into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete chemicals via ducts to appropriate locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized neurons that secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
| hormones (and neurohormones) |
|
Definition
| secreted into body fluids and may affect target cells throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act rapidly and often locally (local communication) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detect hormones with protein receptors and react |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affect target cells close to their point of secretion (via diffusion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause certain cells to grow, divide, and develop normally (local regulator) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter; kills cancer cells, vasodilator (local regulator) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affect cells of uterus, induce fever/inflammation; intensify pain (local regulator) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical signals that act outside the body (mate attraction, sexual activity) |
|
|
Term
| signal-transduction pathway |
|
Definition
| mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of lower brain; RECEIVES information from nerves throughout the body and brain, COORDINATES/REGULATES response of pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "master gland"- extension of brain cosisting of two lobes |
|
|
Term
| posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| neural tissue; STORES and SECRETES two hormones made by hypothalmus |
|
|
Term
| anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| glandular tissue; SYNTHESIZES and SECRETES at least seven hormones (release of which is regulated by hypothalmus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones produced by hypothalmus to tell the anterior putuitary what hormone it should secrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones produced by the hypothalmus that inhibit the anterior pituitary from secreting certain hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide chemical coordiantion by targeting other endocrine glands; hormone that causes hormone relase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induces uterine muscle contraction; causes mammary glands to eject milk; from posterior putuitary |
|
|
Term
| antiduretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
| promotes retention of water by kidneys by opening aquaporins in collecting duct; from posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
| regulates relase of thryroid hormones; is regulated by TSHIH and TSHRH; from anterior pituitary (tropic) |
|
|
Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| stimulates production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex (tropic); anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| stimulates gonads (gonadotropin); tropic; anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gonadtropin that stimulates ovulation and corpus lutem formation in females and androgen production in males; tropic; anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that stiumlates the activities of the testes and ovaries; FSH and luteinizing hormone; anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diverse effects in different vertebrates (stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production in mammals); nontropic; anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| melocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
|
Definition
| no knowledge of purpose; anterior pituitary; nontropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variety of effects; both tropic and nontropic; anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performs both endrocrine and exocrine functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of endocrine cells scattered among exocrine tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breaking down and release of glucose by the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels; promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder in glucose homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmunte disorder that destroys beta cells; must use insulin injection or pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by insulin deficiency or reduced responsiveness to insulin; target cells become resistent to insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diabetes during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of two lobes located on ventral surface of trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iodine-containing hormone; important for vertebrate development; maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, and reproductive functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iodine-containing hormone; important for vertebrate development; maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, and reproductive functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of thyroid gland caused by dietary iodine deficiency; anterior signaling more and more and thyroid trying to produce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that lowers blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embedded in surface of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
| raises blood calcium levels; works with vitamin D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located adjacent to kidneys, consisting of endrocrine and neural portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responds to endocrine signals (ACTH); long term stress; SYNTHESIZES and SECRETES corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| close development and functional ties with nervous system; fast response; short term stress; SYNTHESIZES and SECRETES epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catecholamine hormone secreted from the adrenal medulla that mediates "fight-or-flight" response to short-term stress (neurotransmitter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catecholamine hormone secreted from the adrenal medulla that mediates "fight-or-flight" response to short-term stress (neurotransmitter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family of steroids that inhibit immune system |
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoids (major one: corisol) |
|
Definition
| tells animal to use noncarb stuff for energy |
|
|
Term
| mineralocorticoids (major one: aldosterone) |
|
Definition
| (RAAS) distal tubule absorb more NaCl to maintain high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PRODUCE and SECRETE three major categories of steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens, progestins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce steroid hormones in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce steroid hormones in females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (testosterone) stimulate deveolment and maintenance of male reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate the deveolment and maintenance of female reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved with preparing and maintaining uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small mass of tissue near center of mammalian brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in biological rhythms (from pineal); affects skin pigmentation in some vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: stimulation of D1 rececptors (dilation of blood vessels in kidney), direct alpha and beta agonist, indirect sympathomimetic
Indication: shock, selected pts with CHF
Adverse Effects: must be given I.V. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: beta2 receptor agonist
Indication: premature labor to relaz uterus (unlabeled), bronchodilation (labeled)
Adverse Effects: tachycardia (beta1 interaction) in both mother and fetus, monitor HR; tremor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: stimulates beta1 receptor, also beta2 and alpha; INOTROPIC increases contractility and cardiac output
Indication: cardiac failure (esp. acute emergencies); laboratory "stress test"; must be given iv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: alpha2 agonist, ciliary body activation increases outflow of aqueous humor
Indications: lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma or ocular HTN
Adverse Effects: sedation (esp. kids), CNS depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: alpha2 receptor agonist, acts in CNS brainstem to decrease SNS activity to heart and vessels
Indications: HTN, neuropathic pain, other related CNS
Adverse Effects: HYPOtension, sedation, dry mouth; withdrawal: tachycardia, HTN, angina, MI |
|
|
Term
| methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: direct agonist for beta>alpha, STRONG indirect effect on noradrenergic in periphery and CNS
Indication: ADHD, narcolepsy
Adverse Effects: tolerance develops, potential for abuse; cardiac arrhythmias, angina, stroke, psychosis, convulsions |
|
|
Term
| ephedrine, pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: agonist of beta>alpha, STRONG indirect effect on noradrenergic in peripheral and CNS
Indication: decongestant (OTC) due to alpha action-> vasoconstriction-> relieve swelling; (nonmedical) weight loss and strength training dietary
Adverse Effects: increase BP and stroke, cardiac arrhythmia and MI, CNS stimulation and seizures |
|
|
Term
amphetamine, methamphetamine (Adderall, phentermine, ephedrine)
(normal dosing?_ |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: agonist beta>alpha, STRONG indirect effect on noradrenergic in peripheral and CNS
Indications: narcolepsy, appetite suppression, ADHD
Adverse Effects: tolerance, abuse; cardiac arrhythmias, angina, stroke, psychosis, convulsions; greater than or prolonged --> palpitation, dizziness, vasomotor disturbance, agitation, confusion
Dosing: 10-30mg is normal dose |
|
|
Term
| phenylephrine (neo-synephrine, Sudafed-PE) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonist
Mechanism: direct alpha1 agonist, other indirect pathway
Indications: decongestant (OTC), HYPOtension (vascular failure in shock), mydriatic in ophthalmic procedures, symptomatic relief of eye redness, hemorrhoids
Adverse Effects: bradycardia due to vagal reflex in response to increase BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonist
Mechanism: potent agonist at alpha and beta1/beta2 receptors
Indication: treatment of anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest; adjunct with local anesthetics, OTC bronchodilator (primatine mist)
Adverse Effects: excessive cardiac stimulation (non-receptor-selective) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, indirect sympathomimetic
Mechanism: indirect sympathomimetic effect
Adverse Effects: Wine and Cheese syndrome (causative agent), hypertensive crisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonistic
Mechanism: selective inhibitor of NET, thus enhances NE levels
Indication: ADD
Adverse Effects: surprisingly little CV (dec. sympathetic outflow while potentiating NE effects centrally) |
|
|
Term
| imipramine (tricyclic antidepressants) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonistic
Mechanism: non-selective uptake inhibitors (serotonin and NE), other non-selective depending on molecule
Indication: depression, enuresis in kids (bed wetting)
Adverse Effects: tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, increased risk of sudden cardiac death; dry mouth and constipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonistic
Mechanism: signaling, decrease update for recycling, results in vasoconstriction
Indication: local anesthetic in surgery of nasal mucosa or lacrimal ducts
Adverse Effects: systemic effects - inhibition of NET (inc. BP and heart rate, potential state for sroke, cardiac arrhythmias, MI an sudden death); central inhibition of NET and DA/5HT transporters (euphoria, increased alertness, arousal) |
|
|
Term
entacapone
****specifics needed for problems |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergics, agonistic
Mechanism: block COMT, co-administer with levodopa/carbidopa --> increase conc. of those
Indication: adjunct therapy for Parkinson's
Adverse Effects: problems assoc. with increased dopamine |
|
|
Term
| iproniazid (phenelzine, selegiline, rasagiline) |
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, agonistic
Mechanism: inhibits MAO, increasing catecholamines
Indications: depression, adjunct therapy for Parkinson's
Adverse Effects: increased tyramine levels, serotonin syndrome with SSRIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, antagonistic
Mechanism: specific irreversible blocker of VMAT results in depleted NE storage
Indication: HTN though rare today
Contraindications:
Adverse Effects: orthostate HYPOtension, increased GI activity, CNS - sedation, severe depression, suicide
Drug Interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, false transmitter
Mechanism: prodrug to methyl-NE, agonist at presynaptic alpha2, inhibits adrenergic neural outflow from brain stem, decreae NE release, reduce output of adrenergic signals to SNS
Indications: HTN (esp. pregnancy)
Adverse Effects: rare/serious, hepatotoxicity and hemolytic anemia
Drug Interactions: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: PDE inhibitors
Mechanism: PDE-5 inhibitors lead to increased intracavernosal cGMP, smooth muscle relax, vasodilation, erection
Indication: erectile dysfunction, types of pulmonary HTN (revatio)
Contraindication: with nitrates (severe HTN and syncope)
Adverse Effects: prolonged erection can lead to penile ischemia, visual disturbances (PDE-6 interaction, photoreceptor signal transduction, exception: tadalafil
Drug Interaction: nitrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class: Adrenergic, antagonistic
Mechanism: competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, depletes catecholamines everywhere
Indication: pheochromocytoma
Adverse Effects: sedation/depression, crystalluira, GI upset |
|
|
