Term
| There are three membrane called meninges that cover the brain. What are they? |
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Definition
| Outer dura mater/Hard mater, arachnoid, pia mater/soft mater |
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Term
| cerebrospinal fluid is locate where? and how much are there? What is the purpose? |
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Definition
| between the pia mater and arachnoid. There's a teacup full (145cc). To cushion and protects the nerve issue. |
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Term
| What are ventricles? And how many are there? purpose? |
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Definition
| Ventricles are reserviors that make, store and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. There are four of them. Purpose is to help cushion the brain and protect brain tissue |
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Term
| True or False. After an injury, the pia mater and arachnoid can adjust and create space for swelling or fluid or any other intracranial pressure. |
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Definition
| False. The brain has no extra room for swelling or fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of blood in brain |
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Term
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Definition
| excess cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
| What is subdural hematomas |
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Definition
| bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid |
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Term
| A brain injury is often the result of how many injuries? |
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Definition
| Two. the "primary injury", and the "secondary injury" (swelling, bleeding, compression and contusions) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a "Coup-contra-coup" |
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Definition
| side to side or back to back when your brain bounces back and forth, for example, in a whiplash. |
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Term
| What is diffuse axonal injuries? |
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Definition
| When individual nerve cells throughout the brain are stretched and break. Resulted in extensive injury to the entire brain. |
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Term
| Injuries that cause severe blood loss anywhere in the body can decrease the amount of oxygen getting to the brain (hypoxia) where total lack of oxygen getting to the brain is call ______________. |
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Definition
| Anoxia. Examples of Hypoxia: when breathing mixtures of gases with a low oxygen content |
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Term
| Causes of anoxia that results in brain injury |
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Definition
| near drowning, heart attacks, suffocation, smoke inhalation, asthma attacks, and strangulation. |
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Term
| What are the three category for severity of brain injuries? |
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Definition
| Mild, Moderate and Severe |
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Term
| Define Mild Brain injury (loss of conciousness time?/GCS #?/Signs?) |
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Definition
| loss of consciousness 0 to 30 mins. Glascow Coma Scale of 13-15. Post traumatic amnesia less than 24 hrs. Temporary or permanently altered mental or neurological state. Post concussion symptoms. |
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Term
| Define moderate brain injury(loss of conciousness time?/GCS #?/Signs?) |
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Definition
| Coma time between (20/30min - A day). Glascow Coma Scale of 9-12. Possible skull fractures with bruising and bleeding. Signs on EEG, CT or MRI scans. Some long term problems in one or more areas of life (i.e., home, work, community). |
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Term
| Define Severe Brain Injury(loss of conciousness time?/GCS #?/Signs?) |
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Definition
| Coma longer than 24 hrs. Glascow Coma Scale of 3 to 8. Bruising, bleeding in brain. Signs on EEG, Ct or MRI scans. Long term impairments in one or more areas of life (i.e., home, work, community). |
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Term
| The Glasgow Coma Scale is computed by adding scores from what categories? |
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Definition
| Eye+Verbal+Motor= Gasglow Coma Scale |
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Term
| Describe the scoring in "Eye Opening" of GCS |
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Definition
4 scores assigned to eye.
4- Spontaneous
3- Eye opening to verbal command
2- Eye opening to pain
1- No eye opening |
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Term
| Describe the scoring in "Verbal Response" in GCS |
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Definition
5 scores assigned to verbal.
5- Oriented to person, place, month&year
4- Confused
3- Inappropriate words
2- Sounds, but words not understandable
1- No verbal response |
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Term
| Describe the scoring in "Motor Response" in GCS |
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Definition
6 scores assigned to Motor.
6- Obeys commands
5- Localizes pain
4- Withdraws to pain
3- Abnormal flexion (decreased movement in joints) to pain
2- Abnormal extension to pain
1- No motor response |
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Term
| neurons are the brain cells that _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glial cells are brain cells that |
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Definition
| are non communicative but supports and nourish the neurons. |
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Term
| What are the three main parts of neurons? |
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Definition
| cell body, axon (long;transmits info to diff neurons), and dentrites (shirt;receives signals). Synapses are joints. |
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Term
| What is Brain Stem. Describe Location and function. |
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Definition
| Top of spinal column. Relays information in and out of the brain |
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Term
| What is Diencephalon. Describe Location/Function/what's in it. |
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Definition
| It is at the center of the brain. Made up of Thalamus and Hypothalamus (hypo means "under" in greek). Diencephalon is a master relay center for forwarding information, sensations, and movements. |
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Term
| What is the Limbic System. Describe Location/Function/what's in it. |
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Definition
| Limbic system is on top of the brain stem. Middle section of brain. Involve in emotion and basic feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Locate in the lowest back area of the brain. Coordinates, modulates, and store all body movements. (Muscle memories?) |
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Term
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Definition
| The left and right hemisphere are further divided into four lobes, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Higher levels of thinking, moving, and acting |
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Term
| The brainstem, which extends from the spinal cord, is made up of what three integral areas? |
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Definition
| Medulla, the pons, and the midbrain. brain stem purpose: sense of hearing, touch, taste, and balance. Also contains RAS. |
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Term
| The reticular activating systemn (RAS) is a collection of nerve fibers and nuclei locate in where? This system modulates what? |
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Definition
| In the brainstem. This system modulates or changes arousal, alertness, concentration, and basic biological rhythms. If a person's RAS depresses too low that person can die because all main body functions are shut down permanently. |
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Term
| What is the Medulla part of and where is it located. What is the function? |
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Definition
| part of brain stem, the lowest part of the brain stem. It is a reflex center that controls involuntary function such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting, and sneezing. |
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Term
| The Pons is part of what and where is it located? What is the function? What happens when disrupted? |
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Definition
| Part of brainstem, located between Medulla and midbrain. Incharge of facial movements, facial sensation, hearing, and coordinating eye movements. Also the bridge which connects cerebral cortex and the cerebellum. This bridge enables the "thinking" part of the brain (cortex) to work with the "movement" (cerebellum). Disruption causes loss of ability to coordinate and control body movements. |
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Term
| The Midbrain is part of what and where is it located? what is the function? What happens when disrupted? |
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Definition
| Midbrain is part of brainstem. It is above the pons. In charge of elementary forms of seeing and hearing. |
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Term
| What happens when the cerebral cortex is damaged but the brainstem did not? |
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Definition
| the "thinking" part of the person unresponsive but the body continued to live because the brainstem. |
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Term
| Thalamus is part of what? location? function? What happens when disrupted? |
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Definition
| part of Diencephalon, top of brain stem. sensory input/output (except for smell). When disrupted: severe attention and concentration problems, memory storage/retrieval, weakened mental stamina, decreased sensory info, difficulty in reacting to stress, excessive/not enough emotional responses, and disorders in eating/drinking, sleeping, and sexual function. |
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Term
| Hypothalamus is part of what? location? function? what happens when disrupted? |
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Definition
| Part of diencephalon (ontop of brainstem), right under thalamus(sensory minus smell). Controls hunger, thirst, sexual response, endocrine lvl and temp regulation. anger, fatigue, memory, calmness, a CONDUCTOR of EMOTION. Controls body hormones. |
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Term
| Where is the limbic system? What happens when disrupted? |
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Definition
| above and around the diencephalon, which sits ontop of brainstem. When disrupted: basic emotional perceptions, feelings and responses to the world and oneself. over/under reacting to situations. Impulsive, haphazard, disconnection to others. When cerebral cortex is injured = limbic systems function runs wild. tie with smell |
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Term
| Hippocampus is part of what? Location? Function? When Disrupted? |
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Definition
Limbic System. Paried loop each side sits within the temporal lobes. Function: memory functioning.
Major enemy: loss of oxygen.
When Disrupted: short term memory, turning short term memory into long term memories, organizing and retrieving stored memories. tie with smell |
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Term
| Amygdala is part of what? Location? Function? When Disrupted? |
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Definition
| Limbic System. a point at the end of hippocampus. controls "fight or flight" emotion/hidden fears/front door to people's emotion. tie to olfactory fibers (smell) |
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Term
| What is Basal Ganglia part of? Purpose? When disrupted? |
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Definition
"Checking system" or REACTION.
Four nerve cell clusters handles physical movements by relaying information from the cerebral cortext to the brainstem and cerebellum. It is a "checking" system for when something is not working right in the body. When disrupted: affects voluntary motor nerves. Basal Ganglia responds when someone loses balance to sends a signal to the muscles to restore lost equilibrium. ex: parkinson's disease (attacks Basal Ganglia)- lost of motor. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. |
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Term
| Where is cerebellum? How big? purpose? When disrupted? |
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Definition
back of brain, 1/8th of the brain's mass. Purpose: direction, rate, force and steadiness of movements.
When disrupted: destroys balance, sense of location in space. drunk movements. can't walk straight line or sit without support. bad eye/hand coordination. Can't get dress right. |
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Term
| What did Dr. Joseph Bogen and Dr. Roger Speery did in the 1960s to help alleviates seizures? |
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Definition
| Cutting the CORPUS CALLOSUM (4 in long). which are nerve fibers that exchange info between left & right hemisphere of the brain. |
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Term
| True or False. The Right hemisphere is more holistic, visual spatial, and intuitive. The left hemisphere is more linear, verbal analytic, and logical |
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Definition
| True. Left hemisphere- langauge functions. the right hemisphere- recognizes simple words like "book" and "dog". words of higher conceptual demand like "honesty" or "perseverance" are recognized by the left hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiation, Problem solving, Judgement, Inhabition of behavior, Planning/Anticipation, Self monitoring, Motor planning, Personality/Emotions, Awareness of abilities/Limits, Organization, Attention/Concentration, Mental flexibility, Speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of touch, differentiation of size, color and shape. Spatial perception, Visual perception, sense of body awareness (sense of the entire "self" or bodyparts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory (longterm), Hearing, Understanding languages, organization and sequencing |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision. "crossing" called the optic chiasm optic nerves carries signals. After passing through thalamus (sensory), the whole image is reassembled- size, shape, position, recognition, color, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Balance, Coordination, Skilled motor acitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| Breathing, Heart rate, Arousal/Consciousness, Sleep/Wake functions, Attention/Concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| front part of frontal lobe. When injured: an individual's ability to synthesize signals from the environment, assign priorities, make decisions, initiate actions, control emotions, behave and interact socially, make plans, and utilize other executive functions is severely compromised. |
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Term
| True or False. There are clear signs of pre-frontal lobe injuries for any ages. |
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Definition
| false. Sometimes such injuires goes unnoticed with children since parent/teacher acts us frontal lobe in a sense (organizing, planning, executive functioning) |
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