Term
blood is specialized connective tissue
blood cells and cell fragments (formed elements) |
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Definition
| Blood is specialized variety of __ ___ in which blood cells and ___ _____ are suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma |
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| cell fragments that are suspended in fluid of matrix called plasma in the blood |
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45% of total volume of a blood sample - Erythrocytes/RBCs
low value of this can indicate anemia |
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thin grayish-white layer called ___ ___ is present at junction of erythrocytes and plasma in a centrifuge
consists of leukocytes/WBCs and platelets/thrombocytes both of which are formed elements that make up less than 1% of the volume of blood |
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oxygen rich blood
oxygen poor blood |
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Definition
scarlet colored (bright red)
dark red |
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| ___ of blood is largely due to protein and large number of rbc that it contains |
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volume of blood in body is about __ L.
blood normally has pH value between __ and ___
if blood starts to become relatively acidic, the lungs and kidneys provide measure that help restore its normal pH |
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liquid matrix component of blood
approximately 90% water in composition
makes up 55% of blood volume
besides water, solutes are dissolved in it
plasma proteins
electrolytes (ions - Na, K, Ca)
nutrients (glucose, lipids, a.a., etc)
waste products of metabolism (nitrogenous wastes= urea)
respiratory gases (Co2 & O2)
hormones |
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Definition
made by liver, include:
albumin
globulins
fibrinogen |
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Definition
contributes to osmotic pressure of blood
helps to keep water from diffusing out of bloodstream |
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Definition
| include gamma globulins/antibodies, which bind to and promote the destruction of antigens (foreign and potentially harmful molecules) |
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main plasma protein involved with clotting of blood
fibrinogen and complex series of chemical reactions that achieves blood clotting/coagulation |
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| plasma without clotting factors (fibrinogen) |
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erythrocytes/red blood cells/RBCs - transport oxygen
leukocytes/white blood cells/WBCs - defend against infectious microorganisms
platelets/thrombocytes (fragments, not cells)
provide blood clotting |
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made in red bone marrow
are anucleated and lack organelles |
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| RBCs have ___ ___ ___ that provides them with an increased surface area, facilitating diffusion of oxygen into and out of them |
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Term
hemoglobin
protein molecule |
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Definition
RBCs transport oxygen via ____ molecules
it's an iron-containing ___ molecule
largely consists of four polypeptide chains of a.a.
it's atoms of mineral element iron to which oxygen specifically binds
via ____, RBCs pick up oxygen in lung capillaries and release it from systemic (body wide) capillaries |
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Definition
| atoms of the mineral element ___ that oxygen specifically binds to within the RBCs |
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___ greatly outnumber both platelets and WBCs (1000:1)
are a significant factor contributing to the viscosity of blood
5 million ___ per cubic millimeter of blood |
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Term
100-120 days
liver and spleen
spleen = rbc graveyard |
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Definition
life span of RBC
old RBC are removed from bloodstream by ___ and ___
which process the remains (iron & hemoglobin) of dead RBCs
___ is sometimes called the red blood cell graveyard |
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Term
polycythemia
polycythemia vera |
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Definition
higher than normal number of rbc
one variety, ___ ___ results from cancer of red bone marrow that produces too many erythrocytes
severe ___ causes an abnormal increase in viscosity of blood, slows flow of blood through small blood vessels |
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Definition
young/immature RBCs that make up 1-2% of erythrocytes in blood
% of ____ outside this range indicate that person is producing RBCs at accelerated or decreased rate
to detect abnormal alterations in rate of erythrocyte production, Dr sometimes order that a reticulocyte count be performed on a sample of patient's blood
increase or decrease in the % of reticulocytes in blood reflects change in rate of erythrocyte production by red bone marrow |
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| involves decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood that may be result of too few RBCs or deficient or abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs |
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hemolytic
pernicious
aplastic
hemorrhagic
iron deficiency
sickle-cell anemia/disease |
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Definition
involves decreased number of RBCs b/c of
excessive lysis (rupturing) of RBCs |
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Definition
involves decreased number of RBCs caused by:
a vitamin B12 deficiency that's usually due to lack of stomach-produced intrinsic factor, which is needed for absorption of vitamin B12 by small intestine |
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involves decreased number of RBCs in assoc w/
suppression or destruction of red bone marrow |
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Definition
| involves inability to make enough hemoglobin |
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Term
| sickle-cell anemia/disease |
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Definition
involves genetic (inherited) defect that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin molecules that tend to undergo a change in shape durin gtimes when concentration of oxygen in blood is relatively low (as when one is physically/emotionally stressed)
alteration of shape of hemoglobin molec in RBCs causes them to distort into crescent (sickle) shape
these deformed erythrocytes are prone to rupturing; also, b/c they do not pass through capillaries easily, sickle-shaped RBCs tend to block these tiny blood vessels, causing painful attacks of ischemia (inadequate blood flow)
sickle cell disease/anemia occurs mainly in people of African descent |
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Definition
plasma membrane of RBCs that bear genetically determined ____
on person's RBC ___ will be recognized as foreign if transfused into another person's body with different RBC ___. |
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Definition
the "regognizers" of foreign antigens in the plasma
attach to RBCs bearing membrane antigens that are different from those on the recipient's RBCs |
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| When antibodies bind to foreign antigens on foreign RBCs, causes RBCs to clump up called ____ |
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based on 2 types of inherited antigens: A and B
type A blood
Type B blood
Type AB blood
Type O blood |
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person has type A antigen on RBC plasma membranes
anti - B antibodies in the plasma |
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person has type B antigen on RBC plasma membranes
anti - A antibodies in the plasma |
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person has both A & B antigens on RBC plasma membranes
has neither anti A nor anti-B in the plasma |
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person has type neither A nor type B antigens on RBC plasma membranes
has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma |
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| presence or absence of __ _____ on person's RBC plasma membranes determines whether positive or negative designation is applied to an individual's blood type |
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far less numerous than RBCs; 5000-10000 WBCs per mm^3 of blood
all types made in red bone marrow
some types (lymphocytes and monocytes) are produced in lymphoid glands (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils) |
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| help defend body against infectious microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites |
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diapedesis
amoeboid motion |
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Definition
are able to exit from tiny blood vessels (capillaries) to attack foreign microorganisms in loose (areolar) connective tissue, where most infections occur
various chemicals released at infection sites attract circulating leukocytes, which leave capillaries via a process called _____, wherein WBCs squeeze between endothelial (simple squamous epithelial) cells that form the walls of capillaries
once outside the capillaries, leukocytes travel to infection sites by ___ ____ |
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___ ____ ____ not only produces and continuously releases WBCs, but also stores them
many of these stored leukocytes can be quickly released during serious infections |
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| refers to significant increase in number of WBCs (when WBC count exceeds 11,000/mm^3 |
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| abnormally low WBC count that result from excessive use of steroids (cortisone) or from red bone marrow suppression or damage |
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Term
granulocytes
agranulocytes |
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Definition
except for the smallest of lymphocytes, all WBCs are larger than RBCs
major groups of WBCs are ________ & _______ |
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Definition
contain granules in their cytoplasm
each such cell has purple-colored, lobed nucleus made of clumps that are joined by thin strands
includes specific kinds of cells:
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
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specific kind of cell in granulocyte
most numerous WBC
have multi-lobed nucleus, because they have more lobes they're sometimes called polymorphonuclear WBCs or polys
contain fine granules that stain pale pink, giving cytoplasm that color
active phagocytes, especially in association with bacterial infections
grandules are similar to large lysosomes, containing digestive enzymes that specifically destroy bacteria |
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Definition
nucleus usually has 2 lobes (bi-loped)
has granules, cytoplasm is dark pink
role in turning off allergic responses
attack & kill parasites, including parasitic worms |
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Definition
least numerous of WBCs (1/200 WBCs)
contain large, very darkly stained (blackish) cytoplasmic granules that can release histamine |
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Definition
can be released by cytoplasmic granules within basophils
___ promotes inflammation by causing vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
this histamine releasing inflammation-mediating function of basophils is almost identical to that of mast cells in loose (areolar) connective tissue |
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Term
| Agranulocytes (agranular leukocytes) |
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Definition
lack visible cytoplasmic granules and include the following specific types of cells
lymphocytes
monocytes |
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Definition
2nd most numerous WBC (behind neutrophils)
usually spherical, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of cell volume, but thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm is usually observable
most are not within bloodstream, but in lymphoid tissue that occurs in walls of digestive & respiratory tracts in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
2 varieties of lymphocytes have diff function, different kinds of antigen targets
B cells
T cells |
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Definition
lymphocytes are the main cells that provide for ____
each lymphocytes has ability to recognize and act against specific foreign molecule |
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| any molecule that induces response from lymphocyte |
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variety of lymphocyte
linked to antibody production b/c their descendants, plasma cells, actually make antibodies
antibodies (gamma goblins) are plasma proteins that bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytosis or other means |
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variety of lymphocytes
cytotoxic/killer T cells directly attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells
and
unfortunately tissue graft cells
cellular targets of T cells are attacked b/c they have antigenic proteins on their surface
cytotoxic t cells directly bind to and lyse (rupture) their cellular targets by "punching" holes in the membranes of the target cells
even though function of B & T cels are quite different, they can't be structurally distinguished with a microscope |
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cells that have been donated to an individual from someone else
T cells kill them |
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largest of all WBCs in the bloodstream
look like large lymphocytes on microscope slide of blood, but contain greater proportion of cytoplasm than lymphocytes (cytoplasm is grayish-blue rather than pale blue)
nucleus of monocyte usually has one or more deep indentations and may have horseshoe or kidney shape, rather than spherical shape of lymphocyte nucleus
monocytes become very active phagocytes called macrophages when they exit bloodstream and enter loose connective tissue and lymphoid organs where they phagocytize foreign cells & tiny particles of debris |
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| percentages of leukocytes in blood |
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Definition
60% neutrophils
30% lymphocytes
6% monocytes
3% eosinophils
0.5% basophils
never let monkeys eat bananas |
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| dead neutrophils +other WBCs + tissue debris+ bacteria |
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type of cancer in which huge numbers of abnormal WBCs are rapidly produced
cancerous WBCs are not able to carry out their normal functions, so the affected person is actually more vulnerable to extensive infections even though more WBCs are present
uncontrolled proliferation of cancerous WBCs in red bone marrow crowds out the normal production of platelets & RBCs
patients in late stages of leukemia tend to suffer from bleeding problems (internal hemorrhaging) and anemia
increased risk of leukemia in old age is believed to result from diminished ability of immune system to destroy cancer cells |
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Definition
made in red bone marrow
cell fragments (not cells)
platelets are cytoplasmic fragments that form by breaking off big cells in red bone marrow named megakaryocytes
smaller than WBC & RBC appearing as dark purple specks on microscope slides |
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Term
| function of platelets/thrombocytes |
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Definition
seal/plug small tears in walls of blood vessels to limit bleeding
at site of torn blood vessel, accumulated platelets release substance that helps initiate blood clotting/coagulation
____ do not normally adhere to walls of healthy, intact blood vessels. If the endothelium of intact blood vessel is roughened by scarring, inflammation, atherosclerosis, ___ tend to adhere to altered site and initiate undesirable blood clotting within that vessel |
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| blood clotting/coagulation |
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Definition
| complex sequence of chemical reactions that produces network of fibrin threads (this fibrin is derived from plasma protein, fibrogen |
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Definition
| consists of network of fibrin strands plus platelets and blood cells trapped in that network |
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blood clot that forms and persists in intact blood vessel
if large enough may prevent blood flow to cells beyond blockage
ex) if forms in arteries taht supply heart, consequences may be death of cardiac muscle cells and heart attack
aspirin has anticoagulant effect - recommended for thrombus-prone patients |
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if thrombus or piece of it breaks loose from blood vessel wall and floats freely in bloodstream, it becomes an ____
if breaks away from vein in leg, may end up in coronary artery & cause heart attack
cerebral artery - cause stroke
pumonary blood vessel - pulmonary embolism |
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| most common kind of emboli are ___ ___ but fat emboli can enter blood from yellow bone marrow following fracture of long bone |
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abnormally low number of platelets in the blood
characterized by diminished blood clot formaiton and by internal bleeding from small blood vessels
may result from bone marrow suppression or damage, leukemia, overactivity of spleen |
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| organ removes platelets and worn-out blood cells from bloodstream and destroys them |
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common clinical procedure that quantifies the various blood cells and measures some basica aspects of blood chemistry, providing a preliminary assessment of patient's health
blood is drawn, measure hematocrit, hemoglobin content, # of RBCs, WBCs, platelets per cubic mm^3 of blood |
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all 3 major types of blood's formed elements are made in the ___ ____ ____
located within spongey bone of several bones (hip bones, sternum, ribs, skull bones, ends/epiphyses of some long bones) |
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Term
| lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen) |
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Definition
| WBCs (lymphocytes and monocytes) are also produced in ___ ___ (besides red bone marrow) |
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reticular connective tissue
sinusoids |
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Definition
basic framework of red bone marrow is ___ ____ ____ in which reticular fibers form network in which immature blood cells are suspended. Running through reticular connective tissue are numerous wide capillaries called _____.
as forming blood cells reach maturity they continuously enter bloodstream by migrating into nearby _____ by squeezing between endothelial (simple squamous) cells that compose walls of vessels |
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Term
stem cell
pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
hemocytoblast |
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Definition
| all types of formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets) arise from a type of ___ ____ in red bone marrow that's called ____ ____ ___ ___ or simply hemocytoblast |
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| another name for pleuripotential hematopoietic stem cell |
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| rate of RBC production by red bone marrow is stimulated by _____ which is produced and secreted in the _____ |
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when red bone marrow problems are suspected (leukemia, aplastic anemia) , sometimes special needle is used to withdraw small sample of marrow from sternum or the ilium of the hip bone.
procedure is called __ ___ ___ and provides cells for microscopic examination |
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