Term
| What are the major communication systems in the body? Which are most similar? |
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Definition
| the nervous system, immune system and endocrine system. Nervous and endocrine are the most similar |
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Term
| How are the nervous and endocrine system similar? |
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Definition
| rely on stimulation response communication system, use chemical signals, use the same molecule to accomplish nerve cell communication and gland communication |
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Term
| What kind of chemical signals do hormones use? |
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Definition
| small, molecular quantities of liquids or certain gases (in the nervous system) |
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Term
| What are signals in the nervous system called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are signals in the endocrine system called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four methods of hormone release in invertebrates? |
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Definition
| 1) package hormones in secretory granules and release into blood via exocytosis, 2) make the hormone and then it diffuses or is transported out of the cell and into the blood 3) happens within a gland 4) hormone is made by one gland, send to additional glands before release |
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Term
| Describe how a hormone is released within a gland |
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Definition
| Cell type A makes a pro-hormone and sends it to cell type B, which finishes hormone construction and then the hormone is released |
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Term
| What's an example of a hormone that is made by one gland and then sent to additional glands before being released? |
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Definition
| Vitamin D and Angiotenson 2 |
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Term
| What are some ways of regulating/controlling hormones? |
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Definition
| feedback control, neural control, temporal control/chronotropic control, ontogenic control |
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Term
| What are the different kinds of feedback control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is positive feedback control? Ex? |
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Definition
| like a snowball down a hill. NOT COMMON. Oxytocin does this. |
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Term
| What is negative feedback control? |
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Definition
| influences a target organ or tissue, which sends a signal back telling the gland to turn the faucet off like a thermostat. |
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Term
| What are some hormones that are controlled by neuro-transmitters? |
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Definition
| GABA, acetylcholine, dopomine, adrenaline |
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Term
| What are hormones that are under temporal control? Ex? |
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Definition
| used only at certain times in life. Circadian cycles. Menstrual cycle. |
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Term
| What are hormones that are under ontogentic control? What other group are they related to? Examples? |
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Definition
| When not all the genes are decoded at once (heterochrony). Related to temporal system. Growth in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fluid that is made by cells, tissues and glands that affects only cells, tissues and glands that have receptors for that hormone |
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Term
| What are four ways a hormone is delivered to a target? |
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Definition
| endocrine route, neurocrine route, pericrine route, autocrine route |
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Term
| Describe the endocrine route of delivering a hormone. |
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Definition
| made by some kind of gland and dumped into the blood. |
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Term
| Describe the neurocrine route of delivering a hormone. |
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Definition
| nuerohormones are released into the cerebral spinal fluid and go to the target organ. Hormones are made by neurons, not glands. |
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Term
| Describe the pericrine route of delivering a hormone. |
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Definition
| Made by one mass of cells or tissues and sent to other right next to it |
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Term
| Describe the autocrine route of delivering a hormone. |
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Definition
| A cell will make a hormone and eject it. It will travel around to the backside of the cell and interact with receptors for that hormone on the same cell |
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Term
| Why don't cells that use the autocrine route just use the hormone inside to begin with? |
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Definition
| There are second messenger molecules dangling which are used to make something else happen in the cell but the molecules need to be kicked free like ornaments on a tree. |
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Term
| Where are the receptor molecules of a cell? |
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Definition
| in various places on or inside the target cells: embedded in the protein surrounding the cell or inside. |
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Term
| What kinds of proteins around the cells a can have receptor molecules? |
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Definition
| glycoproteins/glycolipids, G proteins that occur in little clusters |
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Term
| Where could a receptor molecule be inside the cell? What common hormones trigger inside receptor molecules? |
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Definition
| nucleus, ribosome or other places. Steroids and thyroid hormone |
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Term
| Why is it easy for a steroid to get inside a cell? |
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Definition
| fatty in origin so they can sneak through the cell membrane undetected |
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Term
| What are the five families of organic molecules? |
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Definition
| steroids, small peptides, polypeptides, glycoproteins, amines |
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Term
| Describe steroids: strcture. Examples. Where are the receptors? What are they made from? |
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Definition
| 4 rings of carbon (3 hexagon, 1 pentagon). progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, estrogen. Receptors inside target cells. Made from cholesterol derived from fatty acids. |
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Term
| Describe small peptides: Another name? Structure? Where are the receptors? Examples? |
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Definition
| oligopeptides. 3-10 amino acids. recptors in the cell membrane. oxytocin and angiotensin. |
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Term
| Describe polypeptides: structure? where are the receptors? examples? |
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Definition
| 14+ amino acids. receptors in the cell membrane. ANP, calcitonin, insulin, glucagon, prolactin. |
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Term
| Describe glycoproteins: examples. Why aren't they true sex hormones? |
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Definition
| Gonadotropins (FSH, LH). Not made by the gonads. |
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Term
| Describe amines: structure? what decides if primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary? Examples? |
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Definition
| Any organic molecule attached to nitrogen. depends on how many nitrogens are attached. Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, T3, T4 |
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Term
| What organ sends signals to inhibit or excite? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the pituitary gland? And the anterior pituitary? posterior? |
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Definition
| hypophysis. adenohypophysis. neurophysis. |
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Term
| Where did the pineal body develop from? What's made there? What is it involved in? |
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Definition
| third eye spot. melatonin. Light sensitivity. |
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Term
| What endocrine organs are big at birth and shrink throughout life? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the lungs related to the endocrine system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does your pancreas make? |
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Definition
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Term
| What families of hormones do your adrenal glands make? |
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Definition
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Term
| What connects the two parts of the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system do the hormones made in the pituitary gland go into? |
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Definition
| hypothalamo-adenohypotheal portal system |
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Term
| Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| promotes water retention and conservation. Inhibited by alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes contractions during birth. Responsible for milk letdown. Possibly associated with sexual excitement and orgasm. |
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Term
| What types of hormones does the hypothalamus release besides ADH and oxytocin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do releasers do? What are examples? |
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Definition
| OK signal to the anterior pituitary to start making hormones. GrnH (for FSH and LH) and Groth Hormone Releasing Hormone (affects all tissues), Prolactin-releasing hormones, CRH (for ACTH in the pituitary which goes to adrenal glands) |
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Term
| What do inhibitors do? Examples? |
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Definition
| Tell anterior pituitary to stop. GHIH. Somatostatin. Prolactin inhibitors. |
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Term
| What is made in the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| TSH, GH, FSH, LH, prolactin, ACTH |
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Term
| What is TSH? Where is it made? Where does it go? |
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Definition
| thyroid stimulating hormone. travels from pituitary to thyroid to stimulate prodution of thyroid hormone. |
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Term
| What kind of hormones are FSH and LH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the pineal body make? What do they affect? |
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Definition
| melatonin and serotonin. Affect mood. |
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Term
| What does the thymus make and what does it do? |
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Definition
| thymosin. Helps immune system stay healthy. |
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Term
| What does the thyroid make? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| calcium regulator that promotes deposition of blood into the skeleton and osteoblast activity |
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Term
| Where do T3 and T4 get their names from? What do they do? |
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Definition
| based on the number of iodine atoms in their structure. They regulate energy metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| swelling of the thyroid from lack of iodine. |
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Term
| What does the parathyroid make? What does it do? |
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Definition
| PTH. opposite of calcitonin: promotes movement of calcium from worn out cells back into the plasma. |
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Term
| What does the pancreas make? What does it do? |
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Definition
| insulin (regulates sugar metabolism) and glucogon (puts more sugar in the blood when you're running low) |
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Term
| What kind of hormones do the kidneys make? |
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Definition
| erythropoietin (red blood cell production) and calcitriol (movement of calcium from the small intestine and into the blood) |
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Term
| What hormone does the heart make and what does it do? |
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Definition
| ANP. Regulates blood pressure. |
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Term
| What hormones do the ovaries make? |
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Definition
| estrogen, estrogiol and progesterone |
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Term
| What are the two patterns of development? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe direct development |
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Definition
| by-passing larva stage (us) |
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Term
| Describe indirect development |
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Definition
| will pass through one or more larval stages that will not look at all like the adult |
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