Term
|
Definition
Magnetic storage device that uses a read/write head to read, record and erase data onto a floppy disk.
Data is stored in binary fashion (0s and 1s).
Considered obsolete since PC99 standards |
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Term
|
Definition
1.44 MB
Have a range of 360KB - 2.88 MB |
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Term
|
Definition
Basic unit of permanent storage for computers.
Majority of hard drives use magnetic storage and mechanical spindles and armatures, which make hard drives a vulnerable point for failure. |
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Term
| HDD: Common interface types for Internal drives |
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Definition
- SCSI
- EIDE
- SATA (current standard) |
|
|
Term
| HDD: Common interface types for External drives |
|
Definition
- USB
- IEEE 1394 (FireWire) |
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|
Term
| HDD: Solid State Drives (SDD) |
|
Definition
use non-volatile flash memory to store data, similar to USB flash drives.
Much faster, have no mechanical parts (less prone to failure), last longer.
Far more expensive and not in same sizes as traditional HDDs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Storage device that uses a laser to read data encoded on discs in pits and lands that mimic, 0's and 1's. |
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Term
| Optical Drives: Progression |
|
Definition
1. CD-ROM drives
2. CD-RW drives
3. DVD-ROM
4. DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW
5. Blu-ray |
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Term
| Optical Drives: Common interface types |
|
Definition
Internal:
- SCSI
- EIDE
- SATA
External:
- USB
- IEEE 1394 (FireWire) |
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|
Term
Removable Storage:
Tape Drive |
|
Definition
Magnetic media devices using rolling magnetized read/write head to read/write data onto cassettes using magnetic ribbon, or "tapes," as storage.
Data can only be accessed sequentially and are slow compared to other media
Storage Capacity:
20GBs to greater than 1TB |
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|
Term
Removable Storage:
Tape Drive; Common Formats |
|
Definition
- DDs-1
- DAT72
- DLT-4
- TR-7 |
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Term
Removable Storage:
Solid State Devices |
|
Definition
Storage units that have no mechanical parts, use non-volatile flash memory to store data.
Do not generate excessive heat and also use less power.
utilized mainly in smaller devices like USB flash drives and SD cards, cell phones and cameras.
Some manufacturers are using 2.5" SSD drives in their laptops |
|
|
Term
Removable Storage:
External CD-RW |
|
Definition
Optical drives that can "erase" certain types of discs by altering the physical state of the reflective layer of these discs, from an amorphous solid to a crystalline state.
More sensitive than CD-ROM and CD-R discs.
virtually identical to internal CD-RW drives except have an integrated circuit board and connector
Connects via USB or IEEE 1394 (FireWire) |
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|
Term
Removable Storage:
Hot-Swappable |
|
Definition
Can be plugged into a computer without shutting the machine down and used with little to no effort from the user.
Virtually all USB devices are hot-swappable.
Some early SCSI drives were hot-swappable |
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Term
|
Definition
Physical dimensions of a product.
Each form factor commonly used has a specific format and set of specifications |
|
|
Term
Motherboard:
Form Factor:
ATX |
|
Definition
ATX
- Standardized many aspects of motherboards
- 12" x 9.6"
- use of PS/2 ports for mouse/keyboard
- |
|
|
Term
Motherboard:
Form Factor:
ATX:
Power supply |
|
Definition
- 20-pin P1 power connector to provide 3.3 volts, +5 volts and +12 volts.
- Later revisions provided auxiliary 4-pin and 8-pin connectors for processors, as well as the newer 24-pin P1 power connectors
- use of "soft power" switches to control power supply instead of direct hardware switch |
|
|
Term
Motherboard:
Form Factor:
BTX |
|
Definition
- 12.8" x 10.5"
- Intended to replace ATX
- emphasize low thermal footprints
- airflow parallel to major components
- placement of components to minimize latency
- not compatible with ATX cases
- use ATX power supply |
|
|
Term
Motherboard:
Form Factor:
microATX |
|
Definition
- 6.75" x 6.75" to 9.6" x 9.6"
- uses less power that full ATX board by integrating many functions (video, sound, NIC)
- reduced number of expansion slots to max of 4 |
|
|
Term
Motherboard:
Form Factor:
NLX |
|
Definition
- 10" x 9"
- intended for low-end PCs and to replace LPX specifications
- used riser card for expansion slots
- Motherboard had only 1 slot (used for riser card)
- been supplanted by the microATX and similar form factors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Various ports and expansion slots used to connect the computer to various hardware devices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often integrated into motherboard, allows capture and playback of digital and analog sound files |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
Sound:
Cards |
|
Definition
- Use PCI or PCI-Express slots
- have traditional TRS jacks (mini-jacks), and S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format) as output connectors.
- 2 to 8-channel stereo
- have internal connectors allowing CD/DVD drives to connect directly |
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Term
|
Definition
| Designed to output data to a monitor or display mechanism that will display the signal as visual data. Common interfaces include VGA, DVI and HDMI, which is used for high definition TVs and monitors. |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
Video:
Cards |
|
Definition
- AGP or PCI-Express slots
- sometimes contain separate memory, processors, and cooling systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 1.5 to 12Mb/s transfer rate
- Daisy chained up to 127 devices
- 4 wires: 2 power, 2 signal transmission
- max length of wire: 3 meters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 480Mb/s transfer rate
- backward compatible with USB 1.1
- Daisy chained up to 127 devices
- 4 wires: 2 power, 2 signal transmission
- max length of wire: 5 meters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 5 Gb/s transfer rate
- Daisy chained up to 127 devices
- 4 wires: 2 power, 2 signal transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- First connectivity standards on PCs
- aka DB9 and DB25 ports (depending on # of pins)
- utilized for mice, external modems
- Defined by RS-232 and RS-232c standard
- Referred to as COM 1/2/3/4 ports
- Send data one bit at a time
- Generally male connectors
- Can be disables in the BIOS |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
Serial:
IRQs |
|
Definition
Interrupt Request
COM1
- 3F8 and IRQ4
COM2
- 2F8 and IRQ3 |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
IEEE 1394/FireWire |
|
Definition
- Data is sent without interruption (isochronously)
- Hot-pluggable
- Daisy-chained up to 63 devices |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
IEEE 1394a |
|
Definition
FireWire 400
- transfer rate of 400 Mb/s
- max length of cable 4.5 meters
- use 4 and 6-pin connectors |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
IEEE 1394b |
|
Definition
FireWire 800
- transfer rate of 3.2 Gb/s
- practical maximum of 800 Mb/s
- Max cable length 100 meters
- use 9-pin connectors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Transmit data over several lines at once (8 bits at a time)
- Originally unidirectional (Standard Parallel Port, SPP)
- Became bidirectional and faster (Enhanced Parallel Port, EPP, and Extended Capabilities Port, ECP)
- Current standard is IEEE 1284
- Suggested max length 4.5 meters |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
Parallel:
Extended Capabilities Port (ECP) |
|
Definition
| - Use Direct Memory Access (DMA) to increase transmission rates |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
Parallel:
Connections |
|
Definition
- DB-25 (25 pin)
- 36-pin micro ribbon
- 50-pin
- are generally female connectors |
|
|
Term
I/O interfaces:
Network Interface Card (NIC) |
|
Definition
- Virtually all use Ethernet standard (RJ-45 jack)
- Generally connects to Cat5, 5e or 6 cabling
- every card has unique 48-bit Media Access Control (MAC) address utilizing hexadecimal numbers (0-9, A-F)
- Support 1 Gb/s ethernet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- stands for "modulator/demodulator"
- current are Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)
- use phone lines, coaxial cable tv networks, or fiber optics
- transfer rates from 640Kb/s - 12Mb/s and faster
- Connect to computer via USB or ethernet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Standard port for mice and keyboards until USB
- 6-pin mini-DIN connectors and were color coded
- Green = mouse
- Purple = keyboard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Created by Rambus
- use 16 or 32-bit bus
- came in Error-Correcting Code (ECC) and non-ECC versions
- speed range: 800-1066 MHz
- sized: 64MB - 512MB
- Often used as video memory due to high bus speed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Memory Slots:
RIMM:
Disadvantages |
|
Definition
- architecture required all memory slots to be filled
- users needed continuity RIMM (C-RIMM) if not enough memory sticks were available
- Very expensive
- Generate significant amount of heat
- substantially higher latency than most available memory |
|
|
Term
Memory Slots:
Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) |
|
Definition
- Standard form of system memory, RAM, today
- several configurations: 100-pin (printers) to 240-pin (Double Data Rate, DDR3)
- use 64-bit path
- run in sync with system clock for increased performance (unless DDR)
- can be double (dual-ranked) or single-sided (single-ranked) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - runs at twice the speed of system clock and uses less power |
|
|
Term
Memory Slots:
DIMM:
Access and speeds |
|
Definition
- can have up to 3 DIMMS, channels, with special hardware and configuration
- when utilizing more than 1 channel, must be matched in size, speed, and latency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Speeds in either MHz or PC ratings (transfer rate multiplied by the MHz rating)
- Range from PC2-6400 to PC3-10600
- PC2: DDR2 memory
- PC3: DDR3 memory |
|
|
Term
Memory Slots:
Small Outline DIMMs (SODIMMs) |
|
Definition
- smaller versions of DIMMs
- 72, 100, 144, and 200-pin configurations
- have differently placed notches on bottom edges (like DIMMs) to signify the DDR rating of the module
- 72 and 100-pin have 32-bit data path
- 144 and 200-pin have 64-bit path |
|
|
Term
Memory Slots:
Single In-Line Memory Module (SIMM) |
|
Definition
- prior standard of memory; completely supplanted by DIMMs
- 30 and 72-pin modules
- most had just a 32-bit data path, some 30-pin only had 16-bit
- Access times much slower for SIMMs
- some SIMMs used parity as an error-checking technology |
|
|
Term
Memory Slots:
SIMM:
3-types |
|
Definition
Fast Page Memory (FPM)
- used with 30- and 72-pin SIMMs
extended data out (EDO)
- faster than FPM
- used with 72-pin SIMMs and 168-pin DIMMs
burst EDO (BEDO)
- rarely used technology |
|
|
Term
Memory Slots:
SIMM:
Parity Error |
|
Definition
- a ninth bit was included with every byte (8 bits) of data.
- supplanted by ECC technology |
|
|
Term
Processor Sockets:
General Info |
|
Definition
Socket for processor and chipset determines what type of processor and feature set a system can use.
Intel processors use different sockets than Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) processors
- Both use zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- presently use lang grid array (LGA) architecture; utilizes lands (pads) instead of pins to connect to the CPU
- early versions used PGA |
|
|
Term
Processor Sockets:
Intel:
LGA |
|
Definition
- introduced with LGA 775 (775 lands)
- current is LGA 1366 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - use Pin-grid Array (PGA) architecture, with rows of pins placed around the socket, to make contact with the CPU |
|
|
Term
Processor Sockets:
AMD:
PGA |
|
Definition
Pin Grid Array
- current AMD socket style is the AM3 |
|
|
Term
Processor Sockets:
DDR2 sockets |
|
Definition
- AM2 and AM2+
- LGA771 (Socket J)
- LGA775 (Socket T) |
|
|
Term
Processor Sockets:
DDR3 sockets |
|
Definition
Requires a motherboard with
- AM3
or
- LGA1366 socket |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subsystem that carries data, electrical power, control signals, and memory addresses between components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Does not run in sync with the system clock
- connects to the chipset's South Bridge ( the slowest end) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Synchronized with the system clock
- Connected with North Bridge
- Faster end of the chipset |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCI (Peripheral Control Interconnect):
Version 1 |
|
Definition
- Connects various expansion cards to motherboard: NIC, or video cards
- 32-bit data path
- supplied 5V at 33 MHz
- First bus to allow expansion cards to run in sync with CPU |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCI:
Version 2.x |
|
Definition
- 64-bit data path
- 3.3V
- notches in the slot distinguish between 5V and 3.3V (universal PCI can use either) |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCI:
PCI-X |
|
Definition
- developed for server hardware
- fully-backward compatible, except for 5V cards
- can use either 32- or 64-bit data paths |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
AGP (accelerated graphics port) |
|
Definition
Standard graphics card. Recently replaced by PCI-E
- 3 standards
- Pro version with greater slot length
- 4 speeds: 1x-8x
- 3 voltages: 0.9-3.3V
- 6 different slot specifications (placement and number of notches indicated slot voltage, version, and type)
- Max throughput ranged from AGP 1.0's 266MB/s to AGP 3.0's 2.12 GB/s |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCI-Express (PCI-E or PCIe) |
|
Definition
- Not backward compatible to PCI
- Will eventually replace PCI altogether
- allows transmit of data faster by using packets
- Connect to both South and North Bridges
- 4 sizes: x1, x4, x8, x16 (# of physical wires/lanes, available for data) |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCI-E 1.1 |
|
Definition
| - boosted available attage to expansion cares from 150W to 225W via two 6-pin connectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Doubled the signal frequency (and thus the data capacity)
- raised the number of possible lanes to 32
- total wattage to 300 via new 8-pin connector
- Fully backward compatible, but issues may occur |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
AMR (audio/modem riser)/CNR (communications/networking riser) |
|
Definition
- Found in lower-end motherboards
- used in order to save space and reduce number of circuits
- Slots share circuitry with a controller on the motherboard
- similar in size to a PCI slot
- Very rare |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCMCIA (personal computer memory card international association) |
|
Definition
- Primarily in laptops and mobile computers
- used for modems, NICs, and hard drives |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCMCIA:
PC Card |
|
Definition
- used 16-bit ISA bus
- Hot swappable
3 types:
1 - 3.3 mm thick used for RAM
2 - 5.5 mm thick used for modems
3 - 10.5mm thick for hard drives or two Type 1 or 2 cards |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCMCIA:
CardBus |
|
Definition
- used 32-bit PCI bus
- backward-compatible with PC Card devices
- Can't be used in 16-bit PC Card slots (raised strip across the connector end)
- Slots are: Type 2 or Type 3 slots.
- Hot-swappable |
|
|
Term
Bus Architecture:
PCMCIA:
ExpressCard |
|
Definition
- uses PCI-E or USB 2.0
- come in 34mm and 54mm widths
- are 75mm in length and 5mm thick
- not backward-compatible with PC Card or CardBus
- Hot-pluggable, hot-swappable, and can be autoconfigured |
|
|
Term
| PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology) |
|
Definition
- Interface Standard for storage devices
- IDE, EIDE, and PATA are used interchangeably |
|
|
Term
PATA:
IDE (integrated Drive Electronics) |
|
Definition
- Has controller integrated into the drive unit instead of motherboard
- came to refer to the 40-pin ribbon cable standard.
- IDE motherboards have a primary and secondary controller that can support 2 devices: master and slave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- same basic tech as IDE
- Can incorporate the use of an 80-pin ribbon cable to increase data transmission and clarity
- All recent IDE devices are EIDE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Newer standard for storage devices
- uses round 7-pin cable that has greater maximum length (1 meter)
- sends data serially via packets
- transfer rates range from 1.5Gb/s-6Gb/s
- Most motherboards support 6 or more SATA connections
- Hot-pluggable and hot-swappable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- allows external devices to use SATA connections via expansion card or motherboard
- offers up to 6 times transfer rate of USB
- offers length up to 2 meters long |
|
|
Term
| RAID (redundant array of inexpensive/independent disks) |
|
Definition
- Used primarily for servers
- uses multiple drives to work together to provide increased performance and the ability to survive a malfunction or loss of data (fault tolerance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 2 or more drives are grouped into one logical drive
- Data is striped across the hard disks (written evenly across the drives)
- improves performance, but no fault tolerance.
AKA: Striped volumes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Data written is mirrored on all drives
- no performance benefits
- Disk duplexing: separate controllers used for the drive
AKA: Mirrored Drives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Data is striped across multiple drives + parity data
- arrangement requires 3 volumes
- offers both fault tolerance and performance benefits
- most expensive
AKA: RAID 5 Volumes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- collection of controllers and microchips that function together to support the processor socket and type, as well as control the system memory, various buses, and peripheral devices
- Consists of a Northbridge and Southbridge
aka: Accelerated Hub Architecture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Intel
- AMD
- NVIDIA
- SiS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Fast end
- graphics and memory controller are found here
- location where system bus and hub are joined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Slow end
- I/O controller is located here
- where every I/O device joins the hub |
|
|
Term
| BIOS (Basic Input/output system) |
|
Definition
- used interchangeably with CMOS and Firmware
Collection of settings responsible for:
- starting a computer
- making sure hardware is ready and able to operate once power is applied
- finding and loading the OS |
|
|
Term
| CMOS (complimentary Metal-oxide semiconductor) |
|
Definition
- used interchangeably with BIOS and Firmware
- stores all the BIOS information on volatile memory
- must have power to keep settings and system clock accurate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used interchangeably with BIOS and CMOS
- General term for programming that is stored in a nonvolatile fashion on a chip, and can be used to refer to BIOS |
|
|
Term
| POST (Power on self test) |
|
Definition
- Initial diagnostic program stored as part of the BIOS that runs when computer is turned on
It checks:
- Memory
- CPU function
- storage devices
- various I/O devices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an expansion card that plugs into a slot on the motherboard to provice additional capabilities:
- more expansion slots and storage connectors
this is uncommon technology and is mainly seen on NLX and LPX motherboards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- power supply that is external
- takes regular house current (AC) and converts it to direct current (DC) |
|
|
Term
Identifying CPU Types:
factors |
|
Definition
- system bus supported
- core frequency in gigahertz (GHz)
- socket and supported chipset
- multitasking ability
- included memory cache
- type of system memory supported
- specific technologies the CPU can use and the voltage and power consumption
- Manufacturer |
|
|
Term
Identifying CPU Types:
Intel |
|
Definition
4 Major families of processors:
- Core (mid to high-end systems)
- Pentium (older systems)
- Celeron (low-end systems)
- Atom (low-end mobile systems)
All Core 2 Quad processors have a 5-character identifier beginning with 'Q'.
Every Intel processor also has a sSPec number |
|
|
Term
Identifying CPU Types:
AMD |
|
Definition
Generally less expensive than Intel processors
6 families of processor:
- Phenom
- Athlon
- Sempron
- Turion Mobile
- Athlon for notebook
- Semprom for notebook
easier to identify a speciic AMD processor due to fewer processors on the market |
|
|
Term
| Hyperthreading/HyperTransport |
|
Definition
| technology for processors that allows each logical processor in a system to handle an individual thread in parallel with other threads instead of having to wait and handle them in a series. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Each processor has 2 or more cores that are independent of each other but run at the same frequency.
- Each core functions as a logical processor, with two arithmetic logic units (ALUs) per core, allowing each core to process two sepearte instructions simultaneously.
- Each core has it's own L1 cache, L2 cache, but shares it's L3 cache with processor system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small section of RAM that is used by processors to contain data and instruction sets that the memory controller expects to processor to need next.
- Made of static RAM that doesn't need to be refreshed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cycles per second the processor runs internally
Determined by multiplying the system bus by the multiplier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 64-bit processing is faster, but uses more resources.
- 64-bit operating systems require 64-bit kernel mode device drivers, which should come from the hardware manufacturer.
- 64-bit OS's can run either 32-bit or 64-bit applications, but 64-bit apps will be faster. The inverse is not true: 32-bit OSs can only run 32-bit applications.
- Because of the limited number of memory addresses available to a 32-bit OS, only 4 GB of RAM can be addressed by the OS; more can be installed, but the OS has no way to see the memory. On the other hand, 64-bit OSs can in theory address up to 1 TB of RAM, though current hardware can only hold 12-16 GB of RAM.
- If the memory, processor, motherboard, OS, drivers and applications are all 64-bit, users will see a significant performance difference, particularly with multiple windows open and applications using resources. |
|
|
Term
Cooling the Machine:
Heat Sinks |
|
Definition
- set of fins that draw heat away from the processor and conduct it outward
- generally made of copper and/or aluminun |
|
|
Term
Cooling the machine:
CPU and Case Fans |
|
Definition
- a fan that cooler the entire computer case
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Due to the damage potential of heat, keeping the processor cool – meaning below the maximum temperature of 185 degrees Fahrenheit (85 degrees Celsius) and preferably in the 90-110 degrees Fahrenheit (32-43 degrees Celsius) range – is one of the more important tasks in a computer. |
|
|
Term
Cooling the machine:
Liquid cooling system |
|
Definition
| - use a pump to circulate water or other liquids through tubes that draw heat from the components out to an area where fans can cool the liquid. |
|
|
Term
Cooling the machine:
Thermal compound |
|
Definition
Thermal Grease
- paste-like material applied to the top of a processor or bottom of heat sink. Conducts heat better than air and eliminates air pockets |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
DRAM |
|
Definition
- does not hold data
- must be constantly refreshed by memory controller
- volatile |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
SRAM |
|
Definition
- volatile
- cache memory
- very fast, very expensive |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
SDRAM |
|
Definition
Synchronous DRAM
- foundation of most RAM in use today
- runs in time with comp processor and system clock
- rated by its frequency in MHz/GHz
- DIMMs using SDRAM generally have 168 pins |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
DDR/DDR2/DDR3 |
|
Definition
Double Data Rate
- next step after SDRAM
- instead of 1 cycle per clock cycle, it does 2
- generally 184-pins
DDR2/DDR3
- use less power
- run at quicker frequencies
- uses 2 channels to memory controller simultaneously
- generally 240-pins
DDR3
- uses three channels to the memory controller simultaneously |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
Rambus |
|
Definition
Rambus Memory Module (RIMMs)
- made in 1990's
- 184-232-pins
- 16- or 32-bit bus
- error-correcting code (ECC) and non-ECC
- speed 800-1066 MHz
- video memory
- requires all memory slots to be filled for use
- expensive
- ran very hot and high latency |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
Parity V. Non-parity |
|
Definition
Parity
- error-checking tech used with SIMMs
- used a 9th bit of info with every byte
- made a requirement of a 36-bit path instead of 32
- parity memory never took off due to 36-bit path and now non-parity is the standard |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
ECC V. Non-ECC |
|
Definition
- similar to parity
- used an extra 8-bits to work with
- ECC memory modules have an odd number of chips, last being ECC submodule
- ECC DIMMs require a 72-bit data path
- ECC more expensive than non-ECC
- normally reserved for servers |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
Single-sided V. Double-sided |
|
Definition
- All SIMMs are single sided
- some DIMMs can be single or double sided
- DIMMs that are quad sided are for servers |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
Single-channel v. Dual-channel |
|
Definition
- motherboard and all systems must support dual-channel access for it to work
- |
|
|
Term
Compare memory type, chars, purpose:
Speed |
|
Definition
- given in frequency (MHz/GHz)
or
- PC rating (data path width in bytes times 2 (DDR) times the frequency/max data transfer rate per second)
Examples:
PC133: 133 MHz
PC2700: 166 MHz * 8 * 2 = 2700 MB/s (approximately)
PC3200: 200 MHz * 8 * 2 = 3200 MB/s
DDR3-1600: The 1600 refers to the megatransfers (MT), or operations, per second. Multiplying the MT/s by the data path width gives the maximum transfer rate; in this case, 1600 MT/s * 8 bytes (64-bit) = 12800 MB/s.
DDR2-667: With DDR2, the transfer rate is determined by multiplying the memory clock rate by 2 (for the bus clock multiplier) times 2 (for DDR) times the data path width in bytes. In this case, the memory clock rate is 166 MHz, so 166 * 2 * 2 * 8 = 5300 MB/s (approximately). |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) |
|
Definition
- use electron guns to construct and image on screen line-by-line.
- obsolete
- better at showing motion than LCD
- higher refresh rates than LCD |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) |
|
Definition
- creates images by using layers of electrodes to manipulate a sandwiched layer of easily polarized material and a color layer
- use less energy
- responds more quickly |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
LCD technologies:
Resolution |
|
Definition
VGA (Video Graphics Array): 640 x 480 (4:3 ratio between horizontal and vertical pixels)
SVGA (Super VGA): 800 x 600
XGA (eXtended Graphics Array): 1024 x 768
SXGA (Super XGA): 1280 x 1024 (first standard to support 5:4 ratio between horizontal and vertical pixels)
SXGA+: 1400 x 1050
WSXGA+ (Wide SXGA+): 1680 x 1050
UXGA (Ultra XGA): 1600 x 1200
WUXGA (Wide UXGA): 1920 x 1200
QWXGA (Quad Wide XGA): 2048 x 1152, used on 23‖ monitors
WQXGA (Wide Quad XGA): 2560 x 1600, used on 30‖ monitors |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
LCD technologies:
Contrast Ratio |
|
Definition
| - difference, or contrast, between true black and true white |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
LCD technologies:
Native resolution |
|
Definition
| LCD have a native resolution limit due to the size of the screen/pixels |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
Connector types:
VGA |
|
Definition
- standard method of passing analog signals to video card
- VGA ports send 3 separate signals: red, green blue (RGB)
- 15-pin connectors |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
Connector types:
DVI |
|
Definition
- First standard used by digital LCD
- two varieties:
DVI-I
- supports analog and digital signals
DVI-D
- only supports digital signals |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
Connector types:
Composite/component |
|
Definition
- mix RGB signals into one, send together
- commonly used with TV
- not as shard as RGB |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
Connector types:
S-video |
|
Definition
Super-Video
- send one signal for color and one for brightness
- sharper video than composite
- not as good for monitors as RGB |
|
|
Term
Display devices and their chars:
Connector types:
HDMI |
|
Definition
| - send high-def audio and video |
|
|
Term
Video Settings:
Refresh rate |
|
Definition
- number of times the display is built in one second
CRT = 70 Hz or 70 refresh rate
LCD = 16ms ~ 60Hz |
|
|
Term
Video Settings:
Multi-monitor |
|
Definition
| - capacity for multi-monitor use is based on the operating system and graphics card |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - CRT monitors experience a buildup of magnetic field. cleared by using the degauss button to clear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ports
- PS/2 green
- USB
- wireless
- serial ports (obsolete)
- DIN connectors (obsolete) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ports
- PS/2 purple
- USB
- wireless
- serial ports (obsolete)
- DIN connectors (obsolete) |
|
|
Term
Peripherals:
Bar code reader |
|
Definition
Ports
- serial or keyboard (splitter required)
- wireless
- USB
- Bluetooth
Installation
- requires drivers |
|
|
Term
Peripherals:
multimedia devices |
|
Definition
Ports
- USB
- IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
- MIDI port |
|
|
Term
Peripherals:
Biometric devices |
|
Definition
Ex: fingerprint reader
Ports
- wireless
- USB
- PC Card device |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- use touch-sensitive grid inlay
Ports
- USB
- Serial |
|
|
Term
Peripherals:
KVM (keyboard, video, mouse) switch |
|
Definition
| used to allow one set of devices to be used on multiple computers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connects various expansion cards to motherboard, usually NIC or video card
First version
- had a 32-bit data path
- 5V at 33MHz
- ran in sync with CPU
Version 2.X
- expanded data path to 64-bit
- allowed 3.3V |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Not backward compatible with PCI
- serial bus tech
- connects to North and South bridges
- four sizes: x1, x4, x8, x16
PCI-E 1.1
- boosted wattage from 150W to 225W
- used two 6-pin connectors
PCI-E 2
- doubled signal frequency
- raised number of lanes to 32
- raised wattage to 300
- used 8-pin connector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pro
- greater slot length
- four speeds: 1x-8x
- three voltages: 0.8-3.3V
- six slot specifications
- max throughput range: 266MB/s-2.12GB/s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of visual, audio, and animation data to present information in as lifelike fashion as possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- related to TV tuner cards, records and saves display files
- integrated into a TV Tuner card or video card
- only refers to video capture cards |
|
|
Term
I/O ports:
SCSI (small computer system interface) |
|
Definition
- primarily used for storage devices in servers, but also for printers, scanners, optical drives
- supports up to 15 devices
- faster than PATA but more expensive and complicated
- every device on chain needs an ID
Standards:
- SCSI-1 (regular)
- SCSI-2 (fast)
- SCSI-3 (ultra)
- SAS (serial attached SCSI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka DB9 or DB25
- used for mice, external modems, specialist input devices (bar code reader)
RS-232 and RS-232c standard define specifications
- generally male connectors
- can be disables in BIOS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- daisy chain up to 127 devices
- max cable length: 3 meters 1.0, 5m
USB 1.0
- 12Mb/s
USB 2.0
- 480Mb/s
USB 3.0
- 5Gb/s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- standard connection for printers
- current standard is IEEE 1284
- transmit 8 bits (1 byte) at a time
- max length: 4.5m
EPP (enhanced parallel port)
- bidirectional
Extended Capabilties Port (ECP)
- bidirectional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Primary method for computer interfacing with network
- virtually all network cards (NICs) use RJ-45 jack to connect to Ethernet cables, Cat5, 5e, or 6
- most cards today support 1Gb/s ethernet
- backward compatible with 10Mb/s and 100Mb/s systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modulator/demodulator
- transmit data at speeds of 640Kb/s to 12Mb/s and faster |
|
|
Term
Laptops:
Expansion cards:
PCMCIA (personal computer memory card international) |
|
Definition
covers 3 different card specifications:
Type I
- RAM
Type II
- Modems
Type III
- Portable hard drive or 2 typeI/II ports |
|
|
Term
Laptops:
Expansion cards:
mini PCI-Express |
|
Definition
- 52-pin
- come in type I/II (100-pin)/III (124-pin)
- look similar to mini PCI slots but are smaller with no clips on the side
- often used for wireless adapters, cellular WAN, bluetooth |
|
|
Term
Laptops:
Expansion cards:
Docking station |
|
Definition
- external device that a notebook can plug into that provides ports for external monitor, keyboard, mouse, power adapter, storage devices, and expansion cards.
- similar to port replicators, offer more features and auxiliary slots
- easy way to expand laptop/notebooks capabilities |
|
|
Term
Communication Connections:
Bluetooth |
|
Definition
- short-range (10 meters)
- transfer up to 3Mb/s
- operates at 2.4GHz frequency
- |
|
|
Term
Communication Connections:
Infrared |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Communication Connections:
Cellular WAN |
|
Definition
3 standards:
- Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): used internationally
- Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): most domestic US carriers
- Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): older tech in US
Cellular WAN
- must be able to connect to Third Generation (3G)
- Are full duplex: data can be passed by both endpoints of a network segment at same time |
|
|
Term
Communication Connections:
Ethernet |
|
Definition
- Network standard for all wired networking
- RJ-45 jack
- cable generally: Cat5, 5e, 6
- every device connected has unique MAC address assigned by manufacturer
- support 1Gb/s speed
- all NICs have light indicators that show state of network traffic |
|
|
Term
Communication Connections:
Modem |
|
Definition
- Plain old telephone service (POTS)
- Point-to-point protocol (PPP) to transfer data packets
- max speed: 53.3 Kb/s
- used RJ-11 phone jacks
- used V .92 standard |
|
|
Term
Power/electrical input devices:
Auto-switching |
|
Definition
- allows power adapters to automatically change from providing 110V to 220V of AC
- prevents burnout of comp components
- |
|
|
Term
Power/electrical input devices:
Fixed-input power supplies |
|
Definition
- seen in desktops and laptops
- only provides one level of power |
|
|
Term
Power/electrical input devices:
Batteries |
|
Definition
Types:
- nickel-cadium (Ni-Cad): outdated
- nickel-metal-hiydride: outdated
- lithium-ion (Li-Ion)
- direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC): future of batteries |
|
|
Term
Laptops Input Devices:
stylus/digitizer |
|
Definition
digitizer aka graphics tablet
- generally connect via USB |
|
|
Term
Laptops Input Devices:
Function keys |
|
Definition
extra row of keys that have specific tasks tied to them when pressed in conjunction with the Fn key
- some can be used outside operating system like to interrupt the boot sequence to enter BIOS |
|
|
Term
Laptops Input Devices:
point devices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
Laser |
|
Definition
- popular among businesses and large corps
- includes speed, quantity, quality
- print one page at a time
- require memory
- use black, cyan, magenta, yellow
- replace toner cartridges more often, then drum, fuser assemblies, and transfer assemblies |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
Laser:
process |
|
Definition
Clean or prepare
- print drum cleaned by sweeping strip and blade and residual charge by erase lamps
Conditioning
- primary corona charges roller to -600V
Writing
- laser discharges high current (-600V) or low charge (-100V) where toner is applied to drum
Developing
- Toner placed on drum where charge is reduced to -100V
Transferring
- transfer corona produces positive charge on paper, pulling toner from drum onto paper
- must use correct laser paper
Fusing
- heat from fuser assembly (410 F) melts plastic particles that make up toner |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
Inkjet |
|
Definition
- more common
- use liquid filled cartridges spraying ink droplets onto page
- electrical charge imparted on ink and magnetically charged plates shape the path of the ink to create image |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
Thermal |
|
Definition
| use heat to print characters on paper |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
Thermal:
Thermal wax transfer |
|
Definition
- print head melts wax-based ink from transfer ribbon to page
- uses an equivalent panel of ink for every page, regardless of how much print is transferred
- common for barcodes |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
Thermal:
Direct thermal |
|
Definition
- used in many early fax machines
- printer burns dots onto coated paper when paper passes heating elements |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
Impact |
|
Definition
- print by striking paper, driving ink into page
- dot-matrix printer
- |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
Local Connections |
|
Definition
common
- USB
- parallel
uncommon
- SCSI
- IEEE 1394
- serial port |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
network connections |
|
Definition
| - ethernet port and network driver |
|
|
Term
Printer configuration:
consumables |
|
Definition
- paper
- toner cartridges
- fuser
- image drum
- transfer belts
- ink ribbons
- color sticks |
|
|
Term
Identify the problem:
important information |
|
Definition
- System configuration
- Specific error message
- User-actions during system error
- Time frame/frequency
- Reproducability |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems of the OS:
BSOD |
|
Definition
- caused when a kernel mode process is corrupted or unable to continue causing a complete halt in Windows.
- appears with an error code and general message
- commonly caused by defective or incompatible hardware, drivers, software, registry issues, viruses, malware |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems of the OS:
Kernel mode process |
|
Definition
| aprocess that has full access to all system resources |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
System lockup |
|
Definition
Symptoms
- Computer locks up/freezes and must be restarted
- generally no error messages
Caused by
- overheating
- hardware/driver issues with motherboard or video card or memory
- configuration issues within BIOS (most often RAM)
- CPU issues
Solution
- use Event Viewer applet to narrow down causes
- diagnostic tools (Windows Memory Diagnostics, or DxDiag (checks directX drivers))
- Visual and audio clues from computer |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
I/O device issues |
|
Definition
Symptoms
- unusual behavior: hesitation or jerky movement of cursor; static when typing or moving cursor; simple failure to work at all
Caused by
- BIOS configuration issues
- Windows and/or driver issues
- poor cabling/connection
- defective port hardware
Solution
- Check device manager and find yellow exclamation mark icon |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
Application install |
|
Definition
Symptoms
- generates an error message when installing
Caused by
- not enough space
- app not meeting system requirements
- root folder for install insufficient space
- incompatibility with version of Windows
Solutions
- update windows
- make more room |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
Application Start/Load issues |
|
Definition
Symptoms
- app doesn't start or unable to complete load process
Causes
- something preventing the app to load
Solutions
- Possibly invalid working directory (missing or damaged shortcut used to launch app)
- incompatibility issues with hardware, system config, OS
- application components improperly listed in the system registry
- |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
Windows-specific printing problems |
|
Definition
Symptom
- test-page can print from printer but nothing else
- prints page of incomprehensible characters
Caused by
- printer spooler stalling
- corrupted/incompatible driver
Solution
- eliminate hardware issues
- remove driver from Device Manager or update through Windows Update or printer manufacturer's update tool |
|
|
Term
Hardware Symptoms/problems/solutions:
Excessive heat |
|
Definition
Symptoms
- computer lockups
- shutting down randomly
- refuse to turn on
Caused by
- overheating
- incorrectly installed fans/cooling devices
- missing slot covers
Solution
- check various fans in the system (power supply, case fan, CPU fan, heat sink, auxiliary fans)
- clean dirt and dust from fans |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
Noise |
|
Definition
Symptoms
- changes in volume or pitch of noise
- hard drive clicking and thump
Caused by
- hardware issues
- fan malfunction
Solutions
- clean fans
- get new hard drive |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
Odors |
|
Definition
Symptoms
- odor
- smoke
Caused by
- spill of liquid
- potential electrical issue
Solutions
- shut down computer immediately
- clean up spill
- locate problem and address its needs
- check for electrical damage |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
Status light indicators |
|
Definition
Symptom
- Status lights on NIC or laptops appear
Caused by
- Network traffic
- low battery
Solution
- check if there is an issue |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
Alerts |
|
Definition
Symptom
- alert
Caused by
- tasks in Windows set to go off when a certain condition is met (low battery)
Solution
- Follow direction on alert |
|
|
Term
Symptoms/problems/solutions of the OS:
Visible damage |
|
Definition
Symptom
- unusual odor
Caused by
- stripped or burned cables
- cracks in cases
- smoke and melted plastic
Solution
- always check after an electrical event or impact |
|
|
Term
| General Printing Troubleshooting: |
|
Definition
o Check that the printer is plugged into the wall socket or power strip.
o Ensure the printer is online.
o Check the cable connection between the printer and the computer or network.
o Once the obvious hardware issues have been settled, techs should look at the interaction between the printer and the computer. |
|
|
Term
Troubleshooting Basic Laptop Problems:
Power Issues |
|
Definition
1. find out which system is not functioning
- check outlet
- check connection on AC adapter
- check battery installation and levels
2. if battery runs very hot or is warped, replace it |
|
|
Term
Troubleshooting Basic Laptop Problems:
Video |
|
Definition
- Connect an external monitor to see if problem persists
- check graphics controller or motherboard
- determine issue:
1. Internal display is intermittenly working then goes white while external works fine
- connector between motherboard and display could be loose
2. internal display is white constantly
- LCD is cracked and needs replacement
3. LCD cutoff switch (utilized when laptop opened or closed) fails
- repair or replace display panel
4. apparently dead screen
- backlight failure
- replace backlight
5. Dead pixel
- consult laptop manufacturer to see options
- lightly tap screen over dead pixel |
|
|
Term
Troubleshooting Basic Laptop Problems:
Keyboard |
|
Definition
1. Keyboard malfunctioning/not working
- Connect an external keyboard and test
2. external keyboard fails to work
- keyboard assembly is problem
- motherboard has failed and needs replacement
- disconnect primary keyboard and reconnect multiple times.
- order replacement parts from manufacturer
3. |
|
|
Term
Troubleshooting Basic Laptop Problems:
Pointer |
|
Definition
Identical to keyboard:
1. Keyboard malfunctioning/not working
- Connect an external keyboard and test
2. external keyboard fails to work
- keyboard assembly is problem
- motherboard has failed and needs replacement
- disconnect primary keyboard and reconnect multiple times.
- order replacement parts from manufacturer |
|
|
Term
Troubleshooting Basic Laptop Problems:
wireless card issues |
|
Definition
1. antenna issues
- check Device Manager to see NIC is working
2. NIC may be loose or damaged
- remove and reinstall NIC
- replace NIC |
|
|
Term
Useful Tools/cleaning materials:
Compressed air |
|
Definition
| - cleans out dust and dirt from computer components |
|
|
Term
Useful Tools/cleaning materials:
Lint-free cloth |
|
Definition
- use where regular cloths might scratch or cause ESD
- useful for using cleaner in areas that can't be sprayed |
|
|
Term
Useful Tools/cleaning materials:
Computer Vacuum and compressors |
|
Definition
Handheld units made from antistatic materials
- use where compressed air is insufficient |
|
|
Term
Useful Tools/cleaning materials:
power devices |
|
Definition
- surge protectors
- uninterruptible power supply (UPS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Temperature
- 50-95F
- 60% humidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 32-bit
- built on NT kernel
- Classic Windows GUI (95)
- for corporate environments
- not backward compatible with older hardware/software products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- backward compatible
- 32-bit and 64-bit
- had XP-Professional and XP-Home
- first to allow simultaneous logins of multiple users
- 2-column Start menu
- first Windows Firewall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- New GUI + a 3D version (Aero)
- 32- and 64-bit
- heavy system reqs, lack of compatibility with legacy products
- 5 versions, Home basic - Ultimate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 32- and 64-bit
- 5 versions, Starter - Enterprise |
|
|
Term
System Requirements:
Windows 2000 |
|
Definition
Required
- 133 MHz processor
- 64 MB of RAM
- 650 MB of free space on a 2GB partition
- either a CD-ROM or floppy |
|
|
Term
System Requirements:
Windows XP |
|
Definition
Required
- 233 MHx processor
- 64 MB of RAM
- 1.5 GB of free space on a 2GB partition
- CD-ROM or DVD-ROM |
|
|
Term
System Requirements:
Windows Vista |
|
Definition
Requires
- 800 MHz processor
- 512 MG of RAM
- 15 GB of free space on 20 GB partition
- CD-ROM or DVD-ROM |
|
|
Term
System Requirements:
Windows 7 |
|
Definition
- 1GHz processor
- 1 GB or RAM
- 16 GB of free space
- DVD-ROM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
32-bit systems
- can only address 4GB of RAM
64-bit systems
- Vista limited to 128 GB of RAM
- 7 limited to 192 GB of RAM |
|
|
Term
Windows Upgrade list:
preserves files |
|
Definition
Windows 2000 -> XP Professional
XP Home -> XP Professional
XP Professional -> Vista Business 32-bit, Vista Ultimate 32-bit
XP Home -> Vista Home Basic/Home Premium/Business/Ultimate 32-bit
XP Media Center -> Vista Home Premium 32-bit, Vista Ultimate 32-bit
Vista Home 64-bit -> Any 64-bit Vista version
Vista Business -> Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate
Vista Enterprise -> Windows 7 Enterprise
Vista Home Basic -> Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Ultimate
Vista Home Premium -> Windows 7 Home Premium, Ultimate
Vista Ultimate -> Windows 7 Ultimate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
another term for 32-bit
- references older processor types which ended in "86" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term used to describe a 64-bit processor that can run 32-bit and 64-bit programs |
|
|
Term
| Windows Program Compatibility Mode |
|
Definition
Used to run legacy applications
DO NOT USE with anti-virus, disk/utilities incompatible with current version
Windows Vista:
- Start -> Control Panel -> Programs -> Use and Older Program with This Version of Windows (program features)
Windows XP
Start->Program->Accessories |
|
|
Term
Command Prompt Utilities:
telnet |
|
Definition
Allows a user to make a text-based connection to a remote computer or device and use it as if the user was physically at the machine.
To use telnet, open a command prompt and type telnet a.computer.com, where a.computer.com is the remote computer.
Note that remote computers must be configured to accept telnet access,
and TCP port 23 must be open for a telnet connection to work |
|
|
Term
Command Prompt Utilities:
Ping |
|
Definition
| Used to discover if a specific IP address is available and/or receiving traffic.
Generally used with loopback address (127.0.0.1) or to see if traffic is reaching an address on a network.
Syntax: ping .
Switches and other information can be looked up by typing ping /?. |
|
|
Term
Command Prompt Utilities:
Ipconfig |
|
Definition
| Used to display network configuration information of computer, such as IP address and default gateway. Also used to discover if settings have been erased or corrupted, and can be used to reset information.
Syntax: ipconfig
Switches and other information can be looked up by typing ipconfig /?. |
|
|
Term
Run line utilities:
msconfig |
|
Definition
Opens the Microsoft System Configuration Utility, or msconfig, can be used to selectively disable startup programs and services.
Used
- troubleshoot slow operation
- intermittent issues
- startup/shutdown issues |
|
|
Term
Run line utilities:
msinfo32 |
|
Definition
The System Information utility details the settings and specifications for the hardware and software installed in the computer, ranging from audio codecs to print jobs to the amount and type of RAM.
Used
- check system memory
check BIOS version
- check drivers successfully loaded at startup |
|
|
Term
Run line utilities:
dxdiag |
|
Definition
a utility used to analyze and diagnose the video card, specifically with regard to DirectX drivers.
use
- identifies which drivers are digitally signed
- identifies version of DirectX and any issues
- Info about video/sound cards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opens a DOS-like window where technicians can type in various commands for troubleshooting and diagnostic purposes. |
|
|
Term
Run line utilities:
regedit |
|
Definition
Runs the Windows Registry Editor, used to make changes or fixes to the registry.
use
Viewing a system setting invisible to regular methods.
Add, modify or remove a key that cannot be changed through regular methods, which is sometimes needed to delete all traces of a program or driver that was uninstalled improperly, or to allow a new device or program to be installed.
Back up the registry, which should always be done before editing. |
|
|
Term
Admin tools:
Performance Monitor |
|
Definition
used to determine memory usage on a comp and whether more should be added
Run-> perfmon.exe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
right click My Computer->Manage->Event Viewer
3 important logs:
- Application
- Security
- system logs |
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Term
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Definition
services.msc
runs background services |
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Term
Admin tools:
Computer Management |
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Definition
| one-stop shop for admin tools |
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Term
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Definition
- supports 32-bit file allocation table
- uses 8KB allocation unit size for drive as large as 16GB
- handles logical partitions up to 2TB
- only recommended for hard drives if backward compatibility is needed with older versions of Windows that don't support NTFY |
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Term
File Systems:
NTFS (New Tech File Systems) |
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Definition
- can configure access control for objects
- native ability to compress files
- theoretical partition limit of 16 exabytes (EBs)
- individual recycle bins for each acct
- support for encryption
- ability to mount drives
- disk quota support
- hot swap drives
- indexing service |
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Term
Disk preparation:
Partitions:
Primary partition |
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Definition
- gives hard drive a single drive letter
- can be made active (bootable)
- |
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Term
Disk preparation:
Partitions:
Extended partition |
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Definition
- cannot take a drive letter
- can contain multiple logical drives that can take drive letters
- can't be bootable, neither can drives contained
- only 1 extended partition per physical drive |
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Term
| User State Migration Tool (USMT) |
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Definition
command line tool used to migrate user files and settings for one or more computers
uses 2 utilities:
- Scanstate.exe
- loadstate.exe |
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Term
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Definition
aka Paging file
- part of the ahrd drive used as backup storage for the OS when RAM is full
- much slower than RAM
- |
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Term
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Definition
| Starts system with minimal set of drivers. |
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Term
System Recovery options:
Automated System Recovery (ASR) |
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Definition
Restores the system state
- user accounts
- drive and network configs
- video settings
- hardware and software settings
- OS boot files
In order to perform an ASR restore, the user needs to have the following components:
Windows XP Professional installation CD
ASR backup
ASR floppy disk
Floppy drive installed |
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Term
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Definition
In order to create an ASR backup, the user must follow this process:
Open NTBackup, switch to Advanced Mode if NTBackup starts in Wizard mode and click the Automated System Recovery Wizard button.
Click Next when the wizard’s dialog box opens.
Select the location where the backup will be stored. Click Next.
Click Finish to complete the wizard, and the backup will begin. When prompted to provide a floppy disk to store configuration files, load a floppy disk and continue. If the system doesn’t have a floppy drive installed, obtain a supported USB floppy drive and connect it before beginning this process. The ASR floppy disk will contain three files: asr.sif, which has storage device information; asrpnp.sif, which has Plug and Play (PnP) information; and setup.log, which lists system state and critical files that were backed up. |
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Term
System recovery options:
Emergency Repair Data/Disk (ERD) |
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Definition
created by following this process:
Boot the machine with the Windows CD, or the Windows setup floppy disks if CD boot wasn’t available. Insert the CD when prompted.
Select Repair when prompted, then Emergency Repair.
When prompted, select Choose Fast Repair, which performs all three listed options under Manual Repair: Inspect Startup Environment, Verify System Files and Inspect Boot Sector.
If available, insert the ERD when prompted.
After the damaged or missing files are replaced, remove the ERD as prompted and reboot the computer. |
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Term
System recovery options:
Recovery Console |
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Definition
used in place of ERD
- replace indidiual files
use when boot files are missing or corrupt, or when Safe Mode is unavailable due to system file issues.
In order to start the Recovery Console from the XP CD, follow this process:
Boot the computer from the Windows XP CD.
Press R to start the Recovery Console when prompted. In Windows 2000, press R for Repair, then C for the Recovery Console. |
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Term
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Definition
- 32-bit logical address
- or 128-bit for IPv6 address
- expressed in four-octet form
- each octet is 1 byte (8 bits) |
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Term
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Definition
used to partition IP addresses into a network ID and host ID
- allows formation of subnets (mini-networks)
- usually conjoined with routers |
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Term
| Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) |
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Definition
| Provides all information needed to get on the network automatically, including IP addresses |
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Term
IP address classes:
Class A |
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Definition
- Reserved for large corporations, ISPs, and gov't agencies.
- Octet range is 1-127
- IP range is 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
- default subnet mask is 255.0.0.0 |
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Term
IP address classes:
Class B |
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Definition
-Reserved for mid-size corporations and ISPs.
- Octet range is 128-191
- IP range is 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
- Subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 |
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Term
IP address classes:
Class C |
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Definition
- Reserved for small offices and home networks
- Octet range is 192-223
- IP range is 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
- Subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 |
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Term
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Definition
- Network ID cannot be 127
- Network and Host ID cannot both be 255
- Network and Host ID cannot both be 0
- Host ID must be unique for a given network ID |
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Term
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Definition
- width of the "pipe"
- # of bits that can be sent over the network over a given time (1 second) |
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Term
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Definition
- Delay time in transmissions
- measured by length of time a data packet takes to make a trip from its source to its destination and back again |
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Term
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Definition
Steady Green light
- connectivity
blinking Yellow light
- sending and receiving traffic
steady orange light
- lack of connectivity |
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Term
Protocols:
TCP/IP:
HTTP/HTTPS (hypertext transfer protocol) |
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Definition
- used by web browsers to view web content
- |
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Term
Protocols:
TCP/IP:
SSL (secure socket Layers) |
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Definition
- form of encryption tech on secure websites
- browsers must support identical encryption to enter site
- standard is 128-bit encryption |
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Term
Protocols:
TCP/IP:
TLS (transport Layer Security) |
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Definition
- replacement for SSL
- prototyped by SSL 3.0 |
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Term
Protocols:
TCP/IP:
HTML (hypertext markup language) |
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Definition
- coding language used to create web pages
- special format text files using tags (bracketed commands) to format and present multimedia files, written docs, and hyperlinks |
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Term
Protocols:
TCP/IP:
FTP (file transfer protocol) |
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Definition
- designed to allow access to specialised servers for file transfers up and down to users
- FTP us used by both specialist FTP clients and Web browsers
- relatively insecure
- supplanted by SecureFTP |
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Term
Protocols:
TCP/IP:
SSH (secure shell) |
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Definition
- designed to create a secure channel for data transmission between computers
- more secure than FTP and telnet
- requires port 22 open |
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Term
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Definition
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)
- simplest network protocol
- used to ested peer-to-peer networks and small Windows NT-based networks
- cannot be routed or connect to the internet |
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Term
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Definition
- Data transmission is bidirectional
- doubles network speed, increases chance of network snarl |
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Term
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Definition
| - Data can be sent OR transmitted by a given device, but not simulatenously |
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Term
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Definition
- Logical grouping of computers and users that share resources and do not have a centralized admin or control.
- each workstation controls its own resources and security
- used in peer-to-peer networks with no centralized control |
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Term
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Definition
- Group of network devices and computers that are united by a centralized database that provides user access information, security.
- used in clien/server networks |
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Term
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Definition
port is a specific communications channel that can be used by a service or process.
Windows recognizes 65,536 ports |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
Common ports:
Post Office Protocol (POP) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
- central connectin point on a network that sends messages to all computers connected to it
- subdivides the network bandwidth among its connected devices |
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Term
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Definition
- device that directs data from one system to another on a set path
- can be combined with routers or wireless access points
- much faster than hubs
- support the full network bandwidth at each port |
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Term
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Definition
- route data from one network to another across different protocols and topologies
- often integrated with wireless access points and switches |
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Term
| VPN (virtual private networks) |
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Definition
- a way of sending data securely over public networks
- establishes a secure channel of communication between a user and server called a tunnel
- utilizes multiple security authentications:
- EAP
- SPAP
- CHAP
- MS-CHAP
Protocols used |
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Term
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Definition
- Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
- Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
- Secure socket Layer (SSL)
- or IP Securit (IPSec) |
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Term
IP address classes:
Class D |
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Definition
- octet begins with 224-239
- used for sending messages to multiple hosts
- webinars |
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Term
IP address classes:
Class E |
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Definition
- octet begins with 240-254
- reserved for research and experimental purposes
- addresses on the internet set to class E ranges will not work properly |
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Term
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Definition
- use 128 bits
- uses 8 octets of 16-bit hexadecimal digits
- max unique addresses = 3.4 x 10^38
- expected to create greater flexibility in routing, eliminate need for NAT
- not compatible with IPv4 |
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Term
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Definition
- standard for TCP/IP networks
- used since 1980s
- use 32-bits
- use 4 octets
- max unique addresses = 4.3 x 10^9
- not compatible wih IPv6 |
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Term
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Definition
- used in between spaces in floors in buildings
- coated with teflon and doesn't give off toxic fumes if burned
- 2-3x more expensive than PVC |
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Term
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Definition
- sheathes Cat5/5e/6 cables
- gives off toxic fumes if burned |
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Term
Cabling:
UTP (unshielded twisted pair) |
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Definition
- consists of four pairs of twisted wires (totaling 8 wires)
- ranges from Cat3-Cat6
- least expensive |
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Term
Cabling:
STP (shielded twisted Pair) |
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Definition
- Same as UTP but has an extra covering around the wires inside.
- offers added protection from outside electromagnetic interference sources
- more expensive than UTP |
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Term
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Definition
- use glass strands to transmit pulses of light as information
- cable is fragile and difficult to use
Multiple connectors
- Strait tip (ST)
- Standard connector (SC)
- local connector (LC)
- Mechanical transfer (MT-RJ)
all connectors can use single-mode or multimode cables |
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Term
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Definition
- used for cable TV
- oldest networking type
- consists of core copper wire with braided shield surrounding
- requires a bus topology to work (networks must be terminated at either end and can't use a hub or switch) |
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Term
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Definition
- standard for ethernet
- eight wires inside
- used on UTP and STP |
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Term
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Definition
- standard for telephone
- 2-3 pairs of wires |
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Term
Network types:
DSL (digital subscriber line) |
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Definition
2 types:
- Asynchronous DSL (faster downloads than uploads)
- Synchronous DSL (idetical speeds both ways)
- uses telephone line |
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Term
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Definition
- delivered through coaxial cable
- speeds from 1Mb/s-10Mb/s+
- |
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Term
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Definition
- use parabolic dish antennas
- connect via USB or Ethernet port
- FCC requires professional installation for satellite internet service |
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Term
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Definition
- dedicated line from ISP to the business or residence (Point-to-point; PTP)
- |
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Term
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Definition
- Blanket term for a set of wireless protocols compatible with wired ethernet (WLAN)
- |
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Term
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Definition
- runs in 5GHz range
- max data throughput: 54Mb/s |
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Term
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Definition
- runs in 2.4 GHz range
- max throughput: 11Mb/s
- interoperable with g |
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Term
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Definition
- 2.4 GHz
- max throughput: 54 Mb/s
- interoperable with b, n |
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Term
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Definition
- 2.4 GHz and 5GHz (optional)
- max throughput 600Mb/s (300Mb/s typical)
- interoperable with b, g, and a (in 5GHz frequency) |
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Term
| WEP (wired equivalent privacy) |
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Definition
- first encryption protocol in 802.11b
- used 64- or 128-bit encryption (referred to as 40-bit WEP encryption)
- not supported in 802.11n |
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Term
| WPA (Wi-Fi protected access) |
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Definition
- key length from 8-63 alphanumeric characters, including punctuation marks
- allows RADIUS authentication server
-
2 levels of security:
WPA
- TKIP encryption
WPA2
- AES encryption |
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Term
| SSID (service set identifier) |
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Definition
- essentially the name of the wireless access point
- |
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Term
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Definition
| - it's possible to change the MAC address of a network device because MAC addresses are not encrypted |
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Term
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Definition
- All routers and WAPs are configured to act as DHCP servers
- best recommendation for security is to disable DHCP and assign static IP addresses to devices |
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Term
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Definition
- short range wireless network tech
- designed for peer-to-peer
- uses 2.4GHz
- minimizes interference by using spread-spectrum frequency-hopping signaling |
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Term
Encryption:
EFS (encrypted file system) |
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Definition
- to run, hard drive must be formatted with NTFS
- encyrpted files stay encrypted if moved to another NTFS drive |
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Term
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Definition
- allows user to encrypt an entire volume on the drive
- based on AES (advanced encryption standard)
- uses 128-bit encryption key
- native only to Windows
To use BitLocker, a user will need:
A Trusted Platform Module (TPM), which is a motherboard module that stores the encrypted keys, or an external USB key to store the encrypted keys. The Group Policy will need to be changed in order to use BitLocker without a TPM.
A hard drive with two volumes, preferably created during Windows installation. One volume, which will be encrypted, is for the OS, while the other is the active unencrypted volume so the computer can boot. If the computer was configured with only one drive, download the BitLocker Drive Preparation Tool from Windows Update. |
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Term
| Hard drive recycling/destruction |
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Definition
- remove hard drives platters and smash with hammer; recycle scrap
- zero-filling (overwrite hard drives) or disk scrubbing/wiping |
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Term
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Definition
| - must follow rules and regulations |
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Term
Data Security:
Classifications |
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Definition
- defines who 'owns' the data or is responsible for it
- backed up data must follow classifications as well |
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Term
Data Security:
Social Engineering |
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Definition
| - a technique involving tricking people to give up classified or important information |
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Term
Data Security:
Social Engineering:
Pretexting |
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Definition
| - hacker pretends to be from a service provider and asks for login credentials for routine maintenance. |
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Term
Data Security:
Social Engineering:
Phishing |
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Definition
| - uses bogus websites or fraudulent emails to trick users into providing personal or financial information |
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Term
Data Security:
Social Engineering:
Trojan Horse |
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Definition
| - involve malware programs disguised as popular videos or web links that trap keystrokes or transmit sensitive information |
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Term
Data Security:
Social Engineering:
Baiting |
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Definition
- involves leaving physical media (flash drive) with what appears to be confidential information somewhere easily found
- when inserted media automatically runs and delivers various malware payloads, including backdoor access to organizations network |
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Term
Data Security:
Social Engineering:
Protection |
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Definition
Ask for ID when approached in person by somebody claiming to be from a service provider.
Ask for a name and supervisor name when contacted by phone by someone claiming to be from a service provider.
Obtain contact information for the service provider and call an authorized contact person to verify the service call or information request is legitimate.
Log into systems themselves and provide the tech the computer, rather than giving out login information.
Change passwords immediately after service calls.
Report any potential social engineering calls or in-person contacts, even if no information was exchanged. Social engineering experts can gather background information from several users and use it to create a plausible narrative and thus gain restricted system access. |
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Term
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Definition
looks for
- viruses
- trojans
- worms
- spam
- spyware
- adware
- grayware |
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Term
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Definition
aka HDD password
- prompts for a password to be entered for the hard drive when the machine boots |
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Term
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Definition
- password to prevent users from altering BIOS
- if password is forgotten, settings can be reset via a jumper setting on the motherboard or by removing the CMOS battery for several minutes |
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Term
BIOS security:
intrusion detection |
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Definition
- uses a sensor connected to pins on the motherboard to detect if the case is opened.
- if so, an interrupt is sent by the sensor which is recorded by the BIOS |
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Term
BIOS security:
TPM (trusted platform module) |
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Definition
- motherboard chip used to store encrypted keys for various encryption methods, including Bitlocker
- if HDD is removed, the drive would not allow access without TPM's encrypted keys
- if Motherboard failure, a backup copy of the keys will be needed to access any data |
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Term
Locking workstation:
Hardware |
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Definition
- BIOS pws can be used when system is powered down
- drive locks can prevent access |
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Term
| ESD (electrostatic discharge) |
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Definition
- discharge of electrical energy that occurs when two objects of opposite charge and differeng potential come into contact
- 30V can damage components |
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Term
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Definition
AC/DC multimeter with ohm and continuity outlets
- tests power in case and power outlets
grounded AC circuit tester
- testing home/office wiring
antistatic mat and wrist strap
- equalize electric potential to prevent ESD
electrical tape
- temp fix for work insulation
battery tester
- ensure CMOS and other batteries functioning |
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Term
| EMI (electromagnetic interference) |
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Definition
- causes performance issues and power fluctuations
Messes with:
- network interference
- magnets |
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Term
| RFI (radio frequency interference) |
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Definition
same as EMI but for radiowaves
affects:
- cordless phones
- microwaves |
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Term
| MSDS (material safety data sheets) |
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Definition
- safety equipment for any area that has chemicals in it
- divided into 16 standardized sections
- details how to safely handle substances, and how to dispose |
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