Psoas

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Lumbar vertebrae and femur

Hip joint

Flexion

Iliacus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Iliac crest and femur

Hip joint

Flexion

Adductors

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Pubis and Femur

Hip joint

Adduction and flexion

Gracilis

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Pubic Tubercle and Tibia

Hip and Knee

Adduction of hip and flexion of knee

Gluteus Medius

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Iliac crest and femur

Hip joint

Abduction and medial rotation

Tensor Fascia Latae

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Anterior superior iliac spine and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia

Hip joint

Abduction and medial rotation

Gluteus Maximus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Iliac crest/sacrum/coccyx and IT band/Femur

Hip joint

Extension and lateral rotation

Semitendinosis and Semimembranosis

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Ischial tuberosity and medial condyle of tibia

Knee and hip joints

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

Biceps Femoris

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Ischial tuberosity

Hip and knee joints

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

Sartorious

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Anterior superior iliac spine and the medial side of the tibial tuberosity

Hip and knee joints

Flexion of the hip and of the knee

Rectus Femoris

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Anterior superior iliac spine and quadriceps tendon (to tibial tuberosity)

Knee joint

Extension of the knee and flexion of thigh

Vastus Lateralis

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Greater trochanter of femur and quadriceps tendon (to tibial tuberosity)

Knee joint

Extension of the knee

Vastus Lateralis

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Intertrochanteric line of femur and quadriceps tendon (to tibial tuberosity)

Knee joint

Extension of the knee

Vastus Intermedius

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Anterolateral surface of femur and quadriceps tendon (to tibial tuberosity)

Knee joint

Extension of knee

Tibialis Anterior

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Lateral condyle of tibia and metatarsal I

Ankle joint

Dorsiflexion of the ankle

Extensor Digitorum Longus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Lateral condyle of tibia/anterior fibula and distal phalanges (2 - 5)

Ankle joint and distal phalanges (2 - 5)

Dorsiflexion of the ankle and extension of the toes

Extensor Hallucis Longus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Anterior surface of fibula and great toe

Ankle joint and distal phalanx of great toe

Dorsiflexion of the ankle and extension of the great toe

Gastrocnemius

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Posterior surfaces of lateral and medial condyles of tibia and calcaneous

Knee and ankle joint

Flexion of leg and plantarflexion of foot

Soleus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Head of fibula/medial border of tibia and calcaneous

Ankle joint

Plantarflexion of the foot

Fibularis Longus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Head/shaft of fibula and base of   metatarsal I/medial cuneiform bone

Ankle Joint

Eversion and (weak) plantarflexion of the foot

Fibularis Brevis

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Lateral shaft of fibula and metatarsal V

Ankle joint

Eversion and (weak) plantarflexion of foot

Flexor Digitorum Longus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Posterior surface of tibia and distal phalanges (2 - 5)

Ankle joint and joints of toes (2 - 5)

Plantarflexion of foot and flexion of all toe joints (2 - 5)

Tibialis Posterior

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Fibula/tibia and metatarsals (II - IV)/cuboid bone/navicular bone/all cuneiforms

Ankle joint

Planterflexion and inversion of foot

Flexor Hallucis Longus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Posterior fibula and distal phalanx of great toe (I)

Ankle joint and all joints of great toe (I)

Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of all joints in great toe (I)

Trapezius

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Occipital bone/vertebrae (C7 - T12) and acromion process/spine of scapula

Scapulothoracic joint

Elevate/superiorly rotate, retract and depress scapula

Rhomboids

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Spinous processes (C7 - T5) and medial border of scapula

Scapulothoracic joint

Elevates/retracts and inferiorly rotates scapula

Levator Scapulae

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Vertebrae (C1 - C4) and medial border of the scapula

Scapulothoracic joint

Elevation/inferior rotation of scapula

Pectoralis Major

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Medial clavicle/costal cartilage of ribs 2 - 6 and intertubercular groove of humerus

Scapulothoracic joint

Flexion and adduction of arm/humerus

Pectoralis Minor

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Ribs 3 - 5 and coracoid process of scapula

Glenohumeral joint

Protraction and depression of scapula

Serratus Anterior

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Ribs 1 - 8 and the medial border of the scapula

Scapulothoracic joint

Protraction, rotation and depression of scapula

Deltoid

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Acromial end of clavicle/acromion process/spine of scapula and deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Glenohumeral joint

Abduction, flexion and extension of arm

Coracobrachialis

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Coracoid proccess of scapula and shaft of humerus

Glenohumeral joint

Flexion and adduction of arm

Biceps Brachii (Long and Short Heads)

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Long Head:

Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula and radial tuberosity

Glenohumeral joint

Flexion of arm

Short Head:

Coracoid process and radial tuberosity

Glenohumeral and elbow joint

Flexion and supination of forearm

Latissimus Dorsi

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Vertebrae T7 - T12/ribs 8 - 12/iliac crest and intertubercular groove of humerus

Glenohumeral joint

Extension and adduction of arm

Teres Major

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Inferior angle of scapula and lesser tubercle of humerus

Glenohumeral joint

Extension, adduction and medial rotation of arm

Rotator Cuff Muscles

(Name all 4 and their collective action)

Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Teres Minor

Collectively, these 4 muscles stabilize the glenohumeral joint.

Brachialis

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Distal anterior surface of humerus and tuberosity and coranoid process of ulna

Elbow joint

Flexion of forearm

Brachioradialis

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Lateral supercondylar ridge of humerus and styloid process of radius

Elbow joint

Flexion of forearm

Triceps Brachii

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Infraglenoid process of scapula/posterior humerus and olecranon of ulna

Elbow joint

Extension of the elbow and shoulder

Anconeus

(Attachments, Joint and Action)

Lateral epicondyle of humerus and olecranon of ulna

Elbow joint

Extension of the elbow joint

Epithalamus

(Sub-structures, Location and Functions)

Pineal Gland

Located on the posterior part of the diencephalon

Secretion of melatonin which controls circadian rhythms (sleep cycles)

Thalamus

(Location and Functions)

Located on both sides of the 3rd ventricle

The principal and final relay point for sensory information that will be processed and sent to the somatosensory cortex; acts as a filter of unnecessary information

Functions of the Hypothalamus

(There's a shit ton)

• control of the autonomic nervous system (HR, BP, digestion, respiration)
• control of the endocrine system (controls pituitary, secretes antidiuretic hormone and secretes oxytocin which stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterus, mammary glands and prostate)
• Regulates body temperature
• Controls emotional behavior (Limbic system)
• Control of food/water intake
• Regulation of circadian rhythms

Located on the anteriolateral surfaces of the mesencephalon

Somatic motor neurons descend through this region from the primary motor cortex and this connects the mesencephalon to the cerebrum 

Superior/Inferior Colliculi

(Location and Function)

Located posteriorly on the mesencephalon

These two pairs of nuclei are relay stations in the processing pathway of visual and auditory sensations.

• Houses sensory/motor tracts that connect the brain and the spinal cord
• Responsible for regulating the rate and depth of breathing (modify activity of medulla oblongata)
• Houses cranial nerve nuclei for trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), and some vestibulocochlear (VIII)

• Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions in the correct pattern that leads to smooth movements 
• Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns
• Adjusts muscle activity to sensory information from muscles and joints in order to regulate body position

• Cranial nerve nuclei for: vestibulocochlear(VIII) glossopharyngeal(IX) vagus(X) accessory(XI) and hypoglossal(XII)
• Regulates the heart's rate and strength of contraction
• Controls blood pressure by contracting and relaxing smooth muscle in blood vessels
• Regulates the respiratory RATE
• Nuclei involving coughing, sneezing, salivating, swallowing, gagging and vomiting.

Development of the Neural Tube

(4 weeks vs. 5 weeks)

Visual Cortex

(Function and Location)

Most posterior region of the occipital lobe

Receives and processes incoming visual information

Broca's Area

(Function and Location)

Anterior to the precentral gyrus and superior to the lateral sulcus

Motor speech area responsible for controlling the muscle movements necessary for vocalization

Located between parietal and temporal lobes

Involved in recognizing, understanding, and comprehending written and spoken word

• Buoyancy: brain floats in CSF
• Protection: provides a liquid cushion
• Environmental Stability: removes waste products from brain and transports nutrients and chemicals

1. Pia Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Dura Mater

Pia Mater

(Location and Function)

Innermost layer of the cranial meninges

Thin highly vascularized membrane that tightly adheres to the surface of the brain

Olfactory Nerve CN I

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: Bulb sends axons into the nasal cavity

Sensory: Smell

Optic Nerve CN II

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: Extends posteriorly from the retina of both eyes

Sensory: Sight

Occulomotor CN III

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: skeletal muscle of the eye, muscles of the iris and levator palpibre (eyelid)

Somatic: Changes eye direction

Autonomic: dilation/constriction of pupil, close eyelid

Trochlear Nerve CN IV

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: Superior oblique eye muscle

Somatic: Draws the gaze of the eye down and rotates

Trigeminal Nerve CN V

(Innervation and Functions)

Innervation: Facial and jaw tissue

Sensory: Conduct impulses from nasal cavity, face, most of the oral cavity, teeth, anterior tounge and part of the ear

Somatic: Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid and digastric

Abducens Nerve CN VI

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: Lateral rectus of the eye

Somatic: contraction of the lateral rectus muscle, abducts eye

Facial Nerve CN VII

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands

Sensory: Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

Somatic: Muscles of facial expression and stylohyoid

Autonomic: Increases salivation and lacrimal secretion

Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN VIII

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: structures in the ear

Sensory: Hearing and equilibrium (balance)

Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN IX

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: Parotid gland, posterior tongue and carotid arteries

Sensory: Touch and taste of posterior tongue; senses O₂ and CO₂ levels in the blood

Somatic: One pharyngeal muscle

Autonomic: Increases secretion from parotid salivary gland

Vagus Nerve CN X

(Innervation and Function)

Innervates: structures in the head and neck and in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Sensory: Visceral information from thoracic and most abdominal organs; general sensory information from eardrum and pharynx

Somatic: Controls pharynx and larynx muscles

Autonomic: Controls autonomic functions of the smooth muscle it innervates

Hypoglossal Nerve CN XII

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Accessory Nerve CN XI

(Innervation and Function)

Innervation: Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and some pharynx muscles

Somatic: Controls muscles of trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and pharynx 

Unipolar Neurons

(Description and Functional Example)

Looks like a 'T' due to the fusion of two processes into one long axon

Neurons that detect touch, pressure, temperature, or chemicals

Bipolar Neurons

(Description and Function)

Uncommon; two nerve cell processes extend directly from cell body

Some special sensory neurons (in olfactory epithelium and retina of the eye)

Multipolar Neurons

(Description and Functional Example)

Multiple nerve cell processes extend from cell body; typically one axon and a shit ton of dendrites

Interneurons and motor neurons

Astrocyte Cell

(Appearance and Function)

CNS glial cell with lots of cell processes that comes in contact with neurons and capillaries

Function: helps form the blood-brain barrier, regulates tissue fluid composition, structural support, replaces damaged neurons and assists neuronal development

Ependymal Cell

(Appearance and Function)

Simple cuboidal epithelial cell with cilia on apical surface

Function: Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord; assists in production and circulation of CSF

Microglial Cell

(Appearance and Functions)

Small cells with slender branches from cell body; least common glial cell

Function: Defends against pathogens, removes debris and phagocytizes wastes

Oligodendrocyte Cell

(Appearance and Functions)

Rounded bulb-shaped cell with slender cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around CNS axons

Functions: Meylinates and insulates CNS axons, allows faster nerve impulse conduction through axon

Satellite Cell

(Appearance and Functions)

Flattened cell clustered around neruonal cell bodies in a ganglion

Function: Protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia

Neurolemmocyte Cell

(Appearance and Functions)

Flattened cell wrapped around a portion of an axon in the PNS

Function: Myelinates and insulates PNS axons, allows for faster nerve impulse conduction through axon

Cervical Plexus Innervation

(Sensory and Motor)

Sensory: ear, scalp, shoulders and neck

Motor: anterior neck muscles

1. Musculocutaneous
2. Median
3. Axillary
4. Radial
5. Ulnar

Cervical Nerve Plexus

(General Innervation and Spinal Nerves)

Innervates: Infrahyoid, diaphragm and scalene muscles

Spinal Nerves: C₁ - C₄ and some C₅

Brachial Nerve Plexus

(General Innervation and Spinal Nerves)

Innervates: Deltoid, teres minor and muscles of the arm/hand

Spinal Nerves: C₅ - T₁

Lumbar Nerve Plexus

(General Innervation and Spinal Nerves)

Innervation: Anterior and medial thigh muscles

Spinal Nerves: L₁ - L₅

Sacral Nerve Plexus

(General Innervation and Spinal Nerves)

Innervation: Muscles of the leg, foot and posterior thigh

Spinal Nerves: L_4, L_5, S₁ - S₄