Term
| O2 is obtained from the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 is transported from the cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of respiration? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary ventilation
External exchange of gases
Internal exchange of gases |
|
|
Term
| What is pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
| Movement of air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Where does the external exchange of gases take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the external exchange of gases? |
|
Definition
| Diffusion of O2 into the blood stream from the air in the lungs and diffusion of CO2 out of the blood stream to the air in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Where does the internal exchange of gases take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the internal exchange of gases? |
|
Definition
| Diffusion of O2 into the cells from the blood stream and diffusion of CO2 out of the cells and into the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures of upper respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
Nose (nasal cavities)
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea |
|
|
Term
| What are some structures located outside the thoracic cavity? |
|
Definition
Nose (nasal cavities)
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures of the the lower respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some structures located inside the thoracic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the nasal cavities into left and right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines nasal cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase surface surface area |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the nasal cavities? |
|
Definition
Warms air
Humidifies air
Traps foreign particles
Olfactory receptors |
|
|
Term
| Where is the naso pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Superior portion of the pharynx, located posterior tot he nasal cavities |
|
|
Term
| Where does the eustachian tubes open into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The uvula is an extension of the palete that closes? |
|
Definition
| The naso pharynx during swallowing |
|
|
Term
| Where is the oro pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Middle portion of the pharynx, located posterior to the oral cavity contains the palatine and lingual tonsils |
|
|
Term
| Where is the laryngeal pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Inferior portion of the pharynx, it opens anteriorly to the larynx and posteriorly to the esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cartilaginous structure that closes the larynx during swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vibrate when air moves past them producing sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extends from the larynx to the upper part of the thoracic cavity. |
|
|
Term
| The trachea is anterior to the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The trachea has what shaped cartilages to keep it open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the trachea lined with? |
|
Definition
| Lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| The trachea divides into two main? |
|
Definition
| Stem bronchi at the carina |
|
|
Term
| Each main stem bronchus enters a lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each main stem bronchus divides into secondary bronchi which divide into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does bronchial tree means? |
|
Definition
| Bronchioles which keep subdividing and getting progressively smaller |
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest subdivision of the bronchi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the lungs extend from? |
|
Definition
| The clavicles to the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lung surrounded by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lobes does the right lung have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lobes does the left lung have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional units of lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each lung is made up of millions of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alveoli are the site of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the alveolus? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary capillaries which allows gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| What is pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
| Movement of air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ventilation depend on? |
|
Definition
Respiratory muscles
The diaphragm, external intercostals and internal intercostals |
|
|
Term
| What does compliance mean? |
|
Definition
The capacity of the lungs to expand and contract
Surface tension and elastic recoil |
|
|
Term
| What does inhalation mean? |
|
Definition
| The active phase of breathing |
|
|
Term
| During inhalation the diaphragm and the external? |
|
Definition
intercostals contract making the the thoracic cavity larger
Air is drawn into the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What does exhalation mean? |
|
Definition
| Passive phase of breathing |
|
|
Term
| During exhalation the diaphragm and the external? |
|
Definition
intercostals relax making the thoracic cavity smaller
Air is expelled from the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is in the room air we inhale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the room air we exhale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of O2 and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| External exchange of gases happens at? |
|
Definition
| The level of the alveolar membrane and the pulmonary capillary membrane |
|
|
Term
| During the external gas exchange the alveolar membrane is? |
|
Definition
| Moist allowing O2 to diffuse from the air in the alveoli into the bloodstream and CO2 to diffuse from the bloodstream into the air in the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| During internal Internal exchange of gases happens at the level of? |
|
Definition
| The cells in the body tissues and the capillary membrane |
|
|
Term
| O2 diffuses from the bloodstream into the cells and? |
|
Definition
| CO2 diffuses from the cells to the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Almost all O2 is transported bound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deoxygenated blood is 70%? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most CO2 is transported by blood as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 is the acid component in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates respiration? |
|
Definition
| Nervous control: Medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| What is the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
Respiratory center that control the rate and depth of breathing
Phrenic nerve (a branch of the vagus nerve) |
|
|
Term
| What is the phrenic nerve? |
|
Definition
| A branch of the vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is chemical control? |
|
Definition
Respiration is driven by the level of CO2 in blood
Hypercapnea triggers ventialation |
|
|
Term
| O2 level also play a role in triggering ventilation but? |
|
Definition
| Blood O2 levels must be very low in order for that to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal quiet breathing 16 breaths/minute |
|
|
Term
| What does tidal volume mean? |
|
Definition
| The volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs during eupnea ~ 500 ml |
|
|
Term
| What does residual volume mean? |
|
Definition
| The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation ~ 1200 ml |
|
|
Term
| What does inspiratory reserve volume mean? |
|
Definition
| The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation |
|
|
Term
| What does expiratory reserve volume mean? |
|
Definition
| The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation |
|
|
Term
| What does vital capacity mean? |
|
Definition
| The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation |
|
|
Term
| What does hyperventilation mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hypoventilation mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does tachypnea mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of absense of respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult breathing/labored breathing |
|
|
Term
| What does orthopnea mean? |
|
Definition
| Difficulty in breathing that is relieved by sitting up |
|
|
Term
| What does atelectasis mean? |
|
Definition
| Collapse of a lung or part of a lung |
|
|
Term
| What are some effects of aging? |
|
Definition
Loss of lung compliance
Diminished elastic recoil
Decreased respiratory muscle strength
Chest wall compliance decrease
Decline in efficiency of protective mechanisms
Structural changes |
|
|
