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• Jefferson’s secretary of the treasury
• Rejected Hamilton’s idea that a national debt would strengthen the government by giving creditors a stake • Just paying the interest on the debt would require taxes, which would suck money from farmers who were the backbone of the Republic
• The money would then fall into the hands of creditors
• Secured the repeal of many taxes and slashed expenditures by closing some oversea embassies and reducing the army
•Placed economy over military preparedness |
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• Federalist sponsored act that reduced the number of Supreme Court justices from six to five which threatened to strip Jefferson of an early opportunity to appoint a justice
• Created sixteen new federal judgeships, which Adams had filled by last-minute (“midnight”) appointments of Federalists
• Repealed by Jefferson in 1802 |
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| John Randolph and the Quids |
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Definition
| • believed governments always menaced popular liberty |
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| • In 1795, Georgia had sold the huge Yazoo tract for a fraction of its value to land companies that had bribed virtually the entire legislature |
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• Shawnee chief, outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne
• Sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana Territory against American settlers.
• Participated in the Battle of Tippecanoe
• elevated Tecumseh into a position of recognized leadership among Western tribes |
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• restored the status quo ante bellum
• US neither gained or lost territory
• Nothing was done about the impressment, but the end of the war with Europe made neutral rights a dead issue |
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• Federalist convention that met in Hartford, Connecticut
• passed a series of resolutions expressing New England's grievances
• New Englanders were becoming a permanent minority in a nation dominated by southern Republicans who failed to understand New England's commercial interests
• proposed the abolishing of the 3/5 clause
• proposed a required 2/3 vote of Congress to declare war and admit new states into the Union
• proposed the limiting of a president to a single term
• proposed the prohibiting of the election of two successive presidents from the same states
• proposed to bar embargoes lasting more than sixty days
• goal of Convention was to assert states' rights |
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| Dartmouth College v. Woodward |
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Definition
• centered on the question of whether New Hampshire could transform a public corporation, Dartmouth College, into a state university
• Marshall declared that the college's original charter from George III was a contract and, since the Constitution specifically forbade states to interfere with contracts, New Hampshire's effort to turn Dartmouth into a state university was unconstitutional
• In a sense, Marshal said that once a state had chartered a college or a business, it surrendered both its power to alter the charter and its authority to regulate its beneficiary |
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• issues was whether the state of Maryland had the power to tax a national corporation, specifically the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States
• Marshall concentrated on two issues
• did Congress have the power to charter a national bank?
• Nothing in the Constitution granted this power, but the broad sweep of enumerated powers implied the power to charter a bank
• Whether a state could tax an agency of the federal government that lay within its borders
• Marshall concluded that any power of the national government was supreme within its sphere and, therefore, Maryland's tax was unconstitutional |
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• To balance the number of free and slave states, Congress in 1820 admitted Maine as free state and Missouri as slave state
• prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase, north of 36* 30'
• prohibited Missouri from discriminating against citizens of other states but left the issue of whether free blacks were citizens |
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| Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 |
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Definition
• Signed by Adams
• essentially demilitarized the Great Lakes by severely restricting the number of ships that the two powers (Britain and America) could maintain there |
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| British-American Convention of 1818 |
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Definition
• signed by Adams
• restored to Americans the same fishing rights off Newfoundland that they had before the War of 1812
• fixed the boundary between the US and Canada from the Lake of the Woods west to the Rockies |
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| Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty |
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Definition
• Spain ceded East Florida to the United States
• Spain renounced its claims to West Florida
• Spain agreed to a southern border of the United States west of the Mississippi that ran north along the Sabine River and then westward along the Red and Arkansas Rivers to the Rocky Mountains, finally following the 42nd parallel to the Pacific |
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• associations that arose apart from government and sought to accomplish some goal of value to its members
• encouraged sociability
• gender and race were the basis of many associations
• enhanced their members’ public influence
• moral-reform societies, such as those incrimination unmoral husbands, represented collective action by middle-class women to increase their influence in society |
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| transportation revolution |
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Definition
| • Attention and investment shifted to improving transportation on waterways |
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| • white fur trappers of the 1820s who gathered furs on their own while performing astounding feats of survival in harsh surroundings |
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| • The Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles |
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| African Methodist Episcopal Church |
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Definition
• African-American church that resulted from a movement started by Richard Allen, a former slave and a future bishop
• First black-run Protestant denomination |
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Term
| Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears |
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Definition
• Act passed by Jackson that authorized him to exchange public lands in the West for Indian territories in the East
• Appropriated $500,000 to cover the expenses of removal
• Westward trail followed by the removed tribes |
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| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia |
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Definition
• In 1827, the Cherokees proclaimed themselves an independent republic within Georgia
• Marshall denied the Cherokees’ claim to status as a republic within Georgia; described them as a “domestic dependent nation”
• Marshall added that prolonged occupancy had given the Cherokees a claim to their lands within Georgia
• Marshall clarified a year later in Worcester case; stating that they were a “distinct” political community entitled to federal protection from tampering by Georgia
• Jackson ignored the ruling, reported sneering “John Marshall has made his decision; not let him enforce it.” |
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Term
| Robert Fulton and the Clermont |
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Definition
• Introduced first Hudson River steamboat, the Clermont
• Gained a monopoly from the NY legislature to run a NY-NJ ferry service
• Enjoyed spectacular profits |
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Term
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Definition
• Suit filed by competitors of the Livingston-Fulton monopoly
• Supreme Court decided against the monopoly
• Marshall ruled that Congress’s constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce applied to navigation and thus had to prevail over NY’s power to license the Livingston-Fulton monopoly
• Caused other state-granted monopolies to fall and rapidly increased steamboat traffic |
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Term
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Definition
• Constructed between 1817 and 1825
• Connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie
• Allowed produced from Ohio to reach New York City by a continuous stretch of waterways |
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• Group of Boston Merchants, known as the Boston Associates, incorporated the Boston Manufacturing Company
• Company quickly built textile mills in the Massachusetts towns of Waltham and Lowell
• W+L mills differed in two ways from the earlier R.I. mills established by Slater
1. Slater’s mills performed only two of the operations needed to turn raw cotton into clothing
2. Slater sought to preserve tradition not only by contracting weaving to farm families but also by hiring entire families for carding and spinning in his mill complexes
• 80% of all W+L workers were young unmarried women who had been lured from farms by the promise of wages
1. Required to either live in company boarding houses or licensed private dwelling, attend church on the Sabbath, observe the 10 PM curfew, and accept the company’s “moral policies”
• Eventually, due to an economic downturn, the Boston Associates lowered wages and sped up work schedules
1. Led to the two largest strikes in American history; noteworthy because they were not only employees against employers but also of women against men |
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• advocated by Catharine Beecher
• middle-class men and women developed a kind of separate-but-equal doctrine that portrayed men as superior in making money and governing the world, and women as superior for their moral influence on family members |
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Term
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Definition
• invented by Eli Whitney
• successfully separated the fibers of short-stable cotton from the seed
• removed a major obstacle to the spread of cotton cultivation
• gave a new lease on life to plantation slavery and undermined the doubts of those who considered slavery economically outmoded |
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Term
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Definition
• the practice of basing appointments on party loyalty
• came from one of Jackson’s appointed supports, Samuel Swartout, who ran off with millions of dollars of customs receipts |
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Term
| nullification controversy |
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Definition
• rift between Jackson and vice president Calhoun
• rose from conflict over a tariff that would not only drive up the price of manufactured goods but also threaten to reduce the sale of British textile products in the US- such a reduction would eventually lower the British demand for southern cotton and cut cotton prices
• Calhoun insisted that only tariffs that raised revenue for such common purposes as national defense were constitutional and, therefore, tariffs that were set so high that they deterred foreign exports from shipping their products to the US were unconstitutional as they would raise little profit
• Jackson despised nullification, calling it an “abominable doctrine”; began to send arms to loyal Unionists in South Carolina when the state passed a bill that nullified the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 |
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| South Carolina Exposition and Protest |
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• Anonymously written by Calhoun in 1828
• Spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that aggrieved states therefore had the right to nullify the law within their borders |
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Term
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| • A high protective tariff that was as favorable to western agriculture and New England manufacturing as it was unfavorable to southerners, who had few industries to protect and who now would have to pay more for manufactured goods |
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| the Bank of the United States |
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Definition
• received a 20 year charter from Congress in 1816
• restrained their printing and lending of money by its ability to demand the redemption of state bank notes in specie
• widely blamed for the Panic of 1819
• its capacity to lend money vastly exceeded that of any state bank
• only remotely controlled by the government
• directors enjoyed considerably independence
• in 1832, Biddle secured a second charter for the bank
• Jackson denounced the bank as private and privileged monopoly that drained the West of specie, was immune to taxation by the states, and made the rich richer and the potent more powerful |
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• Faction of the NY Democratic Party
• Grew out of “workingmen’s” parties that had sprouted during the late 1820s in northern cities and that called for free public education, the abolition of imprisonment for debt, and a ten-hour workday
• Name came from first meeting in a hall whose candles were illuminated by a new invention, the “loco foco,” or match |
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• Many members did not necessarily favor the Whigs, just opposed Jackson
• Gained support of many southerners who feared that the South would languish behind the North unless it began to push ahead with improvements
• Wanted to improve American society by ending slavery and the sale of liquor, improving public education, and elevating public morality
• Committed to Clay’s American System
• Attracted those with close ties to the market economy- commercial farmers, planters, merchants and bankers
• Gained support from reformers, evangelical clergymen, Anti-Masons, and manufacturers |
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