- A SET OF ORGANS THAT BREAKS DOWN FOOD ITEMS INTO NUTRIENTS THAT CAN BE DELIVERED BY BLOODSTREAM TO CELLS IN BODY

- ORGANS ARE LOCATED FROM HEAD TO ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

- GASTROINTSTINAL (GI) TRACT

- ACCESSORY ORGANS

- ALIMENTARY CANAL OR DIGESTIVE TRACT

- CONSISTS OF 5-7 METER (16-23 FEET) LONG TUBE

- CONTAINS FOOD THROUGHOUT ITS DIGESTION

- DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF GI TRACT MAKE UP THE TUBE

- LIE OUTSIDE THE TUBE

- SUPPLY ADDITIONAL DIGESTIVE FLUIDS TO GI TRACT

- MOUTH

- PHARYNX

- ESOPHAGUS

- STOMACH

- SMALL INTESTINE

- LARGE INTESTINE

- SALIVARY GLANDS

- LIVER

- PANCREAS

- GALLBLADDER

- MECHANICAL DIGESTION

- CHEMICAL DIGESTION

- FOOD IS PHYSICALLY BROKEN INTO SMALLER PARTS

- ALL NUTRIENTS GO THRU CHEWING IN MOUTH, CHURNING IN STOMACH, AND SEGMENTATION IN SMALL INTESTINE

- CHEMICAL BONDS BETWEEN FOOD MOLECULES ARE BROKEN BY ENZYMES

- VARIES FOR EACH NUTRIENT BECAUSE DIGESTIVE ENZYME ARE SPECIFIC FOR SINGLE TYPE OF NUTRIENT, MOST USE HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS

- INGESTION

- SECRETION

- MIXING

- PROPULSION

- DIGESTION

- ABSORPTION

- DEFECATION

- TAKING FOOD INTO MOUTH

- SWALLOWING

- PERISTALSIS

- THIN SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT LINES ABDOMINAL CAVITY (PARIETAL PERITONEUM) AND EXTENDS OUT TO WRAP AROUND ABDOMINAL ORGANS (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)

- GREATER OMENTUM

- MESENTERY AND MESOCOLON

- PERITONEAL FOLD THAT DRAPES OVER INTESTINES

- HANGS FROM STOMACH AND TRANSVERSE COLON

- HAS A LOT OF ADIPOSE TISSUE

- VISCERAL PERITONEUM THAT WRAPS AND BINDS MOST OF SMALL INTESTINE (MESENTERY) AND PARTS OF COLON (MESOCOLON) TO ABDOMINAL WALL

- CARRIES BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND LYMPHATICS TO MUCH OF SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE

- MUCOSA

- SUBMUCOSA

- MUSCULARIS

- SEROSA

- EPITHELIAL TISSUE HELPS ABSORB FOOD

- CONNECTIVE TISSUE FOR SUPPORT

- MUSCLE USED TO PROPEL FOOD DOWN TRACT

- INNER LINING OF GI TRACT

- SEVERAL LAYERS WITHIN MUCOSA

- INNERMOST LAYER IS EPITHELIUM

- COVERED AND PROTECTED BY LAYER OF MUCUS

- FINAL DIGESTION OCCURS AT EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE

- ABSORPTION OCCURS

- LAMINAL PROPRIA

- MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

- LYMPHATIC NODULES

- INNERMOST LAYER OF MUCOSA

- SECRETE MUCUS

- THIN DOUBLE LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

- MOVES THE VILLI

- LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- CONTAINS BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS THAT SUPPLY MUCOSA LAYER

- CONTAINS NERVE PLEXUSES OF ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ENS) AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANA) CONTROLS SECRETIONS AND MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

- GLANDS SECRETE MUCUS THROUGH DUCTS ONTO SURFACE OF MUCOSA LAYER

- THICK LAYER OF MUSCLE

- MOST OF GI TRACT IS SURROUNDED BY 2 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

- VOLUNTARY SKELETARY MUSCLE IN PHARYNX, FIRST PART OF ESOPHAGUS, AND ANUS

- INNER CIRCULAR LAYER

- LONGITUDINAL LAYER

- PRODUCES PERISTALSIS AND SEGMENTATION

- ENS CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

- STOMACH HAS 3RD LAYER CALLED OBLIQUE LAYER

- THIN OUTER LAYER

- WRAPS AROUND STOMACH, MOST OF SMALL INTESTINE, AND PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE AS EXTENSION OF MESENTERY

- INNER LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- FACING OUTWARD IS LAYER OF EPITHELIUM

- SECRETES WATERY FLUID, LUBRICATES OUTSIDE OF GI ALLOWING IT TO SLIDE AGAINST OTHER ORGANS

- OFTEN CALLED "GUT BRAIN"

- COORDINATES MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS

- NEURONS WITHIN SUBMUCOSA CONTROL SECRETIONS OF ORGANS OF GI TRACT

- NEURONS IN MUSCULARIS CONTROL FREQUENCY AND STRENGTH OF CONTRACTIONS

- ENS IS REGULATED BY AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM BUT FUNCTIONS INDEPENDENTLY

- TEETH

- TONGUE

- TISSUE SURROUNDING MOUTH ARE SALIVARY GLANDS (ACCESSORY ORGANS)

- SWALLOWING BEGINS IN MOUTH

- INGESTION STARTS DIGESTIVE PROCESS

- MASTICATION

- TEETH PARTS

- 3 SALIVARY GLANDS

- RESPONSIBLE FOR CHEWING

- SHAPED DIFFERENTLY TO BREAK APART FOOD

- INCISORS (CUTTING)

- CUSPIDS (CANINES, TEARING)

- MOLARS (GRINDING)

- MANIPULATES FOOD AND CONTAINS TASTE RECEPTORS

- MOVES FOOD AGAINST TEETH

- HELPS WITH SWALLOWING

- CREATES A BOLUS FROM FOOD

- CHEWING

- DONE BY JAW MUSCLES AND TEETH

- MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD INTO SMALLER PIECES TO INCREASE FOOD SURFACE AREA FOR SUBSEQUENT CHEMICAL DIGESTION

- GUMS (GINGIVA)

- TEETH (INCISORS, CUSPIDS, MOLARS)

- CROWN (PART ABOVE GUM)

- NECK (WHERE TEETH MEETS GUM)

- ROOT (PART BELOW GUM)

- ENAMEL

- DENTIN

- PULP CAVITY

- ROOT CANAL

- HARD OUTER LAYER

- PROTECTS TEETH FROM WEAR

- MAJORITY OF TOOTH

- HARD BUT LESS THAN ENAMEL

- CONNECTS TO BONE WITH PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

- SECRETE SALIVA

- PAROTID

- SUBMANDIBULAR

- SUBLINGUAL

- MUCUS

- LYSOZOME

- SALIVARY AMYLASE

- ACT AS PASSAGEWAS TO STOMACH

- SWALLOWING CONTINUES IN PHARYNX THEN ESOPHAGUS TAKES OVER PROPELLING BOLUS TO STOMACH WITH PERISTALSIS

- PHARYNX AND UPPER PART OF ESOPHAGUS ARE SKELETAL MUSCLE

- LOWER 2/3 OF ESOPHAGUS IS SMOOTH MUSCLE

- IN ESOPHAGUS THEIR IS (UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER AND LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER)

- WHEN LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER DOESN'T CLOSE COMPLETELY

- ACIDIC CONTENTS OF STOMACH CAN BACK UP INTO LOWER ESOPHAGUS

- RESULTS IN IRRITATION OF MUCOSAL LINING OF ESOPHAGUS

- HEARTBURN FEELING

- CHRONIC CONDITION CAN LEAD TO PERMANENT DAMAGE TO ESOPHAGEAL LINING

- SWALLOWING

- HAS 3 STAGES (VOLUNTARY, PHARYNGEAL, ESOPHAGEAL)

- VOLUNTARY STAGE

- PHARYNGEAL STAGE

- ESOPHAGEAL STAGE

- INVOLUNTARY

- PERISTALSIS (ALTERNATING CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCLE LAYERS TO MOVE FOOD) OF BOLUS TOWARDS ESOPHAGUS

- INVOLUNTARY

- PERISTALSIS OF BOLUS INTO STOMACH

- MUSCULAR CHAMBER

- 3 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE (OBLIQUE, CIRCULAR, LONGITUDINAL)

- SECRETES GASTRIC JUICES

- LITTLE ABSORPTION OCCURS

- STOMACH ANATOMY

- CELLS AND SECRETIONS OF GASTRIC PITS

- WHY DOESN'T HCL EAT HOLE IN STOMACH?

- GASTRIC EMPTYING

- OBLIQUE LAYER (INNER)

- CIRCULAR LAYER (MIDDLE)

- LONGITUDINAL LAYER (OUTER)

- PERISTALSIS AND CHURNING OF STOMACH MIXES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES WITH BOLUS OF FOOD (TURNS IT INTO CHYME)

- EATING TAKES PLACE AT FASTER RATE THAN DIGESTION

- STOMACH SERVES AS STORAGE SITE FOR INGESTED FOOD

- RUGAE

- REGIONS OF STOMACH (FUNDUS, BODY, PYLORUS REGION)

- LUMEN OF STOMACH IS LINED WITH THICK MUCOSA EMBEDDED WITH GASTRIC PITS

- GASTRIC JUICE SECRETION IS STIMULATED BY FOOD PRESENCE

- FOLDS OF MUCOSA THAT CAN EXPAND TO ACCOMODATE VOLUME OF FOOD

- FUNDUS

- BODY

- PYLORUS REGION

- TOP

- NEAR WHERE ESOPHAGUS ENTERS

- SITE OF MOST FOOD DIGESTION IN STOMACH

- ENDS AT PYLORIC SPHINCTER

- MUCOUS CELLS

- PARIETAL CELLS

- CHIEF CELLS

- G CELLS

- SECRETE MUCUS TO PROTECT THE STOMACH MUCOSA FROM HCL

- SECRETE HCL AND INTRINSIC FACTOR

- HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCL)

- INTRINSIC FACTOR

- DENATURES (INACTIVATES) PROTEINS ALLOWING ACCESS BY ENZYMES SO THEY CAN CHEMICALLY DIGEST THEM

- KILLS BACTERIA

- ACTIVATES PEPSIN

- SECRETES GASTRIN

- SECRETION OF GASTRIC JUICES

- GI TRACT MOTILITY

- PYLORIC SPHINCTER OPENING

- HCL SECRETION OCCCURS ONLY WHEN FOOD IS PRESENT IN THE STOMACH

- CHYME DILUTES ACID

- PRESENCE OF THICK LAYER OF MUCUS COVERING MUCOSA

- STOMACH CONTENTS TRANSFERRED TO SMALL INTESTINE

- SMALL BURSTS OF CHYME ARE PROPELLED THROUGH PERISTALSIS INTO SMALL INTESTINE THROUGH PARTIALLY OPEN PYLORIC SPHINCTER UNTIL STOMACH IS EMPTY (1-2 HOURS AFTER A MEAL)

- FAT-RICH CHYME REMAINS IN STOMACH THE LONGEST, FOLLOWED PROTEIN, THEN CARBOHYDRATES

- 3 SECTIONS

- PRINCIPLE SITE OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

- SECRETES HORMONES THAT INFLUENCE OTHER DIGESTIVE AND ACCESSORY ORGANS

- SMALL INTESTINE ANATOMY (DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, ILEUM)

- VILLI

- MICROVILLI

- 3 PARTS, ABOUT 5 M LONG

- DUODENUM

- JEJUNUM

- ILEUM

- HAS SAME LAYERS OF GI TRACT

- INNER SURFACE IS HIGHLY FOLDED (MACROSCOPIC FOLDS AND MICROSCOPIC FOLDS)

- FIRST PART OF SMALL INTESTINE WHERE DIGESTION STARTS

- 25 CM LONG

- MIDDLE PORTION

- 2-2.5 M LONG

- LAST PORTION

- 2-2.5 LONG

- CIRCULAR FOLDS

- VISIBLE TO EYE

- FORMED FROM BOTH MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA OF SMALL INTESTINE

- VILLI (PROJECTIONS OF MUCOSA LAYER)

- MICROVILLI (PROJECTIONS OF EPITHELIAL CELL ITSELF)

- PROJECTIONS OF MUCOSAL LAYER

- CONTAINS LAYER OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS (ABSORPTIVE CELLS) WITH MUCOUS CELLS

- PLUS LAMINA PROPRIA, CAPILLARIES, AND LYMPHATIC VESSEL (LACTEAL)

- INCREASE SURFACE AREA BY 300-400% FOR ABSORPTION, WHILE MAINTAINING SMALL OUTER SURFACE FOR ORGAN

- IN BETWEEN VILLI ARE INTESTINAL GLANDS, THAT SECRETE ENZYMES AND HORMONES

- PROJECTIONS OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS (ABSORPTIVE CELLS) ITSELF

- WHERE FINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OCCURS

- ACIDIC CHYME STIMULATES PANCREAS TO SECRETE PANCREATIC BICARBONATE INTO DUODENUM

- PANCREATIC JUICE NEUTRALIZES ACIDIC CHYME

- AMINO ACIDS AND FATTY ACIDS IN CHYME STIMULATE CCK CELLS TO SECRETE CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

- CCK

- INCREASES PANCREATIC ENZYME SECRETION

- CAUSES BILE RELEASE FROM GALLBLADDER

- INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING

- SEGMENTATION

- PERISTALSIS

- MIXES SECRETIONS EMPTYING INTO DUODENUM WITH CHYME

- STOPS WHEN CHYME REACHES ILEUM

- MOVES CHYME ALONG LENGTH OF SMALL INTESTINE AS DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OCCURS

- CHYME REMAINS IN SMALL INTESTINE FOR TOTAL OF 3-5 HOURS

- NUTRIENTS

- ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

- MINERALS

- VITAMINS

- CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN FOOD CELLS THAT CELLS NEED FOR GROWTH, MAINTENANCE, REPAIR

- 6 CLASSES

- CARBOHYDRATES

- LIPIDS

- PROTEINS

- WATER

- MINERALS

- VITAMINS

- CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND VITAMINS ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES (CONTAIN CARBON)

- WATER AND MINERALS ARE INORGANIC MOLECULES

- SUBSTANCES THAT BODY CANNOT MAKE ON ITS OWN IN SUFFICIENT QUANTIITIES TO MEET ITS NEEDS

- MUST COME FROM INGESTED FOOD

- SOME AMINO ACIDS AND FATTY ACIDS, AND ALL VITAMINS

- ALL MINERALS ARE TECHNICALLY ESSENTIAL, BUT NOT CALLED ESSENTIAL

- 4% OF BODY WEIGHT ARE MINERALS, MOST FOUND IN BONES AND TEETH

- IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

- 15 MAJOR BIOLOGICALLY USEFUL MINERALS

- BONE STRUCTURE (CONTAINS LARE REPOSITORY OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS)

- REGULATION OF ENZYMATIC FUNCTIONS

- MAINTENANCE OF BODY FLUID pH

- OSMOSIS

- GENERATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS IN NERVES AND MUSCLES

- CALCIUM

- PHOSPHORUS

- POTASSIUM

- SULFUR

- SODIUM

- CHLORIDE

- MAGNESIUM

- IRON

- IODINE

- ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

- 13 TOTAL

- REQUIRED IN SCANT AMOUNTS TO MAINTAIN NORMAL GROWTH AND METABOLISM

- FIRST ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS DISCOVERED

- MOST SERVE AS COENZYMES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

- FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS

- A

- D

- E

- K

- ABSORBED FROM DIGESTIVE TRACT AND TRANSPORTED IN CHYLOMICRONS

- EXCESS STORED IN BODY CELLS

- B VITAMINS

- C

- DISSOLVED IN BODY FLUIDS

- EXCESS EXCRETED INTO URINE

- INACTIVE DAMAGING FREE RADICALS OF OXYGEN

- VITAMINS C

- VITAMIN E

- BETA-CAROTENE (PRECURSOR TO VITAMIN A, PRO-VITAMIN)

- DEFINED AS ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE IN THE BODY

- MOST REACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM ARE CATALYZED (SPED UP) BY ENZYMES OR COMBINATIONS OF ENZYMES

- 2 MAJOR TYPES OF METABOLIC REACTIONS (SYNTHESIS REACTIONS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS)

- ENERGY PRODUCTION- ATP

- CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISM

- STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

- HOW IS GLUCOSE MADE WHEN THERE IS NOT ENOGUH IN DIET

- LIPID CATABOLISM: LIPOLYSIS

- LIPID ANABOLISM: LIPOGENESIS

- LIPOPROTEINS

- PROTEIN CATABOLISM

- AMINO ACID CATABOLISM

- SYNTHESIS REACTIONS (ANABOLIC)

- DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS (CATABOLIC)

- SIMPLE ORGANIN MOLECULES ARE COMBINED TO MAKE MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES

- USUALLY REQUIRES INPUT OF ENERGY = ANABOLIC

- COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER MOLECULES

- THESE REACTIONS USUALLY RELEASE ENERGY = CATABOLIC

- REACTIONS NEED ENERGY

- PRIMARY SOURCE IS FROM SPLITTING ATP INTO ADP (AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE)

- TO GENERATE ATP NUTRIENTS ARE BROKEN DOWN (CATABOLIZED)

- CARBOHYDRATES AND FATS ARE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

- GLUCOSE IS EASIEST TO USE FOR GENERATION OF ATP

- NEURONS AND RED BLOOD CELLS ONLY USE GLUCOSE TO GENERATE ATP

- OTHER BODY CELLS CAN BREAK DOWN LIPIDS AND AMINO ACIDS TO GENERATE ATP WHEN GLUCOSE IS UNAVAILABLE

- MUSCLES ACTUALLY PREFER TO USE FATTY ACIDS FOR ENERGY DURING LOW ACTIVITY

- CARBOHYDRATES, LIKE STARCHES AND DISACCHARIDES, ARE CATABOLIZED INTO MONOSACCHARIDES (NON-GLUCOSE MONOSACCHARIDES ARE CONVERTED INTO GLUCOSE)

- EXCESS GLUCOSE IS STORED AS GLYCOGEN IN LIVER AND MUSCLES

- WHEN CELLS REQUIRE ATP, GLUCOSE IS CATABOLIZED (BROKEN DOWN) AND OXIDIZED

- REMOVED ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED TO MAKE ATP FROM ADP

- REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS FROM A MOLECULE

- REMOVED ELECTRONS CARRY ENERGY FROM BREAKDOWN OF MOLECULE INTO ANABOLIC REACTION MAKING ATP FROM ADP

- GLYCOLYSIS

- WITH OXYGEN PRESENT IN MITOCHONDRIA

- EACH GLUCOSE MOLECULE GOES THROUGH ENTIRE PROCESS GENERATES 36 (OR 38) ATP MOLECULES (PLUS CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER)

1 GLUCOSE + 6 OXYGEN --> 6 CARBON DIOXIDE + 6 WATER + 36 (OR 38) ATP

- ANAEROBIC (DOESN'T NEED OXYGEN)

- OCCURS IN CYTOSOL

- GLUCOSE MOLECULE IS SPLIT INTO 2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES (PYRUVATE GO ONTO NEXT STEP)

- 2 ATP GENERATED

- ACETYL COENZYME A (ACETYL CoA) IS PRODUCED FROM PYRUVATE MADE IN GLYCOLYSIS

- ACETYL CoA ENTERS KREBS CYCLE

- CARRIERS TRANSFER THEIR ELECTRONS TO ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC), WHERE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION PRODUCES A LOT OF ATP FROM ADP

- REST OCCURING IN MITOCHONDRIA AND IS AEROBIC (NEEDS OXYGEN)

32 (OR 34) ATP GENERATED

- PYRUVATE IS FURTHER BROKEN DOWN TO CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER

- ELECTRONS AND THEIR ENERGY ARE REMOVED AND TRANSFERRED TO ELECTRON CARRIER MOLECULES

- 2 ATP GENERATED

- GLYCOGENOLYSIS

- GLUCOGENESIS

- ORDER OF BREAKDOWN PREFERENCE

- GLYCOGEN FIRST BROKEN DOWN, THEN FATS, THEN PROTEINS IN BODY

- SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOSE FROM AMINO ACIDS, GLYCEROL, PYRUVATE, AND LACTIC ACID

- REVERSE OF GLYCOLYSIS

- OCCURS IN MUSCLE, LIVER, AND FAT CELLS

- TRIGLYCERIDES ARE SPLIT INTO GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY ACIDS

- GLUCOSE THROUGH GLUCONEOGENESIS

- ATP THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION

- ACETYL CoA FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION

- KETONES TO USE AS ENERGY SOURCE IN OTHER CELLS

- KETONES CAN BE CHANGED BACK BY LIVER TO ACETYL CoA AND METABOLIZED THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION

- IF THERE IS NO NEED FOR LIPIDS TO BE USED, THEY ARE STORED AS TRIGLYCERIDES

- TRIGLYCERIDES CAN BE CREATED, ALSO FROM EXCESS GLUCOSE USING SAME BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS

- INSULIN STIMULATES LIPOGENESIS

- LIPIDS ARE HYDROPHOBIC; THEY NEED TO BE TRANSPORTED IN WATER-SOLUBLE PACKAGES = LIPOPROTEINS

- 4 IMPORTANT TYPES OF LIPOPROTEINS

- CHYLOMICRONS

- VERY-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDLS)

- LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDLS)

- HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDLS)

- MADE IN SMALL INTESTINE

- TRANSPORT DIETARY LIPIDS TO ADIPOSE CELLS AND LIVER FOR STORAGE

- TRANSPORT TRIGLYCERIDES FROM LIVER CELLS TO ADIPOSE CELLS FOR STORAGE

- BECOME LDLS AFTER DEPOSITING SOME TRIGLYCERIDES

- CARRY 75% OF CHOLESTEROL IN BLOOD AND DELIVER TO BODY CELLS

- ASSOCIATED WITH FATTY PLAQUE FORMATION IN BLOOD VESSELS (BAD CHOLESTEROL)

- INGESTED PROTEINS AND BODY PROTEINS ARE BROKEN DOWN TO AMINO ACIDS AND ABSORBED IN SMALL INTESTINE

- AMINO ACIDS CANNT BE STORED

- MAKE NEW PROTEINS

- CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE

- CONVERTED TO TRIGLYCERIDES

- CONVERTED TO KETONES

- CATABOLIZED TO GENERATE ATP

- AMINO ACID UPTAKE IS STIMULATED BY INSULIN

- AMINO ACID GROUP IS REMOVED THROUGH DEAMINATION, PRODUCING AMMONIA

- REMAINING ORGANIC COMPONENT FROM CATABOLISM IS USED IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION, SPECIFICALLY KREBS CYCLE (METABOLIZED TO MAKE ATP)

WHAT DOES THE LARGE INTESTINE DO?

- ABSORBS MAINLY WATER

(PLUS A FEW IONS AND VITAMINS)

- BACTERIA AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS SYMBIOTICALLY FILL THE LARGE INTESTINE

- BREAKS DOWN SOME OF THE REMAINING CARBOHYDRATES (USUALLY INDIGESTIBLE ONES) AND PRODUCE SOME ESSENTIAL VITAMINS

- 6.5CM IN DIAMETER IN 1.5M LONG AND EXTENDS FROM ILEUM TO ANUS

- HAS THE TYPICAL FOUR LAYERS AND THE MUCOSA LAYER HAS INTESTINAL GLANDS BUT THERE ARE NO CIRCULAR FOLDS OR VILLI

- CECUM (ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER VALVE)

- COLON

- RECTUM

- ANAL CANAL

- ASCENDING COLON (RETROPIERITONEAL BEHIND PERITONEUM)

- TRANSVERSE COLON (ATTACHED TO POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL BY THE MESOCOLON)

- DESCENDING COLON (RETROPERITONEAL)

- SIGMOID COLON (ATTACHED TO POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL BT THE MESOCOLON)

- FECES PASSES THROUGH DURING DEFACATION

- (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTERS)

- INVOLUNTARY SMOOTH MUSCLE

- VOLUNTARY SKELETAL MUSCLE

(REGULATES MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL OUT OF LARGE INTESTINE THROUGH ANUS)

- BANDS OF MUSCLE FIBERS THAT REPLACE THE LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE OF THE REST OF THE GI TRACT

(PUCKERS UP LARGE INTESTINE TO FORM POUCH-LIKE SACS CALLED HAUSTRA)

- (INCREASES SURFACE AREA FOR ABSORPTION OF WATER, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS, AND VITAMINS B AND K

- HAUSTRAL CHURNING, PERISTALSIS, AND MASS PERISTALSIS

- MOST IMPORTANT ROLE IS ABSORPTION OF WATER

- ABSORPTION OF WATER FROM CHYME FORMS FECES, LEADING TO DEFECATION

- COLON FLORA FERMENT UNDIGESTED CARBOHYDRATES PRODUCE GASES (HYDROGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE) THAT GET RELEASED AS FLATUS

- NUTRIENTS THAT ARE NOT ABSORBED IN SMALL INTESTINE PASS OUT IN FECES

- ONCE IN LARGE INTESTINE, CHYME TAKES 3-10 HOURS TO PASS

- AS WATER GETS ABSORBED, CHYME CHANGES FROM LIQUID TO SEMI-SOLID OR SOLID MASS CALLED FECES

HOW IS ABSORPTION OF WATER THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLE OF THE LARGE INTESTINE?

- SOME IONS, AND SOME ESSENTIAL VITAMINS (B & K) ARE ALSO ABSORBED

- B & K VITAMINS ARE PRODUCED BY COLON BACTERIA

- COLON FLORA FERMENT UNDIGESTED CARBOHYDRATES THAT PRODUCE GASES

- HYDROGEN

- CARBON DIOXIDE

- METHANE

- WATER

- INORGANIC SALTS

- EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT HAVE SLOUGHED OFF MUCOSA OF GI TRACT

- BACTERIA

- PRODUCTS OF BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION

- INDIGESTIBLE PARTS OF FOOD (FIBER, ETC)

- DRIVES FECES FROM COLON TO RECTUM

(BEGINS WITH WAVES OF MASS PERISTALSIS THAT OCCUR PERIODICALLY)

- INITIATES THE DEFACATION REFLEX

(STRETCH RECEPTORS IN WALLS OF RECTUM STIMULATE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY LEADING TO RELAXATION OF ANAL SPHINCTERS)

- VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION OF EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER MUSCLES CAN DELAY DEFACATION

- FREQUENT DEFACATION OF LQUID OR LOOSE FECES

(EXCESS WATER AND NUTRIENTS REMAIN IN WATER)

- ABSORPTION OF FLUID AND NUTRIENTS BY INTESTINES DECREASES

- IF CHYME MOVES TOO QUICKLY (INCREASED CONTRACTION IN INTESTINES) OFTEN DUE TO SOMETHING IRITATING THE GI TRACT (EX. VIRUS OR FOOD POISONING)

- MISSING ENZYMES THAT PROCESS FOOD LEADING TO AN INCRESAE IN OSMOLARITY OF THE CHYME AND RETENTION OF WATER IN THE COLON

- INFREQUENT OR DIFFICULT DEFECATION DUE TO DECREASED MOTILITY OF THE INTESTINES

- MOVEMENT OF CHYME THROUGH INTESTINES IS SLOWED AND ABSORPTION OF FLUID INCREASES

- OFTEN CAUSED BY LOW FIBER IN DIETS

- CONSISTS OF TWO MAJOR LOBES (RIGHT AND LEFT) AND PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN MANY CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE BODY

- REFERRED TO AS THE CHEMICAL FACTORY

- PRODUCING BILE (EMULSIFIES LIPIDS)

- FROM THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN IT RECEIVES AND THEN PROCESSES THE BULK OF THE DIGESTED NUTRIENTS DIRECTLY FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE

- LIVER CELLS

- MANUFACTURES BILE

- DIGESTED AND ABSORBED SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS ARE BROUGHT TO THE LIVER

- BLOOD IS DISTRIBUTED TO HEPATOCYTES THROUGH THE HEPATIC SINUSOIDS

- HEPATOCYTES EXTRACT AND PROCESS NUTRIENTS

- AFTER HEPATOCYTES COMPLETE THEIR WORK, BLOOD DRAINS FROM HEPATIC SINUSOIDS TO CENTRAL VEINS TO HEPATIC VEIN TO THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA

- HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN TRANSPORTS FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE WATER SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS TO LIVER

- THE LIPIDS ARE TRANSPORTED FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM EVENTUALLY END IN THE BLOOD AND SO MANY ALSO END UP BEING PROCESSED BY THE LIVER

COMMON HEPATIC DUCT

RIGHT HEPATIC DUCT

LEFT HEPATIC DUCT

LIVER

CYSTIC DUCT

GALLBLADDER

- THE FAT ENTERS AND TRIGGERS THE CONTRACTION OF THE GALLBLADDER AND THE RELEASE OF THE BILE INTO THE COMMON BILE DUCT

- THE COMMON BILE DUCT COMBINES WITH THE PACREATIC DUCT WHICH CARRIES THE PACREATIC JUICES

- THEN THE BILE AND PANCREATIC JUICES ARE THEN SECRETED INTO THE DUODENUM TO MIX WITH THE CHYME FROM THE STOMACH

- ENDOCRINE CELLS (PRODUCES INSULIN AND GUCAGON)

- ACINAR CELLS

- LOCATED INFERIOR AND POSTERIOR TO THE STOMACH, HEAD NEXT TO THE DUODENUM

(RETROPERITONEAL)

- SECRETED BY PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS

- CLEAR AND COLORLESS

- FLOWS INTO DUODENUM THROUGH PANCREATIC DUCT

- COMPOSED OF WATER, SODIUM, BICARBONATE (TO NUETRALIZE STOMACH ACID) AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

- AMYLASE

- TRYSPIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE (PROTEOLYTIC)

RIBONUCLEASE, DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE

- ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS FROM SMALL INTESTINAL LUMEN IS THROUGH THE MOCROVILLI OF THE SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM OF THE INTESTINAL WALL

- OCCURS THROUGH DIFFUSION, FACILATED DIFFUSION, AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT

- REMOVES SUGARS, AMINO ACIDS, LIPIDS FROM LUMEN TO CREATE A GRADIENT THAT ALLOWS WATER TO BE ABSORBED BY OSMOSIS

- VITAMINS ABSORBED BY SIMPLE DIFFUSION (WITH WATER OR WITH LIPIDS)

WHERE DOES THE ABSORBED NUTRIENT

AMINO ACIDS, SUGARS, SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, AND OTHER WATER SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS GO AFTER THE SMALL INTESTINE?

- FROM THE EPITHELIAL CELLS, THEY DIFFUSE INTO THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID OF THE VILLI AND THEN INTO THE CAPILLARIES TO BE CARRIED Y THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN CIRCULATION TO THE LIVER

- FURTHER PROCESSING OF THE NUTRIENTS OCCURS IN THE LIVER, AND NUTRIENTS ARE SENT INTO GENERAL CIRCULATION

- IN THE EPITHELIAL CELLS THEY ARE PACKAGED INTO CHYLOMICRONS (PROTEIN-COATED SPHERES THAT ARE A TYPE OF LIPOPROTEIN)

- THESE EXIT THE EPITHELIAL CELLS THROUGH EXOCYTOSIS INTO THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID OF THE VILLI

- THE CHYLOMICRONS ARE TOO LARGE TO ENTER THE CAPILLARIES SO ARE TAKEN UP BY THE LACTEALS (LYPMPH CAPILLARIES) IN THE VILLI

- WHEN CHYLOMICRON TRAVELS THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM TO THE SUBCLAVIAN VEIN TO ENTER THE BLOOD AND THE GENERAL CIRCULATION, WHERE THEY PASS ONTO ADIPOSE TISSUE AND LIVER

- THEY ARE BROKEN UP AND LIPIDS ARE STORED OR REPACKAGED TO BE REDISTRIBUTED

- BY THE TIME THE CHYME REACHES LARGE INTESTINE MOST BILE SALTS HAVE BEEN REABSORBED AND RETURNED TO LIVER FOR REUSE

- INSUFFICIENT BILE SALTS CAN RESULT IN UP TO 40% LOSS OF DIETARY LIPIDS, INCLUDING FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS, IN FECES

WHAT IS THE ENS CONTROL OF CONTRACTION?

(ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM)

- "GUT BRAIN (NUERONS LOCATED IN THE GI TRACT)

- INFLUENCED BY THE ANS

- CEPHALIC PHASE

- GASTRIC PHASE

- INTESTINAL PHASE

- RESPONDS TO SENSATION OF FOOD

(SMELL, TASTE, SIGHT)

- PREPARES MOUTH AND STOMACH TO RECEIVE FOOD

- PHASE LASTS AS LONG AS EATING THE MEAL

- CONTINUES GATRIC SECRETIONS AND MOTILITY

- MIXING FOOD AND REGULATING GATRIC EMPTYING

- PROMOTES CONTINUED DIGESTION THROUGH SMALL INTESTINE

- ALSO INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING TO PREVENT DUODENUM FROM BEING OVERLOADED WITH CHYME