Term
Which of the following are "Major Classes of Hormones?"
Select all correct answers for credit. (3)
A. Phospholipids
B. Steroids
C. Polypeptides
D. Nucleic acids
E. Amino acid derivatives
|
|
Definition
B. Steroids
C. Polypeptides
E. Amino acid derivatives
|
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|
Term
Which of the following hormones are released by the posterior pituitary? Select all answers that apply.(3)
A. Oxytocin
B. Vasopressin
C. Prolactin
D. Antidiuretic hormone
E. Corticotropin releasing hormone |
|
Definition
* A. Oxytocin
* B. Vasopressin
* D. Antidiuretic hormone |
|
|
Term
All of the following hormones are produced and secreted by the adrenal gland except:
A. Vasopressin
B. Aldosterone
C. Cortisol
D. Testosterone
E. Estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following hormones promotes bone remodeling in order to liberate calcium when serum calcium levels are
low?
A. Serotonin
B. Dopamine
C. Thyroid hormone
D. Calcitonin
E. Parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following drugs mediate their effects through nuclear receptors?
A. Testosterone
B. Ortho Evra (progesterone & estrogen)
C. Estradiol
D. Cortisone
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In sympathetic acceleration of heart rate, epinephrine functions as a ________.
Epinephrine from the adrenal gland functions as a _______ when accelerating heart rate.
A. Neurotransmitter; Hormone
B. Hormone; Neurotransmitter
C. Hormone; Hormone
D. Neurotransmitter; Neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
| * A. Neurotransmitter; Hormone |
|
|
Term
A drug that blocked thyroid hormone (TH) secretion would have which effect on thyroid releasing hormone (THR)
secretion?
A. No effect
B. Would increase its secretion
C. Would decrease its secretion |
|
Definition
| * B. Would increase its secretion |
|
|
Term
Which effects of glucocorticoids are important for their therapeutic effects as drugs?
A. Elevation of serum glucose
B. Anti-inflammatory
C. Bone remodeling
D. Breakdown of proteins in muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The biggest difference between the nervous system and endocrine system is:
A. Importance in homeostasis
B. Speed of transmission
C. Type of chemical message
D. Target organs
E. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Estrogen mediates its biological effects through a/an _________ receptor. Aldosterone mediates its biological effects
through a/an _________ receptor
A. Intracellular; Membrane
B. Membrane; Intracellular
C. Intracellular; Intracellular
D. Membrane; Membrane |
|
Definition
| C. Intracellular; Intracellular |
|
|
Term
Steroid hormones like cortisol mediate their biological effects
A. Through intracellular receptors
B. By altering gene transcription
C. In target tissues that express glucocorticoid receptors
D. B and C
E. A, B, and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism) in adults is associated with
A. Developmental defects
B. Retardation
C. Slow metabolic rate
D. Stunted growth
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following types of molecules work via an intracellular receptor?
A. Catecholamines (epinephrine)
B. Peptides (ADH)
C. Steroids (cortisol)
D. Proteins (insulin)
E. Nucleic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does the endocrine differ from the nervous system?
A. Type of chemical signal
B. Importance in homeostasis
C. Target organs differ
D. Use of the bloodstream
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
| D. Use of the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
Which of the following hormones works via a cell membrane receptor?
A. Thyroid hormone
B. Estradiol
C. Progesterone
D. Aldosterone
E. Insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Intracellular receptors
A. Reside in the cytoplasm or nucleus
B. Bind lipophilic hormones
C. Can function as transcription factors
D. When activated by hormones, are capable of binding DNA
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A person who, as an adult, develops a tumor that secretes growth hormone will have a condition called
A. Diabetes
B. Cretinism
C. Giantism
D. Addison's Disease
E. Acromegaly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The posterior pituitary receives signals from the hypothalamus via
A. The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
B. The blood stream
C. Diffusion
D. Neurons
E. Releasing hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following stimulates the secretion of oxytocin?
A. Distension of the cervical vertebrae
B. Stretch of the carotid sinus baroreceptors
C. Secretion of oxytocin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
D. Stretch of the uterine cervix
E. Fertilization |
|
Definition
| D. Stretch of the uterine cervix |
|
|
Term
A GnRH antagonist will _____ production of _______ by the testes.
A. Increase; LH
B. Decrease; LH
C. Increase; testosterone
D. Decrease; testosterone
E. Increase; FSH |
|
Definition
| D. Decrease; testosterone |
|
|
Term
What regulates vasopressin release?
A. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
B. Neurons projecting to the posterior pituitary
C. Blood osmolarity
D. Dehydration
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Because it destabilizes excitable membranes, a major symptom of hypocalcemia is
A. Skeletal muscle flaccidity
B. Skeletal muscle tetany
C. Excessive blood clotting
D. Deposition of calcium into tissues
E. Kidney stones |
|
Definition
| B. Skeletal muscle tetany |
|
|
Term
Calcitonin
A. Stimulates release of parathyroid hormone
B. Decreases blood calcium levels
C. Is secreted when blood calcium levels are low
D. Is synthesized from vitamin D
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
| B. Decreases blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
A person with vitamin D deficiency will have difficulty
A. Absorbing calcium from the intestines
B. Reabsorbing bone to allow its calcium to be released
C. Digesting milk
D. With growth of bone spurs
E. With kidney stones |
|
Definition
| *B. Reabsorbing bone to allow its calcium to be released |
|
|
Term
After thyroglobulin is synthesized, it is secreted into
A. Colloid
B. Parafollicular cells
C. The interstium
D. Follicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Grave's disease, goiter is produced because the auto-immune antibodies mimic the effects of
A. TSH
B. TRH
C. T3
D. T4
E. Iodine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following hormones is not produced by the adrenal gland?
A. Testosterone
B. Vasopressin
C. Aldosterone
D. Cortisol
E. Epinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which organ is most dependent on glucose to provide it with energy?
A. Heart
B. Kidney
C. Intestines
D. Lungs
E. Brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a normal blood level for glucose?
A. 80 mg/dL
B. 80 mM
C. 200 mg/dL
D. 200 mM
E. 300 mosmol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
A. Destruction of insulin producing cells
B. Overproduction of glucose
C. Overproduction of glucagon
D. Under-secretion of pancreatic exocrine cells
E. Cells that are poorly responsive to insulin |
|
Definition
| A. Destruction of insulin producing cells |
|
|
Term
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by
A. Destruction of insulin producing cells
B. Overproduction of glucose
C. Overproduction of glucagon
D. Under-secretion of pancreatic exocrine cells
E. Cells that are poorly responsive to insulin |
|
Definition
| *E. Cells that are poorly responsive to insulin |
|
|
Term
In chronic diabetes, the persistent high levels of blood glucose can leads to deposition of plaques that block
blood vessels. The consequences may be
A. Kidney disease
B. Neuropathies
C. Impotence
D. Retinal damage
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chromosome replication occurs during
A. S phase
B. Mitosis
C. Meiosis I
D. Meiosis II
E. Telophase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following disorders is caused by the nondisjunction of autosomal chromosomes?
A. Cretinism
B. Cushing's Disease
C. Klinefelter's Syndrome
D. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
E. Down Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The diploid number of chromosomes in humans is
A. 11.5
B. 23
C. 46
D. 92
E. 96 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Spermatogenesis occurs within
A. Testicular interstitium
B. Follicles
C. Ductus deferens
D. Seminal vesicles
E. Seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prostatic fluid
A. Is thin and contains sperm
B. Is thick and contains fructose
C. Is thin, with proteolytic enzymes and agents that help regulate pH
D. Is thick and contains mucus and lubricants
E. Is yellow and contains urine |
|
Definition
| C. Is thin, with proteolytic enzymes and agents that help regulate pH |
|
|
Term
In males, LH stimulates
A. Estradiol secretion from Leydig cells
B. Testosterone secretion from Leydig cells
C. Androstenedione secretion from Sertoli cells
D. Inhibin secretion from Sertoli cells
E. FSH secretion from spermatogonia |
|
Definition
| B. Testosterone secretion from Leydig cells |
|
|
Term
Capacitation
A. Is the process by which sperm to acquire the ability to fertilize an oocyte
B. Is the maturation of sperm in the epididymis
C. Is the division of granula cells surrounding an oocyte
D. Occurs immediately following fertilization
E. Is the process by which sperm obtain the proper number of chromosomes during spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| A. Is the process by which sperm to acquire the ability to fertilize an oocyte |
|
|
Term
Which of the following chemicals is classified as a vasodilator?
A. Cialis
B. Viagra
C. Levitra
D. NO
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In males, impotence is treated with drugs that promote relaxation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels,
allowing increased blood flow (thus facilitating erection). Such drugs work as
A. Cholinergic receptor agonists
B. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
C. cGMP analogs
D. cAMP analogs
E. Activators of adenylate cyclase |
|
Definition
| *B. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
What is the initial event in this sequence?
_________ , FSH, follicular maturation, endometrial proliferation
A. Estrogens
B. GnRH
C. hCG
D. LH
E. Progesterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When both estrogen and progesterone are present, what phase is the endometrium in?
A. Luteal
B. Secretory
C. Ovulatory
D. Proliferative
E. Menstrual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is the proper sequence of events in oogenesis and ovulation?
A. Primary follicle, Mature follicle, Ovulated oocyte, Corpus luteum
B. Primary follicle, Ovulated oocyte, Corpus luteum, Secondary follicle
C. Germ cell, Primary follicle, Corpus lutuem, Secondary follicle
D. Zygote, Primary follicle, Mature follicle, Ovulated oocyte |
|
Definition
| A. Primary follicle, Mature follicle, Ovulated oocyte, Corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
In the female sexual cycle, the LH surge
A. Promotes ovulation
B. Occurs around day 14
C. Occurs as a consequence of positive feedback of estrogen to the anterior pituitary
and hypothalamus
D. Stimulates progesterone secretion
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the 6 hormones produced by the Hypothalamus that are transported by the hypothalamic-pituitary
portal system. |
|
Definition
1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
2. Prolactin Release Inhibitory Hormone (or Dopamine)
3. Somatostatin
4. Thyrotropin (thyroid) releasing hormone
5. Growth hormone-releasing hormone
6. Corticotropin-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
| List the 6 hormones produced and released by the Anterior Pituitary. |
|
Definition
1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
3. Luteinizing Hormone
4. Prolactin
5. Growth Hormone
6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
|
|
Term
List the 2 hormones produced by the Hypothalamus that are stored in Posterior Pituitary and released
upon hypothalamic stimulation. |
|
Definition
1. Oxytocin
2. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) |
|
|
Term
Matching:
1. Estradiol
2. Cortisol
3. Testosterone
4. Progesterone
A. Loss of this hormone in
menopausal women places them at
risk for osteoporosis
B. Potent anti-inflammatory actions
and effects on glucose metabolism
C. Importance in the growth,
vascularization & maintenance of
the endometrium
D. Stimulates spermatogenesis and
development of secondary sex
characteristics |
|
Definition
1. Estradiol __A___
2. Cortisol ___B___
3. Testosterone ___D___
4. Progesterone ___C____ |
|
|
Term
Matching:
1. Parathyroid Hormone _____
2. Growth Hormone ______
3. Thyroid Hormone _____
4. Luteinizing Hormone _____
A. Regulates blood calcium levels by
promoting bone remodeling
B. Important in growth, development,
and setting metabolic rate
C. Most important function is
lengthening of bones in children
D. High levels of this hormone induces
ovulation |
|
Definition
1. Parathyroid Hormone __A___
2. Growth Hormone ___C___
3. Thyroid Hormone __B___
4. Luteinizing Hormone __D__ |
|
|
Term
Matching:
1. Epinephrine ______
2. Glucagon _____
3. Aldosterone ______
4. Insulin ______
A. A “mineralocorticoid” that
promotes water reabsorption in the
kidney
B. Important in the baroreceptor
reflex
C. Stimulates uptake of glucose from
the blood
D. Stimulates catabolism of glycogen
and release of glucose into the
blood |
|
Definition
1. Epinephrine ___B___
2. Glucagon __D___
3. Aldosterone ___A___
4. Insulin __C____ |
|
|
Term
Literally: labor-pain-stuff
A. estrogen
B. prolactin
C. oxytocin
D. progesterone
E. prostaglandin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The function of thyrotropin releasing hormone is to
A. increase the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone
B. decrease the secretion to thyrotropin
C. increase the secretion to thyroxine
D. decrease the secretion of T
3
E. increase the secretion of thyroglobulin |
|
Definition
| A. increase the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
Before the availability of iodized salt, people who lived far away from the seacoast were at risk of developing
A. hyperthyroidism
B. Graves disease
C. endemic goiter
D. exophthalmos
E. pitting edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The soft bones of rickets result when dietary calcium absorption is deficient due to a(n)
A. excess of vitamin D
B. deficiency of vitamin D
C. excess of parathyroid hormone
D. deficiency of parathyroid hormone
E. excess of calcitonin |
|
Definition
| B. deficiency of vitamin D |
|
|
Term
The process of synthesizing glucose from amino acids and glycerol is called
A. glucosogenesis
B. glycogenolysis
C. glycogenesis
D. gluconeogenesis
E. glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pharmacologically speaking, glucocorticoids are typically given because of their ______ effects.
A. anti inflammatory
B. diabetogenic
C. fat mobilization
D. glucose sparing
E. permissive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Insulin causes
A. plasma glucose levels to drop, e.g., by increasing the number of glucose pumps in adipocytes and skeletal muscle fibers
B. plasma glucose levels to drop, e.g., by increasing the number of Na/glucose symporters in adipocytes and skeletal muscle fibers
C. plasma glucose levels to drop, e.g., by increasing the number of glucose facilitated diffusion carriers in adipocytes and skeletal muscle fibers
D. plasma glucose levels to rise, e.g., by increasing the breakdown of glycogen
in adipocytes and skeletal muscle fibers
E. plasma glucose levels to rise, e.g., by increasing the absorption of glucose from the GI tract |
|
Definition
| C. plasma glucose levels to drop, e.g., by increasing the number of glucose facilitated diffusion carriers in adipocytes and skeletal muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called
A. insulin dependent
B. non insulin dependent
C. juvenile
D. the diabetes of pregnancy
E. childhood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An increase in the concentration of ketone bodies and the development of ketoacidosis
are signs of
A. elevated insulin / depressed glucagon levels leading to increased storage of fat
B. depressed insulin / elevated glucagon levels leading to increased storage of fat
C. elevated insulin / depressed glucagon levels leading to increased use of fats
D. depressed insulin / elevated glucagon levels leading to increased use of fats
E. elevated insulin / depressed glucagon levels leading to increased storage of
glycogen by the liver |
|
Definition
| D. depressed insulin / elevated glucagon levels leading to increased use of fats |
|
|
Term
23 pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the equator during
A. mitosis
B. meiosis I
C. meiosis II
D. meiosis III |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During embryonic development, testosterone stimulates the development of _____ from the ____ .
A. ductus deferens / paramesonephric ducts
B. ductus deferens / mesonephric ducts
C. testes / primordial gonads
D. testes / mesonephric ducts
E. testes / paramesonephric ducts |
|
Definition
| B. ductus deferens / mesonephric ducts |
|
|
Term
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells are stimulated by ____, and secrete ____ .
A. testosterone / GnRH
B. FSH / testosterone
C. FSH / inhibin
D. LH / GnRH
E. GnRH / testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Seminal vesicles secrete
A. a thin, milky fluid that makes up most of the volume of semen
B. a thick, clear fluid that makes up most of the volume of semen
C. a thick, clear fluid that makes up 20-30% of semen volume
D. a thin, milky fluid that contributes 20-30% of semen volume
E. sperm and associated fluid that makes up 10-20% of semen volume |
|
Definition
| B. a thick, clear fluid that makes up most of the volume of semen |
|
|
Term
Nitric oxide is one of the main chemical signals that
A. promotes the skeletal muscle contraction that causes ejaculation
B. inhibits the smooth muscle contraction that causes emission and formation of semen
C. promotes that smooth muscle contra
ction that causes emission and formation of semen
D. inhibits the vasodilation that causes erectile tissues to fill with blood
E. promotes the vasodilation that causes erectile tissues to fill with blood |
|
Definition
| E. promotes the vasodilation that causes erectile tissues to fill with blood |
|
|
Term
The movement of fluid into the vaginal
lumen during sexual excitement is called
A. secretion
B. perfusion
C. infusion
D. sublimation
E. transudation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oogonia differentiate into oocytes and enter meiosis I
A. at around 6 weeks of development (embryonic period)
B. by 10 weeks of development (fetal period)
C. by birth
D. shortly after the start of puberty
E. along with follicular development during each menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After ovulation the follicle becomes a
A. primordial follicle
B. primary follicle
C. secondary follicle
D. mature (Graafian) follicle
E. corpus luteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Estrogens for the body and androgens to be used by the follicle are secreted by
A. thecal cells
B. anterior pituitary cells
C. granulosa cells
D. endometrial cells
E. hypothalamic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simplistically speaking, endometrial proliferation requires
A. progesterone only
B. progesterone and estrogen
C. estrogen only
D. progesterone and androstenedione
E. androstenedione only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The structure at the 16-cell stage of development is called a(n)
A. zygote
B. morula
C. blastocyst
D. trophoblast
E. embryo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chorionic villi project into
A. uterine tube lumen
B. blastocyst lumen
C. amniotic fluid
D. pools of maternal blood
E. yolk sac fluid |
|
Definition
| D. pools of maternal blood |
|
|
Term
Ectoderm develops into epidermis and
A. mesenchyme
B. somites
C. neural tube
D. coelom
E. notochord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reflex withdrawal of the leg starts during the
A. pre embryonic period
B. embryonic period
C. early fetal period
D. late fetal period (shortly before birth)
E. just after birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blocked ovulation is the major mechanism of action for which type of contraceptive?
A. progesterone antagonists
B. intrauterine device
C. barrier contraceptives
D. combined estrogen/progestin products
E. progestin only products |
|
Definition
| D. combined estrogen/progestin products |
|
|
Term
Biochemically, what sort of hormone is prolactin?
A. tyrosine derivative
B. catecholamine
C. steroid
D. oligopeptide
E. protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does prolactin come from?
A. posterior pituitary
B. anterior pituitary
C. hypothalamus
D. neurohypophysis
E. thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prolactin secretion is controlled by the
A. hypothalamus
B. vestibular glands
C. adrenal cortex
D. adrenal medulla
E. optic chiasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This control is most strongly exerted by PIH (prolactin release-inhibiting hormone), also
known as
A. insulin
B. thyroxine
C. dopamine
D. nitric oxide
E. vasoactive intestinal peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What sort of receptor does prolactin bind to?
A. intracellular
B. channel-linked
C. G-protein-linked
D. catalytic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When prolactin binds to its receptor, what enzyme is activated, on the cytoplasmic side
A. tyrosine kinase
B. adenylate cyclase
C. phospholipase C
D. phosphodiesterase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The activation of this enzyme triggers the formation of
A. IP
3
B. cAMP
C. 5'-GMP
D. factors that activate transcription
E. DAG |
|
Definition
| D. factors that activate transcription |
|
|
Term
The conversion of the information on mRNA to casein is an example of
A. transcription
B. translation
C. post translational modification
D. signal transduction
E. translocation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As would be expected, casein, a protein, leaves the cell by ____ .
[A disaccharide like lactose leaves by the same mechanism as protein. Large lipid-filled globules have a separate mechanism for leaving the cell.]
A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. primary active transport
D. secondary active transport
E. exocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This problem solving set illustrates how
A. milk is digested by a suckling infant
B. a lipophilic hormone can cross the cell membrane to produce intracellular effects
C. activation of a cell surface receptor can affect gene expression
D. milk components are absorbed from the GI tract
E. smooth endoplasmic reticulum regulates
cell behavior by storing and releasing calcium ions |
|
Definition
| C. activation of a cell surface receptor can affect gene expression |
|
|
Term
| Name the hormone that is most responsible for the lengthening of long bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An excess of ____ results in Cushing Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermatogenesis occurs within what part of the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inner, glandular lining of the uterus called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A positive feedback relationship between ______ and luteinizing hormone triggers the LH surge. |
|
Definition
|
|
