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| formed when 2 or more atoms become chemically bonded |
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| formed when atoms of two or more different kinds become chemically bonded |
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| a written representation of the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule or compound |
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| When a chemical reaction occurs, bonds between atoms are broken, allowing for... |
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| When a chemical reaction occurs, bonds between atoms are formed, allowing for ... |
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| in which smaller atoms or smaller molecules combine to form larger ones |
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| in which larger molecules are broken down to form smaller ones |
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| compounds that ionize when the dissociate in water and can conduct an electrical current |
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| electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) |
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| electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH-) |
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| represents the concentration of H+ ions in a solution, on a scale of 0 to 14 |
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| Molecules containing carbon atoms are.... and are usually ... |
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| organic, non-electrolytes |
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| Molecules lacking carbon atoms are ... and are usually ... |
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| Most abundant compound in cells; serves as a substance in which chemical reactions occur; transports chemical and heat; universal solvent |
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| used in releasing energy from glucose and other molecules, e.g. oxydation |
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| produced when energy is released from glucose and other molecules |
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| provide ions (charged particles) needed in metabolic processes |
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| provide much of the energy needed by cells; their basic building blocks are simple sugar molecules |
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| supply energy; their basic building blocks are molecules of glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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| major lipid of the cell membrane |
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| serve as structural materials, an energy source, and enzymes; a chain of specific amino acids in a specific order |
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| initiate and accelerate metabolic reactions in the body |
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| The building blocks of protein are the ... common amino acids |
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| the most fundamental chemicals in cells, as they control cellular activities |
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| The 3-part building blocks that RNA and DNA are composed of |
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| Nucleotides are comprised of the parts |
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| 5-carbon sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose; phosphate group (PO4); one of 5 different nitrogen bases, G,C,A,U,T |
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| guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil |
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| guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine |
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| the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms; vary widely in shape and form, which is related to function |
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| Plant and animal cells have a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane are called... |
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| have chloroplasts and a thickened cellulose cell wall |
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| have centrioles, which plants lack, but lacks the rigid cell wall and chloroplasts |
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| ("before a nucleus") lack a membrane surrounding their DNA and are said to lack a distinct nucleus, they have a "nucleoid"; bacteria is a common example |
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| "Little Organs"; often composed to membrane material or granular arrangements of microtubules |
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| "Molecular Traffic Cop"; functions to REGULATE materials that enter and leave the cell |
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| Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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| Two types, Rough ER and Smooth ER |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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| has attached ribosomes; functions to synthesize proteins for export (secretion) |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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| lacks ribosomes; functions to synthesize lipids and carbohydrates and detoxifies medications and toxins |
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| "Protein packaging facility"; 5 to 8 flattened sacks that package, address, and modify secretions and form lysosomes |
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| "Garbage man" of the cell; contains enzymes that can digest all organic compounds with in the cell; destroys worn out cells, organelles, and foreign material |
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| "Powerhouse" of the cell; bean-shaped double membrane organelle; O2, ADP, and food material enter, and ATP H2O and CO2 are formed |
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| inner folded membrane of the mitochondria, which are locations of cellular respiration |
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| Cytoplasmic Microtubules; Centrioles; Spindle Fibers; Cilia and Flagella |
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| compose part of the cytoskeleton, cilia, and flagella, form the mitotic spindle, and provide a path for movements of organelles within the cell |
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| a pair of microtubular organelles in cytoplasm near the nucleus that are the microtubular organizing center, form spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella |
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| visible during cell division; attach and move chromosomes to the poles of the daughter cells |
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| short, numerous, and they move material along the cell surfaces |
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| long, few in number, and may propel entire cells (e.g sperm) |
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| Ribosomes, Nucleolus, Nucleus |
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| "Protein Factory" for protein synthesis; has free and attached ribosomes |
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| float in the cytoplasm; produce proteins and enzymes for use withing the cell |
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| found on the surface of the rough ER, synthesize and package within transport vesicles proteins for secretion out of the cell |
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| within the nucleus, its presence indicates the cell is synthesizing large and small ribosomal subunits from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and polypeptides made in the cytoplasm |
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| "Control Center" of the cell; chromosomes (46) contain genes |
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| a segment of DNA codons that code specific amino acids in a specific order, which combine to form a protein (each protein is made of 50 to 10,000 amino acids) |
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| when DNA is controlling a cell's activity, it is streched out, diffusely |
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| when a cell is dividing, it supercoils the DNA, finger-like structure |
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| deoxyribose neucleic acid, double strand of complementary nucleotides based on the pairing rules; master blueprints for proteins |
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| riboneucleic acid, usually a single strand of nucleotides; the nitrogen base uracil substitutes for thymine in its strands |
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| groups of 3 bases (e.g. ACT, TAG) called codons or triplets, specify a specific amino acid to build a protein |
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| the making of a protein involves transcription and translation |
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| occurs in the nucleus; converts DNA code to messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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| occurs via ribosomes in the cytoplasm; mRNA is read by the ribosome and a protein (or a chain of individual amino acids bonded together) is constructed |
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| receives a complementary code of DNA strand via transcription; amino acid type and order of assembly are coded for on the mRNA strand via translation |
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| bring appropriate amino acids to ribosome during elongation of the chain that will become the protein |
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| "glucose splitting"; a chemical pathway in the cytoplasm pathway where a 6-carbon glucose is split into two carbon molecules called pyruvic acid; produced 2 ATP; anerobic reaction, no O2 needed |
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| when pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion, it rips the 2 pyruvic acids apart and stores their energy while making 2 ATP |
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| Electron Transport System |
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| passes along the stored energy carriers from the Krebs Cycle to make 34 ATP using the energy of the H+ to recharge ADP into ATP |
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