Term
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Definition
| Causes fat and protein breakdown during stress/Decreases inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause fever, pain and smooth muscle contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause increase in blood pressure and vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases blood sugar level |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotes widespread tissue growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes increased heat production and increased basal metabolic rate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hormones of the ANTERIOR Pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| Growth hormone/ prolactin/TSH -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone/LH - Luteinizing Hormone/ FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone/ ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Term
| What are the hormones of the POSTERIOR pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin and ADH -anti-diurectic hormone |
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Term
| Which hormones are released from nerves? |
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Definition
| Empinephrine/ oxytocin/ ADH |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases urine volume/returns water to the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Red Blood Cells Made? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are White Blood Cells Made? |
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Definition
1. Bone Marrow
2. Spleen
3. Lymphnodes |
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Term
| Where are plasma proteins made? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Platelets made? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are clotting factors made? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the life-cycle of a RBC. |
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Definition
| As they mature, RBCs lose their nucleus and concentrate their hemoglobin. Each lives approximately 120 days |
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Term
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Definition
1. decrease production of RBCs
2. increase destruction of RBCs |
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Term
| What are immature RBCs called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are immature WBCs called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the immune function of eosinophils? |
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Definition
| They fight allergies and parasites |
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Term
| What is the immune function of neutrophils? |
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Definition
| They are the FIRST RESPONDERS to infection. |
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Term
| What is the immune function of monocytes? |
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Definition
| They are the precursors of macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a cell caused by a chemical signal |
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Term
| What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
| Redness, pain, swelling, heat |
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Term
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Definition
| small encapsulated immune organs that filter lymph and destroy foreign antigens and cancer cells |
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Term
| What are Peyer's patches? |
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Definition
| Lymphnodes located in the intestine near the appendix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphnodes located in the pharynx. |
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Term
| What is Lymph composed of? |
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Definition
| Fluid, plasma, WBC, bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and lipids |
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Term
| Describe the circulation of lymph in the body. |
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Definition
| Absorbed from the intercellular space, filtered by many lymphnodes, empties into the subclavian veins. |
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Term
| What is the function of the thymus gland? |
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Definition
| to help lymphocytes develop immunocompetence - so they only attack foreign antigens |
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Term
| what is the function of the spleen? |
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Definition
| it traps and destroys fforeign antigens and destroys aging RBCs |
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Term
| Why is Type O blood called the universal donor? |
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Definition
| type O blood will not cause antibody production in the recipient. |
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Term
| What is the first line of immune defense? |
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Definition
| Physical Barriers: skin, mucosa, cilia, lysozyme, defensins, mucus |
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Term
| What is the second line of immune defense? |
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Definition
| Non-Specific Defense: dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, complement, fever, inflammation |
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Term
| What is the third line of immune defense? |
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Definition
| Specific Defense: T-cells, B-cells and antibodies |
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Term
| How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| hormones are sent by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal system of the capillaries. |
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Term
| How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| Axons from nuclei in the hypothalamus travel to the posterior pituitary where they release hormones when stimulated |
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Term
| Why is a transport protein needed for some hormones? |
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Definition
| Hormones made from cholesterol are hyprophobic and cannot dissolve in the blood unless helped by a transport protein |
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Term
| What hormones and energy molecules are used in Stage 1 of the stress reaction? |
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Definition
Hormones: epinephrine/norepinephrine
Energy molecule: glycogen |
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Term
| What hormones and energy molecules are used in Stage 2 of the stress reaction? |
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Definition
Hormones: cortisol
Energy molecules: fats/proteins |
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Term
| How does insulin effect the cell? |
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Definition
| From the outside of the cell because it is hydrophillic and is not allowed to penetrate the cell wall. |
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Term
| What happens when insulin is not available? |
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Definition
| cells are not able to take glucose out of the blood/they use fats for fuel/glucose is filtered by kidneys and causes excess water to leave body with it/acidosis occurs |
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Term
| What are the causes of changes in WBC count? |
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Definition
1. infection -increase
2. stress - increase
3. leukemia - increase
4. virus - decrease |
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Term
| What are the three steps in hemostasis? |
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Definition
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet aggregation
3. coagulation |
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Term
| What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways? |
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Definition
| The intrinsic pathway has a cascade of steps that lead to coagulation - the extrinsic pathway is activated by trauma and skips several steps and leads to faster coagulation response. |
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Term
| What is the function of a basophil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of a dendritic cell? |
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Definition
| to warn the body of invading cells and attract macrophages. |
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Term
| What is the function of the natural killer cells? |
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Definition
| it is a non-specific lymphocyte that patrols blood and extracellular fluid looking for foreign cells to kill - only cells, no viruses or antigens |
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Term
| What is the function of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte? |
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Definition
| Cytotoxic T cells are phagocytes that kill foreign cells |
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Term
| What is the function of a Helper T-Lymphocyte? |
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Definition
| Helper T cells release chemicals that cause T and B cells to clone and produce memory cells after contact with antigens. this helps strengthen future immunity |
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Term
| What is the function of a B Lymphocyte? |
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Definition
| They act as phagocytes, clone into memory and plasma cells, and produce antibodies. |
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Term
| What is the function of plasma cells? |
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Definition
| they are morphed B cells that produce antibodies |
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Term
| What is the function of antibodies? |
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Definition
| they are proteins that attach to specific foreign antigens to mark them for destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical produced by cells that are infected by a virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that eat holes in bacterial cell walls - secreted by natural killer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical that dissolves bacterial cells usually found in tears, sweat, saliva |
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Term
| What are immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| dead WBCs, dead bacteria and cell debris |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothalamus reacts to increase body temperature when prostaglandins are secreted as an immune repsonse |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of immunity? |
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Definition
1. Natural active -exposed to disease 2. Natural passive - mother antibodies
3. Artificial active -anti to vaccine
4. Artificial passive - vaccine of anti |
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Term
| How does the HIV virus attack the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| Exaggerated reaction to the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction of the immune system throughout the body- relaeases histamine, causes drop in B/P, bronchoconstriction, shock and death |
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Term
| What are the types of auto-immune disorders? |
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Definition
1. antibody mediated cytotoxcity
2. Immune complex
3. delayed hypersensitivity |
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Term
| What is antibody mediated cytotoxcity? |
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Definition
| antibody formed agains foreign antigen mistakes a self antigen as its target and initiates an immune response - ex. blood transfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| antigen-antibody complexes in basement membrane of blood vessels cause inflammation and injure vessel. Ex: Renal failure/LUPUS |
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Term
| What is delayed hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| over 2-3 days foreign cells causes new antibody formation and a delayed attack. Ex: organ transplant reaction |
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