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A&PII Final Review
Final Exam
207
Science
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2014

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Sperm cells are stored primarily in the
Definition
epididymides
Term
The last fluid to be expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the
Definition
seminal vesicles
Term
Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus, and
Definition
anterior pituitary gland, and testes
Term
The hormone responsible for the development and maintanence of male secondary sexual characteristics is
Definition
testosterone
Term

Which of the following structures is unpaired?

a. seminal vesicle 

b. vas deferens

c. bulbourethral gland

d. prostate gland

Definition
d. prostate gland
Term
The interstitial cells of the testes produve
Definition
androgens
Term
If the testes fail to descend, a male is infertile because sperm cell formation is prevented by
Definition
relatively high internal body temperature
Term
Removal of the prostate gland would
Definition
affect sperm motility
Term
The epididymis is a         and it functions to        .
Definition
tightly coiled tube on the outside of the testis; store immature sperm as they mature.
Term
T/F Sperm cells are produced by the germinal epithelial cells that line the seminiferous tubules.
Definition
True
Term
T/F The secretions of the prostate gland function to neutralize acid semen
Definition
True
Term
The primary organs of the male reproductive system are the
Definition
testes
Term
As a group, male sex hormones are called
Definition
androgens
Term
The cellular process by which chromosome number is reduced is called
Definition
meiosis
Term
The hormone mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is
Definition
estrogen
Term
The hormone oxytocin aids the birth process by stimulating
Definition
uterine wall contractions
Term
A pap smear is used to detect the presense of abnormal cells in the
Definition
cervix
Term
Following ovulation, a human egg cell can survive approximately
Definition
12-24 hours
Term

Which of the following terms is/are combined?

a. ovulation-rupture of an ovarian follicle and release of a secondary oocyte and first polar body

b. vestibule-space enclosed by the labie minora

c. orgasm- pleasurable sense of physiological and physical release

d. all of the above

 

Definition
d. all of the above
Term

egg cells are transported in the female reproductive tract by the 

 

Definition
action of ciliated epithelium in the uterine tubes; movements of their tails
Term
T/F the primary organs of the female reproductive system are the uterus and vagina
Definition
false.
Term
T/F in females, egg cell production begis before birth.
Definition
True
Term
T/F FSH stimulates a primordial follicle to start the maturation process
Definition
True
Term
       is the process by which egg cells are formed
Definition
Oogenesis
Term
Following ovulation, the follicular cells of the ovary enlarge to form a structure called the
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
The hormone that stimulates the secretion of milk from the mammary glands is
Definition
prolactin
Term
The first to be secreted by the mammary glands following the birth of an infant is called
Definition
colostrome
Term
Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes within the
Definition
joint cavities
Term
Extracellular fluids are characterized by relatively
Definition
high sodium and low potassium concentrations
Term
The thirst center is located in the
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
During the act of drinking water, the desire for waer is usually inhibited by
Definition
distention of the stomach
Term
A person in a moderate invirnoment probabl would lose the greatest amount of water by means of
Definition
urine
Term
The hormone aldosterone functions to promote the
Definition
reabsorption of sodium
Term
if excessive amount of water are tajen into the body,
Definition
osmoreceptors in the brain beginto swell.
Term
Of the compartents containing extracellular fluid, which is the largest?
Definition
interstial fluid
Term

Which of the following most closely represents the precentage of water by weight in an adult male? 

a. 35%

b. 45%

c. 55%

d. 65%

 

Definition
d. 65%
Term
Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female body contains relatively
Definition
less water and more adipose tissue
Term
Drinking alcohol produces its diuretic effect by
Definition
inhibiting the release of ADH
Term

If the reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubule is inhibited, the 

a. osmotive pressure of the renal tubular fluid increases

b. reabsorption ofwater by the renal tubule decreases

c. plasma volume decreases 

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Excessive secretion of PTH results in
Definition
increased bone reabsorption and increased blood calcium concentration
Term
The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimlated by       of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by      .
Definition
an increase in the osmotic oressure; distension of the stomach by water
Term
Dehdration is
Definition

-caused by excessivee sweating, prolonged water deprivation, vomiting, or diarrhea

- characterized by the osmotic conentration increasing in the extracellular fluid compartment

-characterized by water leaving the intracellular fluid compartment by osmosis

Term
T/F Any factorthat altes water balance will also alter electrolyte balance
Definition
True
Term
T/F normally, fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries as a result of active transport.
Definition
false
Term

Water obtained as a by-product of the oxidation of various nutrients is called 

 

Definition
water of metabolism
Term
The primary regulator of water intake is the mechanism of
Definition
thirst
Term
The primary mechanism that regulates the concentration of sodium ions in extracellular fluid involves hormone        secreted by the       
Definition
aldosterone; adrenal cortex
Term
        increases extracellular callcium levels by activating osteoclasts, targeting kidney tubules and the intestinal cells.
Definition
Parathyroid hormone
Term

Which of the following is correct concering the kidneys? 

a. the right kidney is usually higher than the left one

b. they are located behind the peritoneum

c. their upper border are about at the level of the third lumber vertebra

d. they are located against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity.  

Definition
b. they are located behind the peritoneum
Term
If the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus becomes constricted,
Definition
the glomerulus filtration rate decreases
Term
The reabsorptin of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the
Definition
proximal convulated tubule
Term
Whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are
Definition
reabsorbed by passive transport
Term
The functional unit of the kidney where urine is produced is the
Definition
nephron
Term
in males, the external urethral sphincter surrounds
Definition
membranous urethra
Term
The micturition reflex center is located in the
Definition
sacral segments of the spinal cord
Term

Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?

a. decreased blood pressure

b. increased blood pressure

c. a constricted afferent arteriole

d. a dilated efferent arteriole

Definition
b. increased blood pressure
Term

Which of the following is not considered a funtion of the kidneys?

a. regulation of body fluid conventration

b. regulation of body fluid volume

c. removal of waste products from the body

d. formation of plasma proteins

Definition
d. formation of plasma proteins
Term

In which of the following portions of the nephron is water actively transported? 

a. proximal convoluted tubule

b. descending limb of the nephron loop

c. collecting duct

d. none of the above

 

Definition
d. none of the above
Term
Conscious control of micturition involves inhibiting the mictuirition reflex by using nerve centers in the
Definition
brain stem and cerebral cortex
Term

Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine? 

a. urea

b. uric acid

c. glucose

d. none of the above

Definition
c. glucose
Term
As a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Definition
drops and filtration decreases
Term

Which of the following is secreted into the urine from the blood? 

a. amino acids

b. glucose

c. hydrogen ions

d. water

Definition
c. hydrogen ions
Term

A glomerulus is a      , wheras a renal tubule is a        .

 

Definition
a tangled cluster of blood capollaries; highly coiled tubules that leads away from the glomerular capsule.
Term
Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by
Definition
both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
Term
The epithelial cells of the proximal convulated tubule are adapted for reabsorption by
Definition
having mmicroscopic projections called microvilli
Term
The micturition reflec can be voluntarily controlled by the
Definition
cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve
Term
The composition of glomerular cfiltrate compare to that of plasma by containing
Definition
the same substtances as plasma except for having larger protein molecules
Term
T/F Urine is forced along the length of the ureter by peristalic waves
Definition
True
Term

T/F The urinary bladder is located above the parietal peritoneum

 

 

Definition
False
Term
T/F When the concentration of water in the body fluids increases, the secretion of ADH increases
Definition
False
Term

During urine formation, some substances move from the plasma in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule by the process called 

 

Definition
tubular secretion
Term
Water reabsoprtion occurs throughout the length of the renal tubule by the process of
Definition
osmosis
Term
Uric acid results from the metabolism of
Definition
nucleic acids
Term
The force that causes air to move into the lings during inspiration is supplied by
Definition
atmospheric pressure
Term
The force resposible for normal expiratin is supplied by the
Definition
elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension
Term
The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood
Definition
oxygen concentration
Term
The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when
Definition
carbon dioxide concentration increases
Term

Which of the following is (are) a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?

a. warming inspired air

b. moistening inspired air

c. entrapping small particles

d. all of the above. 

Definition
d. all of the above.
Term
The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the
Definition
force of air passing over the vocal cords
Term
If a flashlight is placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room, it may be possible to illuminate the
Definition
frontal sinus
Term
Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to develop from
Definition
epithelial cells
Term
The amount of air that enters or leave the lings during a normal respiratory cycle is the
Definition
tidal volume
Term
The pharynx functions as a        , whereas the larynx funtions as a       .
Definition
common passageway for air and food;passageway for air only
Term

The trachea can be described as 

a. lined with a ciliated mucous membrane

b. including about 20 C-shaped cartilage rings

c. a passageway for air

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term

The first event in inspiration is 

 

Definition
the diaohragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract
Term
T/F The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords.
Definition
False
Term
T/F The glottis is he opening between the coval cord
Definition
True
Term
T/F Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen
Definition
True
Term
T/F CArbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen
Definition
true
Term
T/F The greatest amount of carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of dissolved carbon monoxide
Definition
False
Term
The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid  from entering the trachea during swallowing is the
Definition
epiglottis
Term
The layer f serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called
Definition
visceral pluera
Term
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation is
Definition
vital capacity
Term
The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and the        of the bbrain stem
Definition
pons
Term
When carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, the compound                    is formed
Definition
carbaminohemoglobin
Term
The teeth that are best adapted for biting off relatively large pieces of food are the
Definition
incisors
Term

The main part of the stomach is called the 

a. fundic region

b. pyloric region

c. cardiac region

d. none of the above

Definition
d. none of the above
Term

A relatively new treatment in the management of gastric ulcers is a drug that inhibits the productionof HCL in the stomach. If a person took this medication for a long period, the digestionof which of the following would be affected the most? 

a. carbohydrates

b. lipids

c. proteins

d. none of the above

Definition
c. proteins
Term
Which constituent of bile has digestive funtion?
Definition
bile salts
Term
Gastrin, which is secreted by stomach cells, funtions to
Definition
increase the secretions of the gastric glands
Term

Which of the following is a protein-splitting enzyme found in pancreatic juice? 

a. trypsin

b. zymogen

c. amylase

d. nuclease

Definition
a. trypsin
Term

The liver functions to

a. form glucose ffrom noncarbohydrates

b. store vitamins A, D, B12

c. destroy damaged red blood cells

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract
Definition
from the pharynx to the anus
Term

Which of the following routes can bile take to the small intestine? 

a. cystic duct-common bile duct-duodenum

b. common bile duct-cystic duct-duodenum

c common bile duct-hepatic duct-duodenum

d. both b and c 

Definition
a. cystic duct-common bile duct-duodenum
Term

Oxygenated blood is brought to the liver by 

 

Definition
hepatic artery
Term
Where would you most likely find bolus
Definition
pharynx
Term
Most chemical digestion occurs in the
Definition
duodenum
Term

Which of the following are absorbed into the lacteals? 

a. proteins

b. products of lipid breakdown

c. carbohydrates

d. water and amino acids

Definition
b. products of lipid breakdown
Term
Because of their location, swollen oalatine tonsils may interfere with
Definition
both breathing and swallowing
Term
The loss of teeth is most commonly associated with diseasesof the
Definition
gums and dental pulp
Term
Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the
Definition
esophagus
Term
Gastric and duodenal ulcers are usually caused by the action of
Definition
pepsin
Term
Jaundice, which is characterized by a yellowish tinge to the tissues, is due to an increased blood concentration of
Definition
bile pigments
Term
Gallstones are usually composed of
Definition
cholesterol
Term
The epithelial cells that form the inner linin of the small intestine
Definition
are replaced every few days
Term

The digestive functions of saliva include 

a. digesting starch into disaccharies

b. acting as a lubricant during swallowing

c. dissolving food chemicals

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Which layer of the alimentay canal is resposible for absorption of nutrients?
Definition
mucosa
Term
The chyme is transformed from fluid to semi-solid in
Definition
colon
Term
The least severe form of hepatits is    , (also call "infectious hepatitis"), caused by         infection
Definition
A;viral
Term

Of the following selections, the one which is not a function of the stomach is 

a. mechanical breakdown of food

b. storage of ingested food

c. digestion of proteins

d. digestion of carbohydrates

Definition
d. digestion of carbohydrates
Term
The bile canals of the liver unite to form the
Definition
hepatic ducts
Term
T/F hepatitis is inflammation of a liver caused by bacterial infecton
Definition
false
Term
The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the
Definition
ileocecal sphincter
Term
The process by which bile causes the breakdown of fat globules into smaller droplets is
Definition
emulsification
Term
Large, fixed phagocytes in the lining of the hepatic sinusoids are called
Definition
kupffer cells
Term
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
Definition
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Term

The spleen 

a. is the largest lymphatic organ

b. contains nodules similiar to lymphatic nodules

c. contain numerous phagocyytic cells

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term

Which of the following if an example of a specific body defense mechanism? 

a. phagocytosis

b. inflammation

c. immunity

d. enzyme action

Definition
c. immunity
Term

The most phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are 

 

Definition
neutropils and monocytes
Term
The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is
Definition
naturally acquired active immunity
Term
The spleen is much like a lymph node except the spleen
Definition
filters blood
Term
following a primary immune response, the cells that give rise to memory cells are
Definition
B cells only
Term
Foreign particles that are injected into the skin are likely to enter the lymphatic system
Definition
rapidly
Term
The cells called cytotoxic T cells destroy
Definition
cancer and virus-containg cells
Term
Injections of gamma globulin (type of plasma protein; constitutes the antibodies) are sometimes given to provide
Definition
artificially acquireed passive immunity
Term
The primary functions of a lymph include
Definition
both returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes
Term
In an auto-immune disease, the immune response is directed toward
Definition
self-antigens
Term

The struture of a lymph node can be described as

a. being divided into compartments that contain masses of lymphocytes and macrophages

b. afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface

c. efferent vessels circulating lymph out of the node at its hilum

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term

The major function(s) of a lymph node is/are

a. production of lymphocytes

b. filtration of foreign particles

c. filtration of cellular debris

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
an antigen is       , whereas an antibody is        
Definition
a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antifen to eliminate them
Term
An antigen is a foreign substance that causes       , whereas an allergen is a froeign substancethat causes       
Definition
the formation of antibodies; an allergic reaction
Term
lymph is           that has entered a lymphatic capillary
Definition
tissue fluid
Term
       are masses of partially encapsulated lymphatic nodules of the pharynx
Definition
tonsils
Term
disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacterial are called
Definition
pathogens
Term

The foreign, of "non-self" substances that trigger immune responses are called 

 

Definition
antigens
Term
A substance that can stimulate a primary immune response but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease is a
Definition
vaccine
Term
A population of lymphocytes whose members are all alike and are capable of responding to the same specific antigen is called a
Definition
clone
Term
T/F T cells produce antibodies
Definition
false
Term
T/F Macrophages activate helper T cells, which in turn stimulate the B cells that have combined with an identical antigen to produce antibodies
Definition
true
Term
When the doctor listened to the pts heart, he heard "lub-hiss" instead of the normal "lub-dub" sounds. the hiss is most likely due to
Definition
a defective semilunar valve
Term
Plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries help to
Definition
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood
Term
Which type of blood vessel holds the greatest amount of blood
Definition
vein
Term

Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta? 

a. right cornary artery

b. pulmonary artery

c. brachiocephalic artery

d. left subclavian artery

Definition
d. pulmonary artery
Term
Blood from the face and scalp is drained by the
Definition
external jugular vein
Term
The blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during
Definition
venricular systole
Term
The right atrium receives blood directly from the
Definition
super vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus only
Term

Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract? 

a. phrenic arteries

b. superior mesenteric artery

c. lumbar artery

d. middle sacral artery

Definition
b. superior mesenteric artery
Term

If a persons pulse is taken by palpation near the thumb on the wrist, what artery is being felt

 

Definition
radial artery
Term
With a stethoscope placed at the tip of the sternum, sounds can be heard coming from the
Definition
triscupid valve
Term
in an ecg pattern, the p wave is caused by
Definition
depolarization of atrial muscle fibers
Term
in an ecg, the t wave is caused by
Definition
repolarizstion of ventricular muscle fibers
Term
in an ecg pattern, the p-q interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the
Definition
s-a node to the ventricular muscle fibers
Term
The term usd to describe an abnormally slow heartrate is
Definition
bradycardia
Term

Which of the following factors is most likely to result in an increase in blood pressure? 

a. decreased blood flow to the kidneys

b. decreased volume of body fluids

c. increased excretion of sodium

d. increased eexcretion of water

Definition
a. decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Term

which of the following is not a factor that seems to increase the susceptibility to atherosclerosis?

a. diet high in unsaturated fats

b. high blood pressure

c. lack of physical exercise

d. obesity

Definition
a. diet high in unaturated fats
Term

Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise? 

a. increased blood flow to the myocardium

b. increased blood flow to the skin

c. increased blood flow to the skeletal muscle

d. increased blood flor to the abdominal viscera

Definition
d. increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera
Term
Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to      , an enter the venule end of a capillary due to       .
Definition
hydrostatic pressure being higher thhan osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure
Term

the arterial disease atherisclerosis is characterized by 

a. the accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, especially cholesterol, on the inside of an artery wall

b. plaques decreasing blood flow through the affected artery

c. the increased possibilty of forming a blood clot

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
the        is the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardial membranes
Definition
pericardial cavity
Term
blood is supplied to the myocardium by means of the       arteries
Definition
coronary
Term
the blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to allow the exxchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid are
Definition
capillaries
Term
tissure fluid is returned to the venous circulation by means of
Definition
lymphatic vessels
Term
the descending aorta divides near the brim of the pelvis to form the right and left
Definition
common iliac arteries
Term
the longest vein in the body is the
Definition
great sephenous vein
Term
the percentage of solids in a sample of human blood is normally about
Definition
45%
Term
the bioconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei wwhen they are mature are the
Definition
red blood cells
Term

Which of the following is an agranulocyte? 

a. basophil

b. eosinophil

c. monocyte

d. polymorphonuclear leukocyte

 

Definition
c. monocyte
Term
the normal white blood cell count is
Definition
5000-10000 cells/mm3 of blood
Term
platelets are best described as
Definition
cytoplasmic fragments of cells
Term
the basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change of
Definition
fibrogen to fibrin
Term
a primary function of lymphocytes is to
Definition
act against foreign substances
Term

of the following, which are the most active as phagocytes? 

a. erythrocytes

b. neutrophils

c. platelets

d. eosinophils

 

Definition
b. neutrophils
Term
erythroblastosis fetalis is most likely to become a problem in Rh-negative mother as
Definition
a second Rh-positive fetus develops
Term
sickle cell anemia is caused by
Definition
an abnormal form of hemoglobin
Term

pus is composed of 

a. leukocytes

b. bacteria

c. damaged body cells

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
if body cells lack ldl receptors, the plasma concentration of ldl molecules
Definition
increases and the blood cholesterol concentration increases
Term
a pulmory embolism is most likely caused by a clot reaching
Definition
a lung through a pulmonary artery
Term
in an emergency, a person with blood type a can receive blood from types
Definition
A,O
Term
T-cells and B-cells are 2 types of cells called          that play imprtant role in immunity
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
all hormones are
Definition
organic compounds
Term

steriod hormones

a. are solluble in lipids

b. combine with protein receptor molecules

c. act by causing the synthesis of messenger rna molecules

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
as a rule, hormone concentrations are controlled by
Definition
negative feedback mechanisms
Term

which of the following is secreted by nerve fibers in th eposterior lobe of the piruitary gland? 

a. tsh

b.acth

c. gh

d. adh

Definition
d. adh
Term

growth hormone

a. enhances the movement of amino acids into cells

b. increases the rate of protein synthesis

c. increases the rate of fat metabolism

d. all of the above

Definition
d. all of the above
Term

Which of the following hormones exerts its effect primarily upton the reproductive ogans?

a. fsh

b.acth

c. pl

d.thyrotropin

Definition
a. fsh
Term
thyroxine functions to
Definition
enhance the rate at which proteins are synthesized
Term
aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to
Definition
conserve soduim and secrete potassium
Term

target cells for releasing hormones are in the 

 

Definition
anterior pituitary gland
Term

which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? 

a. pancreas

b. anterior pituitary

c. liver

d. thyroid gland

Definition
a. pancreas
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