Systemic Arteries.

1. Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart to the various organs of the body.   

2. The ____ is the longest artery in the body; it branches to give rise to all of the smaller arteries that form the ________.

3. The aorta consists of 4 sequential regions. What are they?

1. away

2. aorta; systemic circulation

3. ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta

This is the initial portion of the aorta and extends off of the left ventricle in an upward direction.

- ascending aorta

The only branches of the ascending aorta are the _________, which supply blood to the heart wall.

- right and left coronary arteries

This is the portion of the aorta that is shaped like a cane handle and connects the ascending aorta with the thoracic aorta.

- aortic arch

3 arteries branch off of the aortic arch. What are they?

1. brachiocephalic artery (also called the brachiocephalic trunk)

2. left common carotid artery

3. left subclavian artery

- The brachiocephalic trunk further divides into a right common carotid artery and a right subclavian artery.

True or False: Each common carotid artery branches into an external carotid artery and an internal carotid artery.

- True

This supplies blood to the face, nose, oral cavity (teeth, tongue, etc.), ear, scalp, neck, pharynx, larynx, and thyroid gland.

- External carotid arteries

This supplies blood to the brain, pituitary gland, and the eye.

- internal carotid arteries

Subclavian Arteries.

1. Each subclavian artery branches to form the ________, which supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord.

2. The subclavian artery continues on into the axillary region and is now called the ________. What does this supply blood to?

1. vertebral artery

2. axillary artery; supplies blood to the axilla, shoulder, and chest wall (skin and pectoral muscles).

Subclavian Arteries.

3. The axillary artery enters the arm and becomes the ________. What does this supply blood to?

4. Near the elbow, the brachial artery branches to form the ________, which follows the radius, and the ________, which follows the ulna. What do they supply blood to?

3. brachial artery; supplies blood to the arm

4. radial artery; ulnar artery; these supply blood to the forearm

Subclavian Arteries.

5. Near the wrist, the ulnar artery and the radial artery unite to form a ________ and a ________. What do these supply blood to?

6. ________ branch off of above* and supply blood to the _____ and _____

5. superficial palmar arch; deep palmar arch; they supply blood to the palm of the hand

6. Digital arteries; fingers and thumb

What are the major arteries that supply blood to the brain?

- internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries

Internal Carotid Arteries.

Each internal carotid artery branches to form an ________.

- anterior cerebral artery

Internal Carotid Arteries.

The left and right anterior cerebral arteries are interconnected via the ________. 

- anterior communicating artery

Vertebral Arteries.

Along the ventral surface of the brainstem, the left and right vertebral arteries merge to form the ________.

- basilar artery

Vertebral Arteries.

The basilar artery branches to form the ________.

- posterior cerebral arteries

Vertebral Arteries.

The posterior cerebral arteries branch to form the ________, which connect with the internal carotid arteries.

- posterior communicating arteries

Note that the internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery are interconnected by a circular anastomosis called __________.

- the Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle)

An ______ is a connection between the same type of blood vessels.

- anastomosis

What blood vessels comprise the Circle of Willis? (5 total)

1. anterior cerebral arteries

2. anterior communicating artery

3. internal carotid arteries

4. posterior communicating arteries

5. posterior cerebral arteries

This is the portion of the aorta that is located in the thoracic cavity. It supplies blood to the chest wall and to many organs of the thoracic cavity.

- thoracic aorta

Thoracic Aorta.

These supply blood to the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs.

-Note: the pulmonary arteries actually supply blood to the alveoli of the lungs.

- bronchial arteries

Thoracic Aorta.

Supply blood to the esophagus.

- Esophageal arteries

Thoracic Aorta.

Supply blood to the pericardium.

- pericardial arteries

Thoracic Aorta.

Supply blood to the intercostal muscles, a portion of the spinal cord, and the upper back.

- intercostal arteries

Thoracic Aorta.

Supply blood to the diaphragm.

- superior phrenic arteries

What are the 5 branches of the thoracic aorta?

1. bronchial arteries

2. esophageal arteries

3. pericardial arteries

4. intercostal arteries

5. superior phrenic arteries

This is the portion of the aorta that is located in the abdominal cavity. It supplies blood to abdominal organs.

- abdominal aorta

3 unpaired arteries branch off of the abdominal aorta. What are they?

1. celiac trunk

2. superior mesenteric artery

3. inferior mesenteric artery

Celiac Trunk.

What are the 3 branches it divides into?

1. left gastric artery

2. common hepatic artery

3. splenic artery

Celiac Trunk.

This artery supplies blood to the stomach.

- left gastric artery

Celiac Trunk.

This artery supplies blood to the liver and gallbladder.

- common hepatic artery

Celiac Trunk.

This artery supplies blood to the spleen and pancreas.

- splenic artery

Abdominal Aorta.

This artery supplies blood to the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine.

- superior mesenteric artery

Abdominal Aorta.

This artery supplies blood to the second half of the large intestine.

- inferior mesenteric artery

5 paired arteries branch off of the abdominal aorta. What are they?

1. inferior phrenic arteries

2. suprarenal arteries

3. renal arteries

4. gonadal arteries

5. lumbar arteries

Abdominal Aorta.

These arteries supply blood to the diaphragm.

- inferior phrenic arteries

Abdominal Aorta.

These arteries supply blood to the adrenal glands.

- suprarenal arteries

Abdominal Aorta.

These arteries supply blood to the kidneys.

- renal arteries

Abdominal Aorta.

- These arteries supply blood to the gonads and other structures

- In men, the gonadal arteries are called testicular arteries; they supply blood to the testes.

- In women, the gonadal arteries are called ovarian arteries; they supply blood to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus

- gonadal arteries

Abdominal Aorta.

These arteries supply blood to the spinal cord and to the lower back.

- lumbar arteries

Near which vertebra does the abdominal aorta splits into 2 major arteries? What are the names of these arteries?

- fourth lumbar (L4)

- right and left common iliac arteries

Right and Left Common Iliac Arteries.

Each common iliac artery branches to form an __________ and an __________.

- internal iliac artery and an external iliac artery

Right and Left Common Iliac Arteries.

These arteries supply blood to the pelvis, urinary bladder, buttocks, penis and scrotum (in men), and vagina (in women).

- internal iliac arteries

Right and Left Common Iliac Arteries.

These arteries supply blood to the lower limbs.

- external iliac arteries

As each external iliac artery descends into the thigh, it becomes the ________; it supplies blood to the thigh.

- femoral artery

Behind the knee, the femoral artery becomes the ________, which branches into the ________ and the ________.

- popliteal artery

- anterior tibial artery

- posterior tibial artery

- The anterior tibial artery supplies blood to the anterior leg, while the posterior tibial artery supplies blood to the posterior leg.

Near the ankle, the anterior tibial artery becomes the ________, which supplies blood to the ankle. As it descends, this* branches to form the _________, which supplies blood to the dorsal surface of the foot.

- dorsalis pedis artery

- dorsal arch (arcuate artery)

In addition, the posterior tibial artery eventually branches into the _________ and the _________, which supply blood to the plantar surface of the foot. These arteries are inter-connected by the ________. The ________ branch off of this* to supply blood to the toes.

- lateral plantar artery

- medial plantar artery

- plantar arch

- digital arteries

True or False: Veins are more superficial than arteries and, therefore, can often be seen through the skin.

- True

Arteries are named in a distal direction; veins, however, are named in a proximal direction.

Systemic Veins.

Drains blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest.

- superior vena cava

Systemic Veins.

Drains blood from the abdomen, pelvic organs, and lower limb.

- inferior vena cava

Systemic Veins.

Drains blood from the heart wall.

- coronary sinus

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

1. The ________ drain the fingers and thumb of the hand.

1. digital veins

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

2. The digital veins empty into the __________, the __________, and the __________. These veins drain the palm of the hand. 

2. superficial palmar venous arch; deep palmar venous arch; palmar venous plexus

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

3. The palmar venous arches and the palmar venous plexus empty into the following veins: ______, __________, ________, ________, and ________. These veins drain the forearm.

3. basilic vein; median antebrachial vein; ulnar vein; radial vein; cephalic vein

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

4. Both the basilic vein and the cephalic vein course through the forearm and then ascend into the arm. In front of the antecubital region, the cephalic vein and basilic vein form a side interconnection through the __________. The median cubital vein is the vein from which blood samples are typically obtained. Before leaving the forearm, the ulnar vein and the radial vein combine to form the _________ that ascends into the arm. Hence, the basilic vein, the cephalic vein, and the brachial vein are the major veins of the arm. Consequently, the arm is drained by these veins.

4. median cubital vein; brachial vein

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

5. As it approaches the axilla, the basilic vein joins the brachial vein to form the ________. This* drains the axilla, shoulder, and chest wall (skin and pectoral muscles).

5. axillary vein

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

6. The axillary vein and the cephalic vein ultimately join to form the __________.

6. subclavian vein

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

7. After traveling for a short distance, the subclavian merges with the __________, __________, and the _________, forming the __________.  Note that there are 2 brachiocephalic veins, but only 1 brachiocephalic artery. The external jugular vein drains the scalp and ear. The internal jugular veins drains the brain, pituitary gland, eye, face, oral cavity (teeth, tongue, etc.), nose, neck, pharynx, larynx, and thyroid gland. The vertebral vein drains a portion of the spinal cord (but not the brain).

7. external jugular vein; internal jugular vein; vertebral vein; brachiocephalic vein

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

8. Near the heart, the brachiocephalic veins combine, creating the superior vena cava, which drains into the __________.

8. right atrium

The azygous system drains various regions of the thoracic cavity; this system consists of the ________ and the ________ (also called the __________).

- azygous vein; hemiazygous vein; accessory hemiazygous vein

The __________ drains into the azygous vein, which drains into the superior vena cava.

- hemiazygous veins

The azygous vein and the hemiazygous vein receive blood from which 3 veins?

1. intercostal veins

2. esophageal veins

3. bronchial veins

Venous return from the thorax.

Drain blood from the intercostal muscles and upper back.

- intercostal veins

Venous return from the thorax.

Drain the esophagus.

- esophageal veins

Venous return from the thorax.

Drain the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs.

- bronchial veins

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the ____________.

- right and left common iliac veins

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

Drains the pelvis, urinary bladder, buttocks, penis and scrotum (in men) and vagina (in women).

- internal iliac vein

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

Drains the lower limbs.

- external iliac vein

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

1. The ________ drain the toes of the foot.

1. digital veins

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

2. The digital veins empty into the __________ and into the _________. The dorsal venous arch drains the dorsal surface of the foot, while the plantar venous arch drains the plantar surface of the foot.

2. dorsal venous arch; plantar venous arch

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

3. The dorsal venous arch ultimately empties into the __________ and the __________. The anterior tibial vein drains the anterior leg. The great saphenous vein courses along the medial side of the leg and thigh and drains that entire area. Hence, the great saphenous vein is the longest vein of the body. The plantar venous arch empties into the __________, which drains the posterior leg.

3. anterior tibial vein; great saphenous vein; posterior tibial vein

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

4. In the back of the knee, the anterior tibial vein and the posterior tibial vein join to form the _________. This* drains this area of the knee.

4. popliteal vein

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

5. The popliteal vein ascends and becomes the __________, which drains the thigh.

5. femoral vein

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

6. The femoral vein ascends. Near the lower pelvis, the femoral vein joins with the great saphenous to form the __________.

6. external iliac vein

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

Once formed, the inferior vena cava ascends through the abdomen. 5 paired abdominal veins drain into the inferior vena cava. What are they?

1. gonadal veins

2. renal veins

3. suprarenal veins

4. inferior phrenic veins

5. hepatic veins

- Called testicular veins in men and ovarian veins in women

- The testicular veins drain the testes, while the ovarian veins drain the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus.

- gonadal veins

- Note that in actuality, only the right gonadal vein drains into the inferior vena cava, while the left gonadal vein drains into the renal vein.

- Drain the kidneys

- renal veins

- Drain the adrenal glands

- suprarenal veins

- Drain the diaphragm

- inferior phrenic veins

- Drain the liver 

- hepatic veins

- Note that there isn’t a direct drainage of blood from the organs of the digestive system.

1. The blood from digestive organs must first go to the liver via the __________. 

2. This allows the liver to screen the blood coming from the __________.

1. hepatic portal vein

2. gastrointestinal tract

If there is excess glucose, the hepatocytes (liver cells) take up the glucose and store it as ________.         

• Excess vitamins (A, D, E, K, and B12) and minerals (iron and copper) in the blood are also removed and stored in the hepatocytes.

• Any toxic substances (like drugs and alcohol) are removed and detoxified by the hepatocytes and then either reintroduced back into the blood or excreted into bile.

- glycogen

5 unpaired veins empty into the hepatic portal vein, what are they?

1. superior mesenteric vein

2. inferior mesenteric vein 

3. splenic vein

4. gastric vein

5. cystic vein

- Drains the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine

- superior mesenteric vein

- Drains the last half of the large intestine

- inferior mesenteric vein

- Drains the spleen and the pancreas

- Merges with the inferior mesenteric before entering the hepatic portal vein

- splenic vein

- Drains portions of the stomach

- gastric vein

- Drains the gallbladder

- cystic vein