An acid is a substance that dissociates into one or more ________.

A. Hydroxide ions

B. Hydrogen ions

C. Potassium ions

D. None of the above

B. Hydrogen ions

This membrane protein selectively moves a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other.

A. Ion channels

B. Linkers

C. Carriers

D. Receptors

C. Carriers

What is the main difference between an ionic and covalent bonds?

A. Ionic bond is a sharing of electrons, while a covalent bond involves the gain and loss of an electron

B. Ionic bond involves a loss and gain of an electron, while a covalent bond involves the sharing of a pair of electrons

C. Ionic bonds involve a gain and loss of of an electron, while a covalent bond involves bonding of atoms

D. None of the Above

B. Ionic bond involves a loss and gain of an electron, while a covalent bond involves the sharing of a pair of electrons

If transporters move two substances in the same direction they are called

A. Antiporters

B. Symporters

C. Co-porters

D. Tri-porters

B. Symporters

These can contain as many as 60 kinds of powerful digestive and hydrolytic enzymes that can break down a wide variety of molecules.

A. Autozomes

B. Golgi complex

C. Lysosomes

D. Membrane vesicles

C. Lysosomes

An ionic compound that breaks apart into a positive an negative ion in solution is called?

A. Cation

B. Anion

C. Covalent bond

D. Electrolyte

D. Electrolyte

Ligand-receptor complexes trigger infolding of a clathrin-coated pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands.

A. Phagocytosis

B. Bulk-phase endocytosis

C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

D. Transcytosis

C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

In this type of secretion the cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product.

A. Merocrine

B. Holocrine

C. Apocrine

B. Holocrine

This type of junction are found where a leak-proof seal is needed between cells.

A. Tight

B. Adherens

C. Gap

A. Tight

Histology is the study of

A. disease

B. tissues

C. cellular structures

D. None of the above

B. tissues

Besides protection, the skin contributes to:

A. Regulation of the body's temperature

B. Sensory perceptions

C. Reservoir of blood

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale. Eumlanin is the:

A. Yellow to red

B. Orange to red

C. Tan to black

D. Brown to black

D. Brown to black

Destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis - some skin functions are lost.

A. First-degree burns

B. Second-degree burns

C. Third-degree burns

D. None of the above

B. Second-degree burns

This chemical class of hormone binds to receptors of the surface of the cell.

A. Lipid soluble hormones

B. Water soluble hormones

C. All of the above

D. None of the above

B. Water soluble hormones

The two major types of Eicosanoids are...

A. Peptide hormones and protein hormones

B. Prostaglandins and Peptide hormons

C. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

D. Protein hormone and Leukotrienes

C. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

This is the major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

A. Thyroid

B. Pituitary gland

C. Hypothalamus

D. Pineal gland

C. Hypothalamus

The shaft or body of the long, cylindrical main portion of the long bone is called...

A. Metaphysis

B. Diaphysis

C. Epiphysis

D. Endosteum

B. Diaphysis

This is the tough connective tissue sheet and associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by the articular cartilage.

A. Endosteum

B. Particular cartilage

C. Periosteum

D. Epiphysis

C. Periosteum

Compact bone tissue is composed of repeating structural units called...

A. Lacunae

B. Osteons or haversian systems

C. Canalicule

D. Central canals

B. Osteons or haversian systems

Type of ossification where bone forms directly within mesenchyme, which is arranged in sheet like layer that resemble membranes.

A. Endochondral ossification

B. Intramembraneous ossification

C. Periosteal ossification

D. None of the above

B. Intramembraneous ossification

This bone forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits (eye sockets), and most of the anterior part of the cranial floor.

A. Ethmoid bone

B. Shenoid bone

C. Frontal bone

D. Parietal bone

C. Frontal bone

These paired bones form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor.

A. Parietal bones

B. Temporal bone

C. Ethmoid bones

D. Sphenoid bone

B. Temporal bone

This bone lies at the midline part of the base of the skull. This bone is called the "keystone" of the cranial floor because it articulates with all other cranial bones, holding them together.

A. Occipital bone

B. Ethmoid bone

C. Frontal bone

D. Sphenoid bone

D. Sphenoid bone

These are paired bones, the smallest bones of the face, are posterior and lateral to the nasal bones and form a part of the medial wall of each orbit.

A. Maxillae bones

B. Palatine bones

C. Lacrimal bones

D. Vomer bones

C. Lacrimal bones

These paired bones unite to form the upper jaw bone.

A. Mandible

B. Maxillae

C. Vomer

D. Palatine

B. Maxillae

How many freely moving vertebrates are in the vertebral column?

A. 27

B. 33

C. 24

D. 32

C. 24

The hand consists of how many bones?

A. 13

B. 19

C. 28

D. 27

B. 19

The wrist consists of how many carpal bones?

A. 7

B. 9

C. 8 

D. 10

C. 8

The femur articulate with the pelvis at the ______.

A. Ischial tuberosity

B. Acetabulum

C. Iliac fossa

D. Pubic crest

B. Acetabulum

The talus is located _____ to the calcaneus.

A. Posterior

B. Inferior

C. Superior

D. Anterior

C. Superior

The tarsus is proximal to the foot and contains how many tarsal bones?

A. 6

B. 5

C. 8

D. 7

D. 7

A sleeve-like structure that surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bone.

A. Articular cartilage

B. Articular capsule

C. Synovial membrane

D. None of the above

C. Synovial membrane

In the synovial joint, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, producing and opening and closing action.

A. Planar joint

B. Hinge joint

C. Pivot joint

D. Condyloid joint

B. Hinge joint

This type of synovial joint, the convex oval-shaped projection of one fits into the oval-shaped depression of the other bone (allowing movement around two axes).

A. Planar joint

B. Hinge joint

C. Pivot joint

D. Condyloid joint

D. Condyloid joint

In this group of joint movement, there is an increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

A. Gliding

B. Angular movement

C. Rotation

D. Special movement

B. Angular movement

In this group of joint movement, a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

A. Gliding

B. Angular movement

C. Rotation

D. Special movement

C. Rotation

This particular special movement, the joint moves the body part in a downward motion.

A. Elevation

B. Depression

C. Protraction

D. Retraction

B. Depression

Muscles are excitable and irritable like nervous tissue, but unlike nerves muscles are also:

A. Contractible

B. Extensible

C. Elastic

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Skeletal muscle functions are:

A. Pump blood continuously

B. Peristalses, blood pressure, pupil size and erect hairs

C. Movement, heat, posture

D. None of the above

C. Movement, heat, posture

The plasma membrane of an individual muscle fiber is called:

A. Sarcoplasm

B. Sarcolemma

C. Sarcomere

D. None of the above

B. Sarcolemma

What binds to the troponin-tropomyosin complex to allow the myosin binding sites to be exposed?

A. K+

B. Na+

C. Ca++

D. Acetocholine

C. Ca++

In the neuromuscular junction the motor end plate is on the:

A. Neuron

B. Muscle cell

C. Dendrite

D. None of the above

B. Muscle cell

The sequence of events from the nerve axon, to the synaptic neuromuscular junction is:

A. Chemical event, electrical event, chemical event

B. Chemical event, electrical event, electrical event

C. Electrical event, chemical event, electrical event

D. Electrical event, chemical event, chemical event

C. Electrical event, chemical event, electrical event

What percentage of the energy used by muscle is lost as heat?

A. 50%

B. 40-50%

C. 60-70%

D. 70-80%

D. 70-80%

These fibers are large, white and powerful. Well suited to intense anaerobic activity of short duration.

A. Slow oxidative

B. Fast glycolytic

C. Fast oxidative-glycolytic

D. None of the above

B. Fast glycolytic

Give an example of a muscle named due to size.

A. Tibialis anterior

B. Transverses abdominus

C. Gluteus maximus

D. Levator scapulae

C. Gluteus maximus

Give an example of a muscle named due to location.

A. Tibialis anterior

B. Transverses abdominus

C. Gluteus maximus

D. Levator scapulae

A. Tibialis anterior

Give an example of a muscle named die to its origin and insertion.

A. Sternocleidomastoid

B. Gluteus maximus

C. Levatorscapulae

D. Gastrocnemius

A. Sternocleidomastoid

Somatic sensory neurons that convey information receptors in the head, body walls and limbs toward the central nervous system (CNS).

A. Efferent

B. Interneurons

C. Afferent

D. None of the above

C. Afferent

Transport system that moves materials in both directions.

A. Slow axonal transport

B. Fast axonal transport

C. None of the above

D. Superfast axonal transport

B. Fast axonal transport

The portion of the brain and spinal cord that is formed from aggregation of myelinated axons from many neurons.

A. Grey matter

B. White matter

C. Substancia negra

D. Substancia blanco

B. White matter

Grey matter of the cord:

A. Contains major sensory and motor tracts to and from the brain

B. Is a site for integration of postsynaptic potentials

C. None of the above

D. A & B only

B. Is a site for integration of postsynaptic potentials

Of the three meninx of the cord, the middle one is...

A. Dura mater

B. Arachnoid mater

C. Pia mater

D. Subarachnoid space

B. Arachnoid mater

The pia mater has how many pairs of the dentriculate ligaments?

A. 22

B. 24

C. 21

D. 19

C. 21

The anterior (ventral) root and rootlets contain axons of:

A. Sensory neurons

B. Motor neurons

C. None of the above

D. A & B only

B. Motor neurons

The lateral grey horns are found only in the _____.

A. Thoracic segments

B. Lumbar segment

C. Sacral segment

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The spinalthalamic tract is an afferent tract that...

A. Transmits pain, temperature, itching, etc.

B. Discriminative touch, vibration, proprioception

C. Voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles

D. None of the above

A. Transmits pain, temperature, itching, etc.

The phrenic nerve arises from the _____.

A. Brachial plexus

B. Cervical plexus

C. Lumbar plexus

D. Sacral plexus

B. Cervical plexus

Reflex arcs can be ____.

A. Ipsilateral

B. Contralateral

C. All of the above

D. None of the above

C. All of the above

Babinski reflex is normal in an adult if the toes ______.

A. Extend

B. Flex

C. Neither

D. Both

B. Flex

The long thoracic nerve emerges from the cords of the brachial plexus to supply:

A. The biceps

B. The triceps

C. Serratus anterior

D. Pectoralis major

C. Serratus anterior

In the development of the brain, the mesencephalon becomes...

A. Forebrain

B. Midbrain

C. Hindbrain

D. None of the above

B. Midbrain

A small triangular process that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres...

A. Falx cerebri

B. Falx cerebelli

C. Tentorium cerebelli

D. None of the above

B. Falx cerebelli

The brain represents only 2 percent of the total body weight, but receives about ____ of the body's blood supply.

A. 10%

B. 20%

C. 30%

D. None of the above

B. 20%

The majority of the CSF is produced from the ependymal cells in the _____.

A. Luska

B. Magendie

C. Choroid plexus

D. None of the above

C. Choroid plexus

CSF is gradually reabsorbed back into the blood through the ______.

A. Arachnoid space

B. Arachnoid granulation

C. Arachnoid villi

D. All of the above

C. Arachnoid villi

The brachial plexus is divided into:

ROOTS → TRUNKS → DIVISIONS → CORDS → BRANCHES (NERVES)

Name all the major nerves that derive from the brachial plexus.

- Radius, ulnar, median, long thoracic

The posterior spinal roots or rootlets contain only:

A. Motor nerves

B. Sensory nerves

C. Ganglionic nerves

D. Autonomic nerves

B. Sensory nerves

Damage to the RAS can cause...

A. Insomnia

B. Coma

C. All of the above

D. None of the above

B. Coma

Vision is possible because of _______ that are able to "catch" photons of EM radiation in the ____-____ nm wavelengths.

- photoreceptors

- 400 - 700

The wall of the eyeball consists of __ layers or tunics. What are their names? Describe them.

- 3

1. Fibrous tunic - outer layer composed of sclera (white) and cornea (transparent epithelium protecting the front of the eye)

2. Vascular tunic - uvea is the middle layer and composed of the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris

3. Nervous tunic - inner retinal layer

These sensory receptors are named according to mode of activation and are responsible for response to painful stimuli.

- Nociceptors

- Chemoreceptive free nerve endings activated by tissue damage from intense thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli

Any motor neuron that is not directly responsible for stimulating target muscles is called an ________.

- upper motor neuron (UMN)

- UMNs connect the brain to the appropriate level in the spinal cord

________ descend to innervate skeletal muscle. One of the two major spinocerebellar tracts. Provide output from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers, they are also called the final common pathway.

- Lower motor neurons (LMNs)