________ is good at providing protection and support. It forms the diaphysis of long bones, and the external layer of all bones.

- Compact Bone

________ is lightweight and provides tissue support . It forms much of the epiphysis and the internal cavity of long bones.

- Spongy bone

________ is a poorly vascularized C.T. with a matrix composed of chondroitin sulfate and various fibers.

- Cartilage

- Fiber types distinguish hyaline cartilage from fibrocartilage or elastic cartilage.

________ is the thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones.

- Articular cartilage

- Found where the bone forms an articular (joint) surface - where one bone moves against another bone. 

The ________ is a tough sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue on the outside of the bone. 

- periosteum

- It contains osteoblasts that help the bone grow in thickness, but not in length.

- It also assists with fracture repair and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments.

1. ________ are bone building cells:  They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components.

2. ________ are mature osteoblasts (maintenance).

3. ________ are large bone breakdown cells.

1. Osteoblasts

2. Osteocytes

3. Osteoclasts

- As white blood cells, osteoclasts migrated from the bone marrow to become “fixed macrophages” in the substance of the bone.

1. The ________ is a space within the diaphysis of long bones that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.

2. The ________ is a membrane that lines the medullary cavity .

1. medullary cavity

2. endosteum

- The endosteum is composed of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and connective tissue.

1. The ________ is a dense irregular connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage.

2. ________ are cells that form cartilage

1. perichondrium

2. Chonfrocytes

- Many of the major bones are formed from cartilage (the remainder do not go through a cartilaginous stage.)

1. Bone is 25% ______, 25% ______, 50% ______ (hydroxyapatite crystals).

2. What are the two chemical constituents of bone?

1. water; organic proteins; mineral salts

2. organic constituents (collagen fibers provide flexibility and tensile strength) and inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, trace elements of magnesium, fluoride, sulfate)

Bone is richly supplied with blood; ________ arteries and veins supply the periosteum and compact bone. ________ accompany the blood vessels.

- Periosteal; Nerves

- The periosteum is rich in sensory nerves sensitive to tearing or tension.

1. ________ (or ________) is the process of forming new bone.

2. What are the 4 situations of bone formation?

1. Ossification; osteogenesis

2. - Formation of bone in an embryo

- Growth of bones until adulthood

- Remodeling of bone

- Repair of fractures

________ ossification produces spongy bone. This bone may be subsequently remodeled to form compact bone.

- Intra-membranous 

________ is a process whereby cartilage is replaced by bone. Forms both compact and spongy bone.

- Endochondral ossification

1. ________ is the simpler of the two methods. It is used in forming the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle.

2. Bone forms from ________ that develop within a membrane – without going through a cartilage stage

1. Intra-membranous ossification

2. mesenchymal cells

What are the 4 stages of bone formation?

1. Development of ossification center

2. Calcification

3. Formation of trabeculae

4. Development of the periosteum

Describe types of fractures.

1. Greenstick

2. Impacted

3. Open (Compound)

4. Colles

1. one side of the bone is broken and the other only bent

2. broken ends of the bone are jammed together by the force of the injury

3. broken bone pierces the skin; causes risk for infection

4. complete fracture of the radius bone of the forearm close to the wrist resulting in an upward (posterior) displacement of the radius and obvious deformity

Describe the first step in fracture repair.

- Occurs 6-8 hours after injury

- Formation of a fracture hematoma as a result of blood vessels breaking in the periosteum and in osteons

Describe the second and third steps in fracture repair.

- Involve the formation of a callus (can take a few weeks, or as long as 6 months)

- Phagocytes remove cellular debris and fibroblasts deposit collagen to form a fibro-cartilaginous callus

- Followed by osteoblasts forming a bony callus of spongy bone

Describe the fourth step in fracture repair.

- "Remodeling" phase; takes several months

- Spongy bone is replaced by compact bone

- Fracture line disappears, but evidence of break remains

Bone structure.

1. The _______ is the shaft or body of a long bone.

2. The _______ form the distal and proximal ends of a long bone.

3. The _______ are the areas where the above two join.

1. diaphysis

2. epiphysis

3. metaphyses

Different types of bone structures.

The function of _______ is to protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs.

- flat bones

- Flat bones are somewhat flattened, and can provide protection, like a shield; flat bones can also provide large areas of attachment for muscles.

Different types of bone structures.

________ function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement.

- Long bones

- longer than they are wide, include the femur (the longest bone in the body) as well as relatively small bones in the fingers.

Different types of bone structures.

________ are about as long as they are wide. Located in the wrist and ankle joints, short bones provide stability and some movement.

- Short bones

- Ex: Carpals in the wrists; tarsals in the ankles

Different types of bone structures.

________ vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category.

- Irregular bones

- Often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs.

- Example: vertebrae

Different types of bone structures.

________ are bones embedded in tendons. These small, round bones are commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet.

- Sesamoid bones

- Function to protect tendons from stress and wear. The patella, commonly referred to as the kneecap, is an example of a sesamoid bone.

Compact Bone contains units called _______ or Haversian systems formed from ________ (rings of calcified matrix).

- osteons

- concentric lamellae

________ between osteons are left over fragments of older osteons.

- Interstitial lamellae

1. ________ encircle the bone beneath the periosteum.

2. ________ encircle the medullary cavity.

1. Outer circumferential lamellae

2. Inner circumferential lamellae

The ________ consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body.

- axial skeleton

- Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, and bones of the vertebral column

The ________  consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

- appendicular skeleton

________, also known as Wormian bones, are small extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones.

- Sutural bones

- These are found as isolated examples and although unusual, they are not rare

What are the two major types of surface markings?

1. Depressions and openings: all the passage of blood vessels and nerves; form joints

2. Processes: projections or outgrowths that form joints; serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

A _______ is an opening in bone through which blood vessels and/or nerves pass through.

- foramen

What are the largest bones in the body, and the smallest bones in the body?

- Largest: femur

- Smallest: auditory ossicle (ear bone)

How many bones are in the central (axial) skeleton?

- 80

- Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Name the two categories that make up bones of the skull.

- Cranial bones

- Facial bones

Name the 8 cranial bones.

- Frontal bone (1)

- Parietal bones (2)

- Temporal bones (2)

- Occipital bone (1)

- Sphenoid bone (1)

- Ethmoid bone (1)

Name the 14 facial bones.

- Mandible (1)

- Maxilla (2)

- Zygomatic bones (2)

- Nasal bones (2)

- Lacrimal bones (2)

- Palatine bones (2)

- Inf. Nasal Conchae (2)

- Vomer (1)

A ______ is a "seam" -- an immovabel joint between bones of the skull.

- suture

What are the 3 sutures of the human skull?

1. Coronal suture

2. Squamous suture

3. Lambdoidal suture

Of the 8 cranial bones that fit together to form the braincase, which one is known as the "keystone?"

- Sphenoid bone

- Like the keystone of a roman arch, the sphenoid is the "center brick" that balances the outward thrust of the other bones

Describe the 4 sections of the vertebral column.

1. Cervical Vertebrae: 7 in the neck region, labeled C1 - C7

2. Thoracic Vertebrae: 12 that articulate with the ribs, largest section, labeled T1 - T12

3. Lumbar Vertebrae: 5 that support the lower back, labeled L1 - L5

4. Sacrum & Coccyx: single bones that result from the fusion of several vertebrae

1. The ________ comprise the bony spine in the neck.

2. C1 is called the ______ because it holds up the head the way the Titan of Greek mythology supported the world.

3. C2 is called the ______ because it provides a pivot, allowing the head to turn on the neck.

1. cervical vertebrae

2. Atlas

3. Axis

The ______ is a single triangular body formed from a fusion of 5 separate vertebrae in-utero.

- sacrum

The ______, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the bony spine. It is also an in-utero fusion of 3-5 separate vertebrae.

- coccyx

1. The upper 7 pairs of ribs are called _______ because they attach "directly" to the sternum (with just a small piece of costal cartilage).

2. The bottom 5 pairs are called _______. 

1. true ribs

2. false ribs

There are ____ bones that make up the appendicular skeleton. They are primarily associated with _______.

- 126

- movement

1. The ______ is composed of the wrist, palm, and fingers.

2. The wrist, or carpus, is made up of __ carpal bones arranged in two rows.

3. The palm of the hand has __ metacarpal bones.

1. hand

2. 8

3. 5

Each finger, with the exception of the thumb (1st digit) is composed of ___ phalanges. Name them.

1. 3

2. proximal phalanx, medial (middle) phalanx, distal phalanx

The ______ is the largest of the three hip bones -- it forms the superior lateral prominence of the pelvis (iliac crest). What are the other two hip bones?

- ilium

- Pubis and ischium

Of the two bones in the leg, the ____ (always medial) is the largest and bears all the weight.

- tibia

The tibia and fibula articulate with the _____ bone of the ankle to form the _______.

- talus

- ankle "mortise" (ankle joint)

The ankle, or tarsus, is made up of __ tarsal bones arranged to form the ankle mortise, heel, and arches. The largest and strongest tarsal bone, the _______, forms the heel.

- 7

- calcaneus