Term
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Definition
| taste, hearing, equilibrium, vision, smell |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure, touch, temperature, vibration, proprioception, pain |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporate multiple receptive fields, but all the receptor cells in one dermatome will ultimately follow into one spinal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptor that detects pain |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptor that detects temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptor that detects physical distortion |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptor that detects chemical concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptor that detects position, purely somatic (not visceral) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st to receive sensory input, contains the sensory receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| interneuron, located in the spinal cord and/or brainstem, middleman |
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Term
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Definition
| travels from the opposite side (from the stimulus) of thalmus to cortex. If a neuron travels to the cortex, it reaches our awareness (perception), synapses on primary sensory cortex (post central gyrus) |
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Term
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Definition
| the crossing of an axon (or entire tract) from the left side to the right side, or vice versa |
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Term
| posterior columns pathway |
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Definition
| senses fine touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception |
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Term
| spinothalamic (anteriolateral) pathway |
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Definition
| senses crude touch, pressure, pain, temperature. Anterior and lateral pathways are often combined. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| neurons can be activated along the anterolateral pathway (inside the cord...the cord is still intact, the limb is missing) giving the perception of pain |
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Term
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Definition
| strong visceral pain sensations enter the spinal cord at a specific spinal segment, activating interneurons associated with the anterolateral pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| area of sensory cortex devoted to a particular body region, proportional to the number of sensory receptors, (NOT the size of the body region) |
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Term
| Sensory Homunculus: face, jaw, and tongue |
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Definition
| inferior and lateral portion of the primary sensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory Homunculus: torso |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory Homunculus: the hand |
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Definition
| takes up a large portion of the sensory homunculus because we have many sensory receptors in our hand |
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Term
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Definition
| senses position of skeletal muscles, tendons, joints |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to dorsal side, posterior columns of spinal cord, damage to dorsal medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body is located in the brain or brainstem, it is the "originator" of conscious movement |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body is located in the brain stem or spinal cord, it is the "final" neuron that will carry signals to the muscle to cause movement |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that travel from the cortex to the brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that travel from the cortex to the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| carries signals for voluntary control over the skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| area of primary motor cortex devoted to a particular body region, proportional to the number of motor neurons (NOT the size of the body region) |
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Term
| Motor Homunculus: face and tongue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintains homeostatic adjustments without conscious thought |
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Term
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Definition
| ANS still working, but cortex is not |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| more active during "fight or flight" |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| more active during rest and/or digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| the integrative center for autonomic activities. Neurons travel from the HT to the brainstem and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| cell bodies live in the brainstem or spinal cord and travel to the ganglia, where they synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system ganglia |
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Definition
| ganglia are located in chain ganglia very close to the vertebral column. The preganglionic neurons of the SNS are very short, since they only have to travel from the brainstem/ spinal cord to the chain |
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Term
| Parasympatheitc nervous system ganglia |
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Definition
| ganglia are located within or near the target organ (much further from the spinal cord). Preganglionic neurons of the PNS are long |
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Term
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Definition
| cell bodies live in the ganglia and the axons travel to the target organ |
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Term
| SNS postganglionic neurons |
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Definition
| long, have to travel from the chain near vertebra to the target organ |
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Term
| PNS postganglionic neurons |
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Definition
| short, ganglia are typically at or near the target organ |
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Term
| Domination of the SNS results in |
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Definition
| increased mental alertness, increased metabolic rate, mobilization of energy reserves, reduced digestion/ urination, increased respiratory rate/ dilation of passageways, increased heart rate and bp, sweat glands activated, elevation of muscle tone, dilated pupils, ejaculation |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that respond to Ach |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates primary alpha receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates alpha and beta receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| activation constricts blood vessels, increases bp |
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Term
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Definition
| activation increases heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| activation dilates respiratory passages, relaxes smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| activation mobilizes adipose tissue via lypolysis (burning fat) |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane receptor is coupled to an enzyme complex. When the receptor is activated, the G-protein then increases or decreases enzyme production within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| leave the CNS from cranial nerves: occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus. Vagus is most important, 75% travels through |
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Term
| DOmination of the PNS results in |
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Definition
| constriction of pupils, digestive secretions, liver secretions, blood flow changes associated with digestion and sexual arousal, increased smooth muscle activity to colon, intestines, coordinaiton of defecation, contraction of bladder for urination (micturition), constriciton of respiratory passages, decreases HR, sexual arousal (erection) |
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Term
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Definition
| acetylcholine, released by both the pre and post-ganglionic neurons in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetylcholinesterase, degrades ACh very quickly, so ACh is short lasting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| GZ-protein activated, excititory or inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
| the levels of both PNS and SNS outflow make up autonomic tone |
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Term
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Definition
| some PNS and some SNS. This allows for greater range to alter autonomic outflow |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple nuclei along the entire muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane of a muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| forms tubular complex around each myofibril, holds calcium for muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow tubes that are continuous with the sacrolemma and extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles to the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| cylindrical structures that run the length of a muscle fiber (>100/cell), allow a muscle to contract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| composed mainly of myosin |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating units of myosin/actin (thin/thick filaments), smallest functional unit of muscle cell, ~10,000 sarcomeres per myofibril |
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Term
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Definition
| thin filaments slide toward thick filament and muscle contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| entire muscle surrounded by this layer, separates muscle from surrounding tissue and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| divides skeletal muscle into fascicles |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| surround individual muscle cells, or muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| axons enter the endomysium to innervate muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| motorneuron and all the fibers it innervates |
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Term
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Definition
| (eye muscle) 4-6 muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| (quadriceps) >1000 muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron. When one motorneuron is stimulated, one big muscle contracts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| overall functions of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| produce movement, maintain posture and body position, support soft tissues, guard entrances/exits, maintain body temperature, store nutrient reserves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tissue wasting occurs within chronic disease, especially cancer, extreme muscle wasting |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle atrophy that occurs with aging |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid skeletal muscle breakdown; can cause kidney damage, lead to renal failure. treatable if you know |
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Term
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Definition
| intercellular connection between motorneuron or muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the motorneuron and the muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| region on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber that receives neurotransmitter |
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Term
| excitation concentration coupling |
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Definition
| link between generation of an action potential in the sarcolemma and the start of the muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP no longer available after death to re-pivot myosin, stays contracted, Ca released into sarcoplasm and stays (bc ATP no longer available to pump Ca back into SR), causing continuous contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating twitches, occurs when full relaxation does not occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth, steady increase in muscle tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units |
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Term
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Definition
| large diameter, densely packed myofibrils, few mitochondria, large glycogen reserves. Easily fatigued, white in color, glycolytic, sprinters |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller diameter, longer to reach peak tension, more capillaries. Slow to fatigue, red in color, oxidative, marathon |
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Term
intermediate fibers
aka Type II-A |
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Definition
| fibers can switch to more slow or more fast, but typically do not completely transform from one type to another. |
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