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| conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. |
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| transports food made in mature leaves to the roots and to parts of the shoot system, such as developing leaves and fruits. |
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| one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral roots. |
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| a mat of threadlike roots that spread out below the soil surface. |
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| roots rising aboveground from stems or even from leaves. This term is also used to describe any plant parts that grows in an unusual location. |
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| group of cells with a common function, structure, or both. |
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| consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions. |
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| grow off the taproot. Also called branch roots. |
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| increase the surface area of the root enormously. Root hairs are extensions of individual epidermis cells on the root surface, not to be confused with lateral (branch) roots, which are multicellular organs. |
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| A stem is an alternating system of nodes and internodes. |
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| the points at which leaves are attached. |
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| the stem segments between the nodes |
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| the angle formed by each leaf and stem. It has the potential to form a branch shoot. |
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| At the apex of a shoot. It contains developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes. |
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| A phenomenon where the presence of the terminal bud is partly responsible for inhibiting the growth of auxillary buds. |
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| Joins the leaf to a node of the stem. |
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tendrils-cling to supporters
spines-like on cacti
succulents-leafs used for storing
brightly colored leaves-attract pollinators. |
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| the contents of the cell exclusive of the cell wall. |
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| Because they are the least specialized plant cell, they are depicted as "typical" plant cells. Mature parenchyma have primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible. Most lack secondary walls. The protoplasts generally have a large central vacuole. These cells carry on most of the plants metabolic functions. |
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| Have unevenly thickened primary walls and provide support to parts of the plant that are still growing. They are grouped in strands or cylinders. |
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| specialized for support, have secondary walls hardened with lignin and may be dead (lacking protoplasts) at functional maturity and cannot elongate. They occur in regions of the plant that have stopped growing in length. Much more rigid than collenchyma cells. |
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| long slender and tapered. Usually occcur in bundles. |
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| shorter than fibers and irregular in shape. Very thick, lignified secondary walls. |
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Tracheid-in gymnosperms, tracheids have the dual functions of water transport and structual support.
Vessel elements-
Both cell types produce secondary walls and are dead at functional maturity. In most angiosperms, both vessel elements and tracheids conduct water, and support is provided mainly by fiber cells. |
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| thinner regions f water-conducting cells where only primary walls are present. |
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| long micropipes formed by vessel elements that are aligned end to end. |
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| Alive at functional maturity. Their protoplasts lack organels such as the nucleus, ribosomes, and a distinct vacuole. In angiosperms, the end walls between sieve-tube members are called sieve plates. Alongside each sieve-tube member is at least one companion cell. |
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| Have pores that presumably facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube. |
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| There is at least one along side each sieve-tube member by numerous plasmodesmata. The nucleus and ribosomes of the companion cell may serve not only that cell but also the adjacent sieve-tube member, which has no nucleus or ribosome of its own. In some plants, companion cells also help load sugar produced in the leaf into the sieve-tube members; the phloem then transports the sugar to other parts of the plant. |
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| The epidermis. A single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all young parts of the plant-the "skin" of the plant. Amoung the diverse functions of ground tissue are photosynthesis, storage, and support. In addition, the epidermis has more specialized characteristics consistent with the plant it covers. Some examples include: root hairs near the tips of rooots and some on leaves and stems secrete a waxy coating called the cuticle. It makes up the bulk of a young plant. It is predominantly parenchyma, but collenchyma and sclerenchyma are also commonly present. |
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| a waxy coating secreted by the epidermis of leaves and most stems. It helps the aerial parts of the plant retain water, an important adaptation to living on land. |
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| The continuum of xylem and phloem throughout the plant forms the vascular tissue system, which functions in transport and support. |
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| Growth occurs throughout a plants life. At any given time, a typical plant consists of embryonic, developing, and mature organs. |
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| They stop growing after reaching a certain size. |
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| Plants that complete their life cycle-from germination through flowering and seed production to death-in a single year or less. Many wild flowers, and important food crops, such as cereal grains and legumes, are annuals. |
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| A plant with a life that generally spans two years. In many cases, biennial plants are those that live through an intervening cold period (winter) between veagetative growth (first spring/summer) and flowering (second spring/summer). Beets and carrots are biennial. |
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| Plants that live many years, including trees, shrubs, and some grasses. When a perennial finally dies, it is not generally from old age, but an infection or some environmental trauma, such as fire or severe drought. |
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| Embryonic tissues in its regions of growth. Meristematic cells divide to generate additional cells. Some of the products of this division remain in the meristematic region to produce still more cells, while others become specialized and are incorporated into the tissues and organs of the growing plants. Cells that remain as wellsprings of new cells in the meristem are called initials. The new cells that are displaced from the meristem are called derivatives. Derivatives continue to divide for some time, until the cells they produce begin to specialize within developing tissues. Two main types: Apical merisems and lateral meristems. |
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| Located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots, supply cells for the plant to grow in length. This elongation is called primary growth. |
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| Elongation. Restricted to the youngest parts of the plant-the tips of roots and shoots, where the apical meristems are located.. Enables roots to ramify throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light and carbon dioxide. In herbaceous (nonwoody) plants, only primary growth occurs. |
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| A progressive thickening of the roots and shoots formed earlier by primary growth. Secondary growth is the product of lateral meristems. |
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| Cylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots. Develop in slightly older regions of the roots and shoots, some distance away from the tips. One lateral maristem replaces the epidermis with a secondary dermal tissue, such as bark, that is thicker and tougher. A secondary lateral meristem adds layers of vascular tissue. Wood is the secondary xylem that accumulates over the years. Bark is the secondary phloem that accumulates over the years. |
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| Produced by primary growth. Consists of the three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. |
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| Coveres the root tip. Primary growth pushes it through the soil. It physically protects the delicate meristem as the root elongates through the abrahesive soil. The cap also secretes a polysaccharide slime that lubricates the soil around the growing root tip. |
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Includes the apical meristem and its derivatives, called primary meristems. The apical meristem, at the heart of the zone of cell division, produces the cells of the primary meristems and also replaces cells of the root cap that are sloughed off. Near the center of the apical meristem is the quiecent center. Just above the apical meristem, the products of its cell division form three concentric cylinders of cells that continue to divide for some time, pirmary meristems-protoderm,procambium, and ground meristem. |
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| Adds layers of vascular tissue called seconday xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. |
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| Replaces the epidermis with the thicker, tougher periderm. |
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