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Energy, Chemical Reactions, and Cellular Respiration
154
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/22/2018
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Term
Which are considered part of the electron transport system?
 Definition
1. Electron carriers
2. H+ pumps
3. ATP synthetase
Term
A ball rolling across a table exhibits ______ kinetic energy.
 Definition
Mechanical
Term
Glycolysis
 Definition
In anaerobic
Term
Intermediate stage
 Definition
Substrate is pyruvate
Term
Citric acid cycle
 Definition
Produces ATP, NADH and FADH2
Term
If multiple enzymes in a metabolic pathway are physically attached to each other, they form a _______ ________.
 Definition
Multienzyme Complex
Term
Which of the following terms can be applied to most decomposition reactions in the body?
 Definition
1. Exergonic
2. Catabolic
Term
Put the four basic stages of glucose oxidation in order from first to last.
 Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Intermediate stage
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron transport system
Term
Glycolysis
 Definition
2 ATP, 2 NADH
Term
Intermediate stage
 Definition
2 NADH
Term
Citric Acid Cycle
 Definition
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Term
What would be a reactant
 Definition
AB
Term
What would be a Product
 Definition
A
B
Term
If oxygen is not present, then pyruvate is converted to ______.
 Definition
Lactate
Term
The ______ of substrate binding, which is dependent on shape, in the active site limits the number of reactions an enzyme can catalyze.
 Definition
Specificity
Term
Which are considered part of the electron transport system?
 Definition
1. Electron carriers
2. ATP synthetase
3. H+ pumps
Term
Complete oxidation of glucose involves at least _____ enzymes.
 Definition
20
Term
The first stage of glucose oxidation is known as ________.
 Definition
Glycolysis
Term
The ATPs produced directly by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are produced using ____.
 Definition
Substrate level phosphorylation
Term
Place the basic steps in glycolysis in order.
 Definition
1. Glucose split into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2. NADH and ATP are formed
3. ATP and pyruvate are formed
Term
Most catabolic reactions release energy meaning that they are also _________.
 Definition
Exergonic
Term
Which function(s) primarily as energy storage in the human body?
 Definition
Triglycerides
Glycogen
ATP
Term
Which word describes all the decomposition reaction in the body?
 Definition
Catabolism
Term
A student proposed that a chemical reaction would create more energy than the original reactants possessed. This would violate the _____ law of thermodynamics.
 Definition
First
Term
Which are considered part of the electron transport system?
 Definition
1. ATP synthetase
2. Electron Carriers
3. H+ pumps
Term
Most enzymes are ____________ proteins that range in size from 60 to 2500 amino acids.
 Definition
Globular
Term
Put the four basic stages of glucose oxidation in order from first to last.
 Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Intermediate stage
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron transport system
Term
In a chemical equations the ________ are written on the left and the _______ are written on the right.
 Definition
Reactants; products
Term
If a cofactor is an organic molecule it is also sometimes called a __________.
 Definition
Coenzyme
Term
Which are forms of kinetic energy.
 Definition
1. Sounds energy
2. Radiant energy
3. Mechanical energy
Term
Which are true of an enzyme?
 Definition
1. It decreases activation energy
2. It increases reaction rate
3. It is a catalyst
Term
The series of electron carriers in the cristae of the mitochondrion is collectively called the __________ ________ ________.
 Definition
Electron transport chain
Term
Which is used to measure the heat energy of a substance?
 Definition
Temperature
Term
In aerobic respiration, the ATP production method requiring oxygen is known as ______.
 Definition
1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Mechanical and electrical energy are both forms of ______ energy.
 Definition
Kinetic
Term
Place the steps in enzyme action in proper order:
 Definition
1. Substrate binds to active site
2. Change in enzyme structure leads to induced fit
3. The change in enzyme structure stresses bonds in the substrate
4. Substrates bonds are broken
5. New bonds are formed
6. The product is released from the enzyme
Term
A biologically active catalyst is known as a(n) _______.
 Definition
Enzyme
Term
True or false: glucose is preferentially oxidized during times of fasting or starvation.
 Definition
False
Term
Which of the following determine reaction rate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
 Definition
1. The activation energy
2. The energy required to break existing bonds
Term
The ______ law of thermodynamics states that a quantity of energy can't be completely transferred from one form into another.
 Definition
Second
Term
Which terms can be used to classify reactions based on the relative amounts of energy in reactants and products.
 Definition
1. Endergonic
2. Exergonic
Term
Oxaloacetic acid is involved in the ______ step of the citric acid cycle and is regenerated in the _______ step.
 Definition
first, last
Term
At equilibrium, a reversible reaction proceeds in ________ directions.
 Definition
Both
Term
Which are forms of radiant energy?
 Definition
1. Ultraviolet light
2. Radio waves
3. Visible light
Term
The temperature at which an enzyme functions most efficiently is the __________ temperature.
 Definition
Optimal
Term
Oxidoreductase
 Definition
Transfer electrons from one substance to another
Term
Transferase
 Definition
Transfers a functional group
Term
Hydrolase
 Definition
Splits a chemical bond using water
Term
Isomerase
 Definition
Converts one isomer to another
Term
Ligase
 Definition
Bonds two molecules together
Term
Lyase
 Definition
Splits a chemical bond in the absence of water
Term
Place the basic steps in glycolysis in order
 Definition
1. Glucose split into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2. NADH and ATP are formed
3. ATP and pyruvate are formed
Term
Most anabolic reactions are also _____________, meaning that they require energy.
 Definition
Endergonic
Term
Enzyme ______ bind to an enzyme to turn it off, thus preventing it from catalyzing a reaction.
 Definition
Inhibitors
Term
Enzyme _________ bind to an enzyme to turn it off, thus preventing it from catalyzing a reaction.
 Definition
Inhibitors
Term
Which of the following are criteria are for classifying chemical reactions?
 Definition
1. Changes in chemical structure
2. Reversibility or irreversibility
3. Changes in chemical energy
Term
Which are involved in a chemical reaction?
 Definition
1. Breaking of chemical bonds
2. Formation of chemical bonds
Term
A molecules or ion that aides an enzyme to ensure a reaction occurs is known as a _____.
 Definition
Cofactor
Term
Which are the products of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
 Definition
1. Acetyl CoA
2. CO2
Term
The two pathways to ATP production are ______ _____ phosphorylation and _______ phosphorylation.
 Definition
Substrate level; oxidative
Term
In aerobic respiration, the ATP production method requiring oxygen is known as ______.
 Definition
1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Chemical reactions can be classified based on changes in chemical _________.
 Definition
Structure
Term
True or false: Heat energy is usually available to do work.
 Definition
False
Term
Which are formed during one "turn" of the citric acid cycle?
 Definition
1. One ATP
2. Three NADH
Term
The combination of all catabolic and anabolic chemical reactions is referred to as ________.
 Definition
Metabolism
Term
Which are true of chemical energy?
 Definition
1. Chemical energy is used to establish concentration gradients.
2. Chemical energy is used for synthesis of molecules
3. Chemical energy is a form of potential energy.
Term
The reaction between pyruvate and coenzyme A is catalyzed by _______ dehydrongenase.
 Definition
pyruvate
Term
In cellular respiration, the energy in glucose ultimately resides in ________.
 Definition
ATP
Term
True or false: Glycolysis does not require oxygen.
 Definition
True
Term
A __________ chemical reaction occurs when a large molecule is broken down into smaller structures.
 Definition
Decomposition
Term
_______ are formed during a chemical reaction.
 Definition
Products
Term
By the end of the citric acid cycle, the carbon atoms of glucose have been transferred to ________.
 Definition
Carbon dioxide
Term
If oxygen is present, glucose can be completely broken down into ____ and ____.
 Definition
Water; carbon dioxide
Term
The space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is called the ______.
 Definition
Matrix
Term
Which of the following are locations of enzymes involved in glucose oxidation?
 Definition
1. The cytosol
2. The mitochondria
Term
The movement of ions across a membrane is an example of ______ energy.
 Definition
Electrical
Term
IN an _______ reaction, the amount of energy in the products is less than the amount of energy in the reactants.
 Definition
Exergonic
Term
Which of the following organic molecules may be oxidized to generate ATP?
 Definition
1. Fatty Acids
2. Amino Acids
3. Glucose
Term
The activation energy of a catalyzed reaction is ______ that of an uncatalyzed reaction.
 Definition
Lower than
Term
The reaction of the _______ stage of glucose oxidation occurs after glycolysis and before citric acid.
 Definition
Intermediate
Term
A ________ ________ binds to the active site of an enzyme to stop the enzyme from catalyzing a reaction.
 Definition
Competitive inhibitor
Term
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the ________.
 Definition
Matrix of the mitochondrion
Term
______-______ is the process used to convert fatty acids to acetyl coA.
 Definition
Beta-oxidation
Term
When a molecule or ion loses an electron during a reaction, it is said to have been ________.
 Definition
Oxidized
Term
If a hydrogen ion and an electron is added to a structure during a chemical reaction, the structure is said to have been ________.
 Definition
Reduced
Term
Which are typical locations of enzymes?
 Definition
Embedded in the plasma membrane
Within the cellular cytosol
Term
Place the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in order
 Definition
1. Citrate synthetase
2. Aconitase
3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
4. a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
5. Succinyl coA synthetase
Term
If further increases in substrate concentration do not result in further increases in reaction rate, then an enzyme is likely _______.
 Definition
Saturated
Term
The vibrating string on a violin imparts _____ kinetic energy to the air around it.
 Definition
Sound
Term
True or false: Activation energy is only required in endergonic reactions.
 Definition
False
Term
What is the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from the oxidation of a glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions?
 Definition
2
Term
The cristae of a mitochondrion are formed from folds in the ______ membrane.
 Definition
Inner
Term
If the rate of a reaction leads to a net gain in product then the reaction is considered __________.
 Definition
Irreversible
Term
Which color of visible light has the shortest wavelength?
 Definition
Violet
Term
Which conditions will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
 Definition
1. Increased reactant concentration
2. Addition of a catalyst
3. Increased temperature
Term
How are metabolic pathways usually regulated?
 Definition
Negative feedback
Term
In complete oxidation of glucose, a total of _____ molecules of water are produced.
 Definition
6
Term
The capacity to do work is known as _____.
 Definition
Energy
Term
Which type of reaction involves both synthesis and decomposition?
 Definition
Exchange
Term
____ energy is the energy of position or stored energy. ____ energy is the energy of motion.
 Definition
Potential; Kinetic
Term
An ________-________ reaction occurs when electrons are transferred from one chemical structure to another.
 Definition
Oxidation-reduction
Term
In the mnemonic "LEO says GER." The acronym "LEO" stands for ________.
 Definition
Loses electrons oxidized
Term
Which of these effects on enzymes and their function can result from changes in pH?
 Definition
1. Denaturation
2. Changes in h+ associated with an enzyme
3. Changes in enzyme structure
Term
Please the second five enzymes in glycolysis in order of action.
 Definition
1. Dehydrogenase
2. Phosphoglycerate kinase
3. Phosphoglyceromutase
4. Enolase
5. Pyruvate kinase
Term
How many molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis?
 Definition
4
Term
The study of energy transformations is called _________.
 Definition
Thermodynamics
Term
The enzymes of the electron transport system are located in the _____ membrane of the mitochondrion.
 Definition
inner
Term
Energy from glycolysis, the intermediate stage, and the citric acid cycle is brought to the electron transport system by ________.
 Definition
1. FADH2
2. NADH
Term
The pictured reaction is a ______ reaction.

A+B6>AB
 Definition
Irreversible
Term
The process of removing a phosphate is ________.
 Definition
dephosphorylation
Term
The temporary structure formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate is known as an _______ _______ complex.
 Definition
Enzyme substrate
Term
The net energy output of glycolysis is _____ molecules of ATP and _____ molecules of NADH.
 Definition
2,2
Term
Place the intermediate substrates of glycolysis in order
 Definition
1. Glucose
2. Glucose 6-P
3. Fructose 6-P
4. Fructose 1,6-P
5. Glyceraldehyde 3-P
Term
In an ________ reaction, the products have more energy than the reactants.
 Definition
Endergonic
Term
The first part of the name of an enzyme usually indicates the ____ or _____ involved.
 Definition
Substrate; product
Term
The reaction pictured is a ____ reaction.

CO2+H2O <> H2CO3
 Definition
Reversible
Term
Which are true of cellular respiration?
 Definition
Organic molecules are oxidized
The processes are exergonic
Term
The ultimate fate of pyruvate produced during glycolysis is dependent on presence or absence of ____.
 Definition
Oxygen
Term
Which are examples of cofactors?
 Definition
1. Zinc
2. Vitamin B12
3. NAD+
Term
The ______ law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created no destroyed.
 Definition
First
Term
If oxygen is present, glucose can be completely broken down into ____ and ____.
 Definition
Water, carbon dioxide
Term
Place the intermediate substrates of the citric acid cycle in order
 Definition
1. Succinyl CoA
2. Succinate
3. Fumarate
4. Malate
5. Oxaloacetate
Term
How many molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis?
 Definition
4
Term
A chemical reaction that involves both decomposition and synthesis is called a(n) ______ reaction.
 Definition
Exchange
Term
The higher the enzyme concentration the ______ the rate of the reaction.
 Definition
Higher
Term
The energy associated with random motion of ions and not available to do work is _____ kinetic energy.
 Definition
Heat
Term
______ are present prior to the start of a chemical reaction.
 Definition
Reactants
Term
Only about 25% of energy in a gallon of gas is converted to mechanical energy to propel an automobile. What happens to most of the remaining 75% of the energy?
 Definition
1. It is converted to heat
2. It converted to sound
Term
The active site on an inactive enzyme may be occupied by a _____.
 Definition
Competitive inhibitor
Term
Which are advantages of having multienzyme complexes rather than separate enzymes?
 Definition
Diffusion of substrates is limited
Regulation is simplified
Term
when a molecule or ion gains an electron during a reaction, it is said to have been ______
 Definition
Reduced
Term
The binding of a noncompetitive inhibitor induces a ____________ change in an enzyme.
 Definition
Conformation
Term
An enzyme that phosphorylates another enzyme is called a protein ______.
 Definition
Kinases
Term
The main enzyme involved in the overall regulation of glycolysis is ______________.
 Definition
Phosphofructokinase
Term
True or false: The presence of an enzyme lowers the activation energy required to start the reaction.
 Definition
True
Term
True or false: A mild fever will usually decrease enzyme activity.
 Definition
False
Term
Types of kinetic energy include ______ energy, the energy of the movement of charged particles, and _____ energy, the energy of electromagnetic waves.
 Definition
Electrical, radiant
Term
When glucose is oxidized, it _______ chemical energy.
 Definition
Releases
Term
Which explains why the term "reduced" is used in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
 Definition
The addition of an electron makes the product more negatively charged.
Term
The darkening of the skin in the sun, known as tanning, serves what purpose?
 Definition
To protect the skin from UV radiation.
Term
A carbon and two oxygens are removed from pyruvate in a process known as ________.
 Definition
Decarboxylation
Term
When ATP is broken down into ADP and Pi chemical energy is ________.
 Definition
Released
Term
The number of atoms on the left side of a chemical equation must always be ______ the number of atoms on the right side.
 Definition
Equal to
Term
In the absence of oxygen, all the ATP produced from glucose comes from
 Definition
Glycolysis
Term
ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP and Pi using the energy of _____.
 Definition
A proton gradient
Term
All forms of radiant energy with a frequency higher than ____ light energy have sufficient energy to penetrate the body and mutate DNA.
 Definition
Visible
Term
Phosphofructokinase is the target of _____ to regulate glycolysis.
 Definition
Negative feedback
Term
In describing forms of kinetic energy, _____ energy is the energy of an object in motion, while ____ energy is the energy of vibrations in solids, liquids or gases.
 Definition
Mechanical, sound
Term
Which are typical locations of enzymes?
 Definition
Within the cellular cytosol
Embedded in the plasma membrane
Term
The activation energy of a catalyzed reaction is ____ that of an uncatalyzed reaction.
 Definition
Lower than
Term
What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced during the oxidation of one glucose molecule?
 Definition
38
Term
Which is a common example of kinetic energy?
 Definition
An arrow flying through the air
Term
The key enzyme in the regulation of the citric acid cycle is _______ _______.
 Definition
Citrate synthetase
Term
The products produced by one enzyme of a metabolic pathway can act as _______ ______ of another enzyme.
 Definition
allosteric inhibitors
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