Term
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Definition
| the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm more easily |
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Term
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Definition
| the interstitial cells to increase their secretion of testosterone in males |
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Term
| The ___?____ gland controls the testes by means of its gonadotropic hormones-- specifically, FSH & luteinizing hormone LH. |
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Definition
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Term
| If blood concentration of testosterone reaches a high level it will inhibit hypothalamic secretion of ________? as a result the anterior pituitary secretion LH will ______? & testosterone levels will return to the normal set point. |
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Definition
| Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH, decrease |
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Term
| increasing blood levels of ___? will selectively _____? GnRH secretions by the hypothalamus & FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary- thus decreasing the rate of sperm production. |
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Definition
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Term
| what happenes if sperm count decreases BELOW normal set point? |
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Definition
inhibin secretion will drop
FSH secretion will increase
sperm number will increase to normal levels |
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Term
| the negative feedback mechanism works between what? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland & the hormone producing cells of the testes. |
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Term
| what is the optimal temp for sperm formation? |
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Definition
| 3 degrees celsius below normal body temp. |
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Term
| what muscle causes a SLIGHT elevation of the testes & wrinkling of the scrotal pouch? |
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Definition
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Term
| what muscle causes a Significant elevation of the testes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a serous membrane which permits the testes to slide around, while in the scrotum. |
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Term
| what are the functions of the testes? |
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Definition
| spermatogenesis & secretion of hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| is the production of spermatozoa (sperm), the male gametes, or reproductive cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-3 tiny coiled tubules located in each lobule of the testes containing scattered interstitial cells. these tubes come together to form the plexus called the retes testes. |
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Term
| what is the major androgen produced in humans? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| is a steroid hormone produced by interstitial cells. helps regulate metabolism, & plays a part in fluid & electrolyte secretion of gonadotropins |
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Term
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Definition
| is produced by sustentacular cells of the testis. |
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Term
| what 2 hormones regulate sperm production? |
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Definition
| FSH follicle stimulating hormone & LH luteinizing hormone |
|
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Term
| what are the male sexual characteristis from testosterone? |
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Definition
| facial hair growth,and masculine qualities |
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Term
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Definition
| a convoluted tubule in each testes that carries sperm to vas deferens |
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Term
| follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) |
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Definition
| a hormone produced by the pituitary glasnd that initiates sperm production |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to make & release testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| glands at the base of the bladder by & connected to the prostate gland that provide nutrients for the semen. |
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Term
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Definition
| the mature reproductive cells produced by the testes & stored in the spididymis as sperm. |
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Term
| ____ is a male reproductive organs that produce sperm & male hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a male hormone produced by the testes & adrenal glands required for sperm production & development of the male organs |
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Term
| _____ is a duct that carries spermatozoa from the spididymis to the ejaculatory duct? |
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Definition
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Term
| erection is a ________ reflex initiated mainly by certain tactile, visual & mental stimuli. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how does the penis become erect? |
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Definition
| after mental stimuli, dilation of the arteries & arteroles of the penis, floods & distends the spaces in its erectile tissue & compresses its veins. |
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Term
| ejaculation of semen is a ______ response? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the reflex movement of sex cells or spermatozoa & secretions from the genital ducts and excessory ducts in the prostatic urethra. once omission has occured, ejaculation will follow. |
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Term
| what are characteristics of the male orgasm? |
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Definition
| accelerated heart rate, increased blood pressure, hyperventilation, dilated skin blood vessels, intense sexual excitement |
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Term
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Definition
| during sexual arousal, the erectile tissue of the penis fills with blood, causing the organ to become rigid & enlarge in both diameter & length. |
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Term
| the penis & scrotum are... |
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Definition
| external genitals, or genitalia of the male |
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Term
| the penis has ____ cylindrial masses of erectile or cavernous tisse, enclosed in seperate fibrous covering & held together by a covering of skin. |
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Definition
| 3 , 2-corpora cavernosa & 1 smaller corpus spongiosum. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 larger & uppermost cylinder of the penis. |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller of the cylinders, lower, and contains the urethra. this one enlarges. |
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Term
| the distal part of the corpus spongiosum overlaps the terminal end of the 2 corpora cavernosa to form a slightly bulging structure called_____? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| skin is folded doubly to for a more or less loose-fitting, retractable casing , or foreskin, that covers & protects the glans penis. |
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Term
| the course sperm follows out of the body... |
|
Definition
seminiferous tubules,rete testes, efferent ductules ,epididymis
vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra |
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Term
| a series of sperm ducts that drain the retes testes & pierce the tunica albuginea to enter the head of the epididymis. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ connects the seminiferous tubules with the efferent ductules. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tube that lies along the top & behind the testes. stores sperm, which spend 1-3 weeks before being reabsorbed if unused mature sperm. secretes small part of the seminal fluid (semen) |
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Term
| vas deferens/ ductus deferens |
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Definition
| thick muscular wall consisting of 3 layers, a thick imtermediate circular layer of muscle fibers & inner & outer longitudinal layers which help in propelling sperm thru the duct system. connects the spididymis with the ejaculatory duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| severed or clamped vas deferens to sterilize the male |
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Term
| ______ are short tubes that pass thru the prostate gland & terminate in the urethra formed by the union of the vas deferens distal to the ampulla with the ducts from the seminal vesicles. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| supply an alkaline, viscous, creamy-yellow liquid that constitutes about 60% of semen volume that helps neutralize the acid pH environment of the terminal urethra & in the vagina. |
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Term
| _____ found in this component of the semen serves as an energy source for sperm motility after ejaculation. |
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Definition
| frutose (found in the ejaculatory duct) |
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|
Term
| ______ secretes a watery milky-looking & slightly acidic fluid that constitutes about 30% of the seminal fluid volume, citrate & enzymes found in prostaic fluid serves as a nutrient for sperm. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bulbourethral glands/cowper glands- |
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Definition
| like the seminal vesicles, the bulbourethal glands secrete an alkaline fluid containing mucus. this fluid is important for counteracting the acid present in the male urethra & femal vagina. mucus in these glands serves to lubricate the urethra & helps protect sperm from friction damage during ejaculation. |
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Term
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Definition
| serves a dual function, which involves both the reproductive system & the urinary system. conducts urine & sperm outside the male body. |
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Term
| what is the overall composition of seminal fluid? |
|
Definition
| testes & epididymis, secretions constitute less than 5% of the seminal fluid volume. seminal vesicles, combines secretions are reported to contribute about 60% seminal fluid volume. prostate gland, secretions constitute 30% of seminal fluid voulume, bulbourethral glands secretion less than 5% of seminal fluid volume |
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Term
| what are the common disorders of the male reproductive system |
|
Definition
| infertility, sterility, oligospermia, cryptorchidism, testicular cancer |
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Term
| what is the abnormally low ability to reproduce (produces sperm but fewer than needed) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| complete inability to reproduce |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| decreased sperm production, results from factors such as infection, fever, radiation, malnutrition, & high temperature in the testes, in some cases oligospermia is temporary |
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Term
|
Definition
| cryptorchidism, may be caused from hormonal imbalance in the developing fetus or by a physical deficiency or obstruction. the teste is hidden in the abdominal cavity. if not addressed could cause permanent sterility. treated with surgery or by injection of testosterone, which stimulates the testes to descend. |
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Term
|
Definition
| arise from the sperm producing cells of the seminiferous tubules. malignancies of the testes are most common among 20-35 years of age. also associated with genetic predisposition, trauma or infection of the testes, & cryptorchidism. |
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Term
| organs of the reproductive system can be calssified as _____ or ______? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in both sexes, the essential organs of reproduction that produce gametes are called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a dense white fibrous capsule called the ____ ____ encases each teste |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ cells provide mechanical support & protection for the developing germ cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____ is alkaline, viscous liquid substance secreted by the seminal vesicles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the prostate secretes a thin alkaline substance that constitutes about _____% of the seminal fluid volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what influences male fertility? |
|
Definition
| the size, shape, motility, & number of sperm in ejaculate. |
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