Term
|
Definition
Process of...
Obtaining oxygen from the environment & delivering it to the cells |
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Term
| What are the steps of respiration? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary Ventilation
External Exchange
Transportation in Blood
Internal Exchange
{PETI VIBE} |
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Term
|
Definition
[Inhalation & exhalation]
Exchange between the gasses within the atmosphere & alveoli (air sacs of the lungs) |
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Term
| Where does the external exchange of gases occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during external exchange of gases? |
|
Definition
1) O2 diffuses from alveoli to blood
2) CO2 diffuses out of blood (eliminated)
(Transport of gases in the blood) |
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Term
| Where does internal exchange of gases occur? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What occurs during internal exchange of gases? |
|
Definition
O2 diffuses from blood to cells
While,
CO2 diffuses from cells to blood |
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Term
| How are the respiratory & circulatory system linked? |
|
Definition
Through the transportation of
O2 & CO2 within the body |
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Term
|
Definition
Use of O2 to provide fuel for cellular activity
(CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration) |
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|
Term
What are the spaces & passageways to conduct air to the alveoli
(air sacs in the lungs)? |
|
Definition
Nasal cavities (nostrils)
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (wind pipe)
Bronchi (lung trunk)
Bronchioles (lung branch)
Alveoli (air sacs) |
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Term
| Where are the nasal cavities located? |
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Definition
| 2 spaces between the roof of the mouth & cranium |
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Term
| What are the nasal cavities also known as? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the nasal cavities lined with? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the nasal conchae also known as & what does it do? |
|
Definition
Turbinates
Increase surface area of the mucous membrane |
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Term
| What are the functions of the mucous membranes in the nasal cavities? |
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Definition
| Filter, Warm & Moisten the air |
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Term
| What structure divides the nasal cavities & what bones make up that structure? |
|
Definition
Nasal septum
(Ethmoid & vomer (plow)) |
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Term
| What is the nasal septum made out of? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Small cavities in skull bones |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1) Decrease skulls weight
2) Resonate chambers for the voice
3) Communicate with nasal cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscular tube;
Passage way for both air & food |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx |
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Term
| Where is the Nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
Superior portion of pharynx,
Behind nasal cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
Middle portion of pharynx,
Posterior to the mouth |
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Term
| Where is the laryngopharynx & what does it open up into? |
|
Definition
Inferior portion of pharynx
(Opens into the larynx anteriorly & the esophagus posteriorly) |
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Term
| What is the larynx between? |
|
Definition
| Between the pharynx & trachea |
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Term
|
Definition
Cartilage framework
(AKA Voice box) |
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|
Term
| Where is the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the vocal folds or cords & what do they do? |
|
Definition
1) Folds of mucous membrane
2) Used to produce speech;
(Vibrate as air flows over them) |
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|
Term
| Where are the vocal cords or folds located? |
|
Definition
| On both sides of superior larynx |
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Term
| How does the larynx regulate pitch in the voice? |
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Definition
| Controlling the length & tension, & the distance between the vocal cords or folds |
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Term
| How does the larynx produce volume? |
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Definition
| By the air forced over the vocal cords or folds |
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|
Term
| What is the space between the vocal cords? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Flap of cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing |
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Term
| What is the epiglottis for? |
|
Definition
| Keep food & drink out of respiratory tract |
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|
Term
| What does the trachea do? |
|
Definition
| Conducts air between larynx & lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| From the inferior edge of larynx to the carina |
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Term
| What is the carina & where is it located? |
|
Definition
Division into the bronchi;
At level of the angle of Louis |
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Term
| What is the trachea supported by? |
|
Definition
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
(Opening of c oriented posteriorly (esophagus)) |
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Term
| Where does the bronchi enter into the lungs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What connects at the hilium? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which bronchus (bronchi) is larger in diameter & orientated more vertically? |
|
Definition
Right bronchus is
Larger in diameter &
Oriented more vertically |
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Term
| What is the trachea, bronchi & other conducting passageways lined with that acts on particles that can be swallowed, coughed, sneezed or blown out? |
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Definition
| Ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelial tissue (sometimes columnar) |
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Term
| What does the ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelial tissue do? |
|
Definition
| Move impurities towards throat |
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Term
|
Definition
Thoracic cavity
(On either side of mediastinum) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indentation in left lung to make room for the heart |
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Term
| How many lobes does each lung divide into? |
|
Definition
Right is divided into 3 lobes
Left is divided into 2 lobes |
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Term
| What are the lobes subdivided in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Into segments then lobules |
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Term
| What does the bronchus subdivide into after it enters the lungs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many secondary bronchi are there in the lungs? |
|
Definition
3 secondary bronchi in right lung
2 secondary bronchi in left lung |
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Term
| Can the bronchi subdivided even further, becoming smaller & smaller? |
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Definition
| Yes, they branch through the lung tissue ("bronchial tree") |
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|
Term
| What quality allows the lungs to expand? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why is there cartilage in the bronchial walls? |
|
Definition
| To keep air passageways open |
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|
Term
| Which bronchial walls have less cartilage? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which bronchial walls have no cartilage & has smooth muscle instead? |
|
Definition
Smallest bronchi (bronchioles)
Smooth muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
Smallest bronchioles;
Lead into clusters of tiny alveoli (air sacs in the lungs) |
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Term
| What are the walls of alveolus made of? |
|
Definition
| Simple squamous epithelial cells |
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Term
| What do the alveoli allow? |
|
Definition
| Allows gases to diffuse easily |
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|
Term
| What are the alveoli covered by? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is Surfactant & what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Substances that prevents collapse of alveoli & eases lungs expansion |
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|
Term
| What produces surfactant? |
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Definition
| Produced by cells in the alveolar wall |
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|
Term
| How many alveoli are in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| 300 million alveoli in the lungs |
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|
Term
| How many square meters of surface area is covered for gas exchange? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circuit brings blood to the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fills most of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the lungs surrounded by? |
|
Definition
Pleura
(Continuous, double-layered membrane) |
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Term
| What are the layers of plaura? |
|
Definition
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural space |
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Term
| Where is the pleural space? |
|
Definition
Between the
Parietal & visceral pleura layers |
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Term
| What is the pleural space? |
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Definition
| Slight fluid-lubricated space |
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Term
| What are the steps in the process of respiration? |
|
Definition
1) Ventilation of lungs
2) External exchange of gases
3) Transportation in blood
4) Internal exchange of gases |
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Term
| Where does the air travel towards, from the conducting zone during inhalation? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What occurs in the respiratory zone after inhalation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the air travel through before leaving the body during exhalation? |
|
Definition
Air travels through conducting zone
Before air leaves the body during exhalation |
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Term
| What are the conducting zone structures? |
|
Definition
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree |
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|
Term
| What structures are part of the respiratory zone? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Active phase of ventilation |
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Term
| What occurs to the muscles & the size of the thorax during inhalation (inspiration)? |
|
Definition
1) Diaphragm (& the external intercostals) contract
2) Volume of thoracic cavity increases |
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Term
|
Definition
Passive phase of pulmonary ventilation
(In normal breathing: no muscle activity is necessary) |
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|
Term
| During which process of ventilation are respiratory muscles relaxed & what are those muscles? |
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Definition
Exhalation (expiration)
Diaphragm returns to its usual dome-shape
Ribs to return to their usual position |
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Term
| What causes the lung tissues to recoil to original size (elastic tissue)? |
|
Definition
Air pushed out of lungs
During exhalation (expiration) |
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Term
|
Definition
Amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing
500 mL |
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Term
|
Definition
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation
1,200 mL |
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|
Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
Additional amount that can be breathed in by force after normal inhalation
2,600 mL |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
Additional amount that can be breathed out by force after a normal exhalation
900 mL |
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Term
|
Definition
Volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation
4,000 mL |
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|
Term
| Functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation
2,100 mL |
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Term
|
Definition
Total volume of air that Can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation
5,200 mL |
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|
Term
What makes up the
total amount of exchangeable air (vital capacity)? |
|
Definition
Tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expertly Reserve Volume
{TIE} |
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|
Term
What makes up the
functional residual capacity (amount in lungs after normal exhale)? |
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Definition
Residual volume
Exploratory reserve volume |
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|
Term
| What makes up the total lung capacity? |
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Definition
Residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
Exploratory reserve volume
{RITE} |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
Movement of gases between the alveoli & the capillary blood
In the lungs |
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Term
| How thick is the boundary between the alveoli & blood stream? |
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Definition
2 flat cells thick
1 cell is the wall of the alveolus,
The other is the wall of the capillary |
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Term
| What must happen to the oxygen or carbon dioxide before they can diffuse through a membrane? |
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Definition
| Dissolved in solution before they can diffuse through the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
Gases move between blood & tissues
(O2 diffuses out of blood while CO2 diffuses into blood) |
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Term
| During which step of ventilation do the cells obtain O2 from the blood while diffusing CO2 as waste product back into the blood? |
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Definition
| During internal exchange of gases |
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Term
| How much oxygen in the blood is dissolved in the plasma? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does most of the oxygen in the blood bind to & what % of O2 binds to this substance? |
|
Definition
98.5% binds to hemoglobin
(Oxyhemoglobin) |
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Term
| How many heme portions are there on the hemoglobin molecule? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How many oxygens can each heme portion bind to it? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How strong is the bond between the heme part & oxygen within a hemoglobin molecule? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How much % of the oxygen is the total that a hemoglobin molecule can carry in oxygenated blood & deoxygenated blood? |
|
Definition
97% in oxygenated
~70% in deoxygenated |
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|
Term
| What are the ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood? |
|
Definition
1) Dissolved in plasma & fluid in red blood cells (10%)
2) Combined with hemoglobin & plasma proteins (15%)
3) Converted to bicarbonate ions (75%) |
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|
Term
| When does hemoglobin displace a hydrogen ion? |
|
Definition
| When carbon dioxide attaches to the hemoglobin |
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|
Term
| What does carbon dioxide form when it diffuses into red blood cells? |
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Definition
| CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (CO2+H2O>H2CO3) |
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|
Term
| What is carbonic acid split into? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen & bicarbonate ions
(H2CO3>H+ + HCO3-) |
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Term
| What occurs before the bicarbonate ions move to the plasma & are carried to the lungs? |
|
Definition
Carbonic acid splits into
Hydrogen & bicarbonate ions
(H2CO3>H+ + HCO3-) |
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Term
| What occurs after the bicarbonate ions move to plasma & are carried to lungs? |
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Definition
Process reverse;
CO2 is released, diffuses into the alveoli & is exhaled |
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|
Term
| What is being released when bicarbonate ions are formed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does carbon dioxide do to the pH of the blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes blood more alkaline? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps keep the pH of the blood between 7.35 & 7.45? |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate ion acts as a buffer to help keep the pH of blood between 7.35 & 7.45 |
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|
Term
| What controls the fundamental respiration patterns? |
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Definition
| Centers in the central nervous system |
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|
Term
| How are changes detected in the chemical composition of the blood? |
|
Definition
Special receptors detect changes in the blood's chemical composition
(Send info to the pons) |
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Term
| What is the the medulla Oblongata in regards to pH levels within blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pons do to affect pH levels within blood? |
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Definition
| Modifies pattern as needed to Inform medulla oblongata what to do |
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|
Term
| Where do the motor fibers from the medulla oblongata extend into? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| From which spinal region do the motor nerve fibers exit? |
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Definition
Cervical region
(Phrenic Nerve) |
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|
Term
| What do the chemoreceptors near the brain stem do? |
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Definition
| Respond to increases acidity due to high levels of CO2 |
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Term
| What triggers ventilation? |
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Definition
| Increased acidity due to high levels of CO2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the chemoreceptors in the common carotid arteries & aortic arch monitor or respond to? |
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Definition
| Respond to decreased O2 levels |
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|
Term
| What gas molecule is important in chemical regulation of respiration? |
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Definition
| CO2 levels are more important unless O2 levels fall sharply |
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|
Term
| What occurs when the O2 levels fall sharply? |
|
Definition
| Reserve of O2 in blood become present |
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|
Term
| What factors affect breathing? |
|
Definition
Voluntary control
Emotional factors
Physical factors
Stretch receptors
{VEPS} |
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|
Term
| What are the physical factors that affect breathing? |
|
Definition
| Talking, coughing or exercising |
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|
Term
| What are the emotional factors that affect breathing? |
|
Definition
Fear, excitement, surprise, stress, etc
{FESS} |
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|
Term
| How much voluntary control do we consciously have over the factors affecting breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can stretch receptors be a factor that affect breathing? |
|
Definition
| Prevents lungs from over inflating |
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|
Term
| How many breathes per minute can an adult, child & infant produce? |
|
Definition
Adult: 12-20
Children: 20-40
(depending on age & size)
Infants: More than 40 |
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Term
|
Definition
| From deep & rapid respiration |
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|
Term
| What happens to the pH in the blood when a person hyperventilates? |
|
Definition
Increases pH
(High O2 levels &
Low CO2 levels)
Hypocapnea |
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Term
|
Definition
| Insufficient air entering the alveoli |
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|
Term
| What causes someone to hypo-ventilate? |
|
Definition
Chest deformity
Obstruction in air way
Injury to respiratory center
Lung disease
{COIL} |
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|
Term
| What happens to the blood pH when sometime hypo ventilates? |
|
Definition
| Decrease blood pH (acidosis) |
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|
Term
| How might some1 feel after hyper-ventilating? |
|
Definition
Confusion,
Fatigue,
Shortness of breath |
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|
Term
| Which term may be a medical emergency, hypo ventilate or hyperventilate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High levels of O2 &
Low levels of CO2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal increase in rate & depth of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in rate & depth of breathing |
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Term
|
Definition
Exercise rate of breathing
(May be abnormal, as in exercise) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Temporary cessation (stopping) of breathing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult, labored breathing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficulty breathing that can be relieved by sitting upright |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Bluish color in skin & mucous membranes, due to insufficient oxygen in blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower than normal oxygen level in the tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower than normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cessation (stopping) of respiration often due to mechanical blockage |
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