Term
| Where is the Lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| System of tissues & vessels scattered throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lymphatic system not found? |
|
Definition
Bone & bone marrow
Epithelium
Teeth
Cartilage
Central Nervous System
{BETCc} |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| What is lymph similar in composition to, which has fewer proteins & why? |
|
Definition
Interstitial fluid & plasma
(Lymph has fewer proteins than plasma because lymph requires permeability) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
Fluid balance
Immune (protect against Infection)
Fat absorption
{FIF} |
|
|
Term
| While blood circulates through the capillaries, what exits through the thin walls & what does it become part of? |
|
Definition
[Fluid Balance 1]
1) H2O & dissolved substances exit through thin walls &
2) Becomes part of the interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| How is most fluid drawn back into the capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much fluid is left behind in the tissues? |
|
Definition
Some (10%)
(~3 liters daily) |
|
|
Term
| What escapes the fluid during fluid balance & where does it go? |
|
Definition
| Some proteins escape the capillaries & enter the tissues |
|
|
Term
| What picks up the fluids & proteins left behind in tissues & why? |
|
Definition
1) Lymph capillaries picks up fluids & proteins left behind in the tissues...
2) To prevent EDEMA
(Accumulation of fluid in tissues) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of fluid in tissues |
|
|
Term
| What drains lymph capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Larger capillaries drain smaller lymphatic capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What do lymph capillaries eventually empty into? |
|
Definition
After lymph is drained into larger vessels it is then emptied into the
Systemic venous system
(Maintaining blood volume) |
|
|
Term
| What is to large to enter the blood capillaries from the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in the lymphatic system absorb fats? |
|
Definition
| Lymphatic capillaries called Lacteals absorb fats & fat soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats & fat soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty lymph absorbed through lacteals
(Milky appearance, hence name) |
|
|
Term
| How is the fat added to the blood steam? |
|
Definition
Through the lymph when it joins the blood stream
(Leaving the lacteals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White blood cells that live & multiple in the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| What do the lymphoid tissues scattered throughout the body filter out? |
|
Definition
Cellular debris, foreign matter & pathogens in body fluids
{Cel For Path} |
|
|
Term
| Where does the lymphatic system begin & end? |
|
Definition
[From tissues towards heart]
1) Begins in tissues
2) Ends in blood stream just before the blood enters the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| In how many direction does the lymphatic system flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the blood vessels in the lymphatic system form? |
|
Definition
Closed loop (1-way path) to carry blood throughout the body
From tissues towards the heart |
|
|
Term
| What are Lymphatic capillaries made of & how permeable are they? |
|
Definition
| Endothelium capillary walls are flattened epithelial cells & are more permeable than blood capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What do overlapping endothelium (epithelium) cells in the lymphatic system form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the lymphatic system arise? |
|
Definition
Arise blindly (closed at 1 end)
[in capillaries (tissues)] |
|
|
Term
| What are Lymph vessels also know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels are lymphatic vessels similar to & what is their difference? |
|
Definition
1) Similar in structure to veins
2) Except lymphatic vessels have thinner (permeable) walls & more valves |
|
|
Term
| Where are superficial lymphatic vessels located? |
|
Definition
Immediately beneath skin
(Often near superficial veins) |
|
|
Term
| Where are large lymphatic vessels? |
|
Definition
| Deep, lie alongside deep veins |
|
|
Term
| How are lymphatic vessels named? |
|
Definition
| Names according to the body region where they are located |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the lymphatic vessels is larger, beginning or end? |
|
Definition
[End is larger]
From lymphatic capillaries, lymph follows through successfully larger channels
(Collecting vessels, to trunks, then ducts) |
|
|
Term
| What do lymphatic vessels route lymph through & why? |
|
Definition
| Through lymph nodes to filter the lymph |
|
|
Term
| What are Lymph nodes, what do they do & where are they? |
|
Definition
Small masses of lymphoid tissues that filter lymph
(Found in groups that serve regions of the body) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 terminals that the lymphatic vessels emptying into the blood stream near the heart? |
|
Definition
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the right lymphatic duct? |
|
Definition
Short vessels,
~1.25 cm (1/2 inch) long |
|
|
Term
| From where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph? |
|
Definition
Right side of the head
Right side of the neck
Right side of the thorax
Right upper extremity |
|
|
Term
| What does the right lymphatic duct empty into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents the blood from entering the right lymphatic duct? |
|
Definition
| Valves prevent blood from entering the right lymphatic duct |
|
|
Term
| What does the larger thoracic duct drain? |
|
Definition
Everything that the right lymphatic duct DOES NOT drain
(Rest of the body) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the thoracic duct begin? |
|
Definition
Posterior abdominal cavity
(Upward from cisterna chyle) |
|
|
Term
| Where/what is the cisterna chyli & what does it do? |
|
Definition
Structure in the
posterior abdominal cavity (thoracic duct)
Collects lymph from 2 larger lumbar trunks & chyle from the intestinal trunk |
|
|
Term
| What does the lymph from below the diaphragm pass through? |
|
Definition
| Various clusters of lymph nodes then into the cisterns chyli |
|
|
Term
| Where does the thoracic duct begin? |
|
Definition
| Upward from the cisterna chyle |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the thorax does the thoracic duct extend through? |
|
Definition
| Up the posterior wall of the thorax |
|
|
Term
| What does the thoracic duct connect with & drain? |
|
Definition
Connect with Left ventricle draining the
Left side of the head & neck,
Left Upper Extremity &
Left thorax |
|
|
Term
| Where does the thoracic duct empty into & what prevents blood from entering? |
|
Definition
Left subclavian vein
(Valves prevent blood from entering the thoracic duct) |
|
|
Term
| If the lymphatic system has no pump, then how does it move? |
|
Definition
Smooth muscles in vessel walls
Mechanisms that move venous blood
1) Skeletal muscle contractions
2) Breathing movements |
|
|
Term
| How are the contractions with the smooth muscle in lymphatic vessel walls? |
|
Definition
Contractions irregular
(Related to amount of fluid in vessels) |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms that move venous blood? |
|
Definition
Skeletal muscle contraction
Breathing movements |
|
|
Term
| Where are lymphoid tissues? |
|
Definition
| Distributed through out the body |
|
|
Term
| What does the lymphoid tissue make up (compose)? |
|
Definition
| Specialized organs of the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| What is the reticular connective tissue part of & what does it support? |
|
Definition
1) Part of the lymphoid tissue
2) Supports many free blood cells (lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What is the stroma & what is it part of? |
|
Definition
1) Soft framework of thin fibers
2) Part of reticular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the site for lymphocytes to proliferate & fight pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How large are lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
Vary in size
(Head of a pin to an inch long) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Indention inside of a lymph node where efferent lymphatic vessels leave
(& nerves & blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
| Does the lymphatic system have more efferent or afferent lymph vessels? |
|
Definition
| More afferent (than efferent) |
|
|
Term
| Why is the flow of lymph through nodes so slow? |
|
Definition
Because the lymphatic system has
More afferent lymphatic vessels (than efferent) |
|
|
Term
| What extends into the center of each lymph node, forming partitions (or trabeculae)? |
|
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds each lymph node
(subdivide node into sinuses) |
|
|
Term
| What allows for lymphocytes to multiply? |
|
Definition
| Germinal centers in lymph tissues |
|
|
Term
| In the central portion of lymph nodes, what cells are found along open channels that line the efferent vessels? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes & macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What are lymph nodes connected into (put into)? |
|
Definition
Groups
(2-3 nodes to more than 100)
[Some deep, some superficial] |
|
|
Term
| What are the lymph node groups? |
|
Definition
Mesenteric
Inguinal
Cervical
Axillary
Tracheo-bronchial
{MI CAT} |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest lymphoid organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superior left hypochondriac region of the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| What lymphoid organ curves around the left side of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protects the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the spleen? |
|
Definition
1) Cleans Blood
2) Lymphocyte proliferation
3) Immune surveillance
4) Destroys old blood cells
{C LID} |
|
|
Term
| What is the site for lymphocyte proliferation & immune surveillance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the spleen clean from the blood & how? |
|
Definition
| 1) Removes debris & impurities 2) Through filtration & phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
Spleen breaks down RBCs into...
Heme (contains irons) &
Globin (protein) |
|
|
Term
| What does the body do with heme after it is striped from the hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
1) Body reuses iron
2) Rest of heme is converted to waste
(Bilirubin sent to the liver & eliminated in urine & feces) |
|
|
Term
| What does the body do with globin after it is stripped from the hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the "other" functions of the spleen? |
|
Definition
1) Produce red blood cells before birth
2) Serve as a reservoir for blood |
|
|
Term
| What lymphoid organ serves as a reservoir for blood & why? |
|
Definition
Spleen serves as a reservoir by...
Reserved blood can be returned to circulation in the case of blood loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the thymus play a key role? |
|
Definition
| Key role in early immune system development |
|
|
Term
| What does the thymus produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Develops T-lymphocyte cells
2) Promotes lymphocyte growth
3) Promotes lymphoid tissue activity |
|
|
Term
| What organ shrinks after puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Tonsils & where are they located? |
|
Definition
| Un-encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue in & around the pharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remove contaminants & trap pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deep grooves lined with lymphatic nodules
(in the tonsils) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the crypts of tonsils? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes attack pathogens in the grooves |
|
|
Term
| What is an option for people who have recurrent infection or enlargement of tonsils making swallowing or breathing difficult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sets of tonsils? |
|
Definition
Pharyngeal
Palatine
Lingual |
|
|
Term
| Where is the palatine tonsil? |
|
Definition
| On each side of the soft palatine (in the back of the throat) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pharyngeal tonsil? |
|
Definition
| Posterior wall of the upper pharynx (back of nasal cavity) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lingual tonsil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What set of tonsils is the largest & most often infected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT tissue specifically along the digestive tract) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Areas of lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive & urogenital tracts
{Respiratory digs urogenital} |
|
|
Term
| What are the tonsils lined with? |
|
Definition
GALT
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are Peyer Patches & where are they found? |
|
Definition
| Clusters of lymph nodules in mucous membranes lining distal small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the appendix lined with & attaches to? |
|
Definition
1) GALT
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
2) Attaches to 1st part of large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is a non-specific defense that is effective against any harmful agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a 1st line, non-specific defense? |
|
Definition
| Mechanical & chemical barriers |
|
|
Term
| What is a 2nd line, non-specific defense? |
|
Definition
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Natural killer cells
Complement
Interferon
{PINCI} |
|
|
Term
| What are specific defenses? |
|
Definition
Lymphocytes & macrophages
(cell-mediated immunity)
(antibody-mediated immunity) |
|
|
Term
| What are specific defenses effective against? |
|
Definition
| Certain (specific) agents only |
|
|
Term
| What do mechanical & chemical barriers prevent? |
|
Definition
| Prevent pathogens from entering the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanical & chemical barriers of the body? |
|
Definition
Intact Skin
Intact Mucus membranes
(Mucus & cilia)
Certain reflexes
(Sneeze, cough, vomit, diarrhea)
Various secretions
(Tears, sweat, saliva, digestive juices, urine) |
|
|
Term
| What do the various secretions of the body do? |
|
Definition
Wash away microorganisms
(Some contain acids, enzymes or other chemicals) |
|
|
Term
| What white blood cells are active during phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils & macrophages |
|
|
